先父认为，古人著痘疹之书，皆精于痘而略于疹，因往昔种痘者少，而痘之伤人亦最烈，故痘有专科，疹则附之而已，其实无治疹之专书。按麻疹一症，只要护理得当，用药不误，则十全十，百全百，其死者，非护理不当，即调治失宜也。先父在《疹科心法》中首先指出疹有麻疹痧疹之分。麻疹之原虽系胎毒，未有不由天行厉气而发者。痧疹之原，虽系后天所伏热毒，亦由感天地之厉气而发，其原虽异，其毒则同。麻疹为先天之正毒，由血分而入气分，痧疹为后天之变毒，由气分而入血分。按痧疹古人谓之烂喉丹痧，即现代医学之猩红热，较之麻疹尤深一层。治疗之法，皆宜辛凉清解，则轻者化无，重者转轻。如误投辛温燥热之剂，则热愈炽，毒愈盛，将变成紫黑痧痘，轻者重，重者危矣。治法与温病同者，喜清凉而恶燥热。其与温病异者，温病见里证，便用承气汤攻下排毒，所谓温病下不厌早也，痧麻虽亦有里证，而治之必以双解法，大便燥者加酒炒大黄及元明粉微利之，但不可加枳实厚朴峻攻，恐伤中气，致在腠理之邪内陷发生变症。古人治疹，有主可汗者，有主不可汗者。先父认为麻疹服药后宜微微取汗，俾麻疹易于透出，所谓火郁发之也。痧疹药后不必强之出汗，顺其自然，有汗不可遽止，但二者均忌大发汗。用药切忌温补，酸收，固涩，燥热，峻攻，升提等。盖温补、酸收、固涩皆能固邪于中，毒热不得外达，燥热则毒热愈炽，易使神昏谵语，峻攻则邪陷，升提则咽喉肿痛，且能衄血。总之宜辛凉解毒，清热化痧为主，药宜轻清透邪，疹以透出为顺。
麻疹初起与感冒相似，鼻流清涕，眼珠光亮色赤如涵水中，眼倦难睁，困顿不起，咳嗽食少，烦躁不安，甚则发颐，咽喉肿痛。小儿见此征象，勿认为感冒，验其中指凉，耳轮凉，睾丸凉，再验其口唇内及颊粘膜上有麻疹粘膜斑，即为麻疹先兆，应以桑菊饮辛凉解表，清热化毒。轻者发烧一二日即隐隐现于皮肤之下，红若丹硃。其出也，疏疏朗朗，颗粒匀停。毒盛者，发烧三四日后始见点，当此之时，居处宜暖，万勿透风。饮食宜清淡，且勿多食以助胃热，致使小儿烦躁不安。倘被风寒所袭，麻疹立回，疹毒内陷，上则结胸喘急，下则泄利，肺为邪气所遏，不能行治节之气，再加以口舌生疮，津液枯竭，咽痛声嘶，则病危矣。自出疹之日起，护理非常重要，勿受风，勿伤食，虽有咳嗽，不可过于止咳，因咳嗽则毛孔开而疹易出。过三日后，徐徐收回为顺症。至于疹后痢疾，口渴心烦，乃余毒不净，宜养阴解毒为主，切不可辄用补剂，留邪于中。如发烧七八日而疹不出者，为毒邪郁闭，可用芫荽一握，用黄酒煮烂，遍身搓之，使毛孔开则疹出矣。如一出即回者即为疹毒内陷，非为风寒所袭，即为泻利气弱，输送力薄。风寒所袭者，急以解肌透毒，如僵蚕，蝉蜕、薄荷、牛蒡子，生山甲，生鳖甲，蜇虫、地龙、西河柳、大青叶等，如神昏谵语加安宫牛黄丸，如泻利气弱者，少用补托之剂，如西洋参，茯神、当归，生地、蝉蜕、天麻、僵蚕，麦冬、甘草、西河柳等，使其复出。民间有一验方；用癞蛤蟆一个煎水徐徐服之，疹可立转红活，无论风寒气弱皆效，但切勿多饮。物虽至贱，功极宏伟。如气促喘急，是合并肺炎，亟宜宣肺透表，泻热解毒，麻杏石甘汤加葶苈于、苏于、双花、连翘、苇根等。如疹出七八天尚不回收，或按期收回仍发烧不退，皆是毒热不净，宜育阴清热解毒，如石斛、生地、元参、麦冬、双花、羚羊角、犀角，已回而不退低烧加生鳖甲、地骨皮。一九二五年先父在济南行医时，曾到大连出诊。患者为一小儿，年四五岁，患麻疹已频于危，先父到时见其发烧气喘，二便俱无，全家啼哭，已备后事。先父临行时，曾带鲜苇根一握，遂亲与煎药，徐徐饲之。少顷，见其小便如注，随谓其母曰，小儿已有生机，勿事啼哭也。继与清肺透邪而愈。盖疹毒内陷于肺，肺失消肃之令，且肺为水之上源而与大肠相表里，故二便俱无。苇根甘寒，功能清肺泻火且能透疹，一药而表里两清，药虽至微，功效颇著。患儿为一独生子，治愈后其家极为感激，先父在直隶两摄县篆，即小儿之父介绍也。
痧疹初起，亦与麻疹相似，起病有高烧头痛，咽喉肿痛。发病较麻疹为急，故发烧一日即出现弥漫性朱红皮疹，先见头面，次及胸腹四肢，凡皮肤褶皱之处，更为明显，惟口唇周围无疹，呈苍白色。毒盛者瞀闷，泻利，唇焦，神昏谵语，呕吐厥逆，查其耳后筋红者轻，紫青者重，黑者危，治法亦用辛凉解肌，清热透毒，误用辛温危险之至。一九三二年左右，天津谦祥益号练习生姜某患瘟疫，遍身密布黑痧，色如乌枣，粒大如黄豆，初得时，某医误用苏梗，生姜，遂寒禁战栗，神昏谵语。延先父诊视时，六脉皆闭，先以局方至宝丹芳香以开之，似稍有转机，复以清瘟败毒饮重用生石膏，一剂而痧痘全出，但音哑神昏未减也。仍以前方加羚羊角，犀角，安宫牛黄丸之属，频频与饮，并以西瓜汁代茶饮之。如是者四日，其神智亦渐清晰，但音哑不能语，要纸笔自书吃西瓜、小便等事，其父与舅在旁看护，以先父治法太缓，另延专门痘疹之某医诊视，处方：荆防、生地、麦冬等，一剂而复失知觉，三剂而夭。一误于前，再误于后，致使功败垂成。夫厉气为害，热毒内炽，五脏如焚，咽喉与胃皆有痧痘，此病清凉救阴之不遑，何能再用辛温滋腻之品，终至祸不旋踵，其父追悔莫及，可叹也。
先父尝说：凡诊病，四诊缺一不可，问诊更为重要。有的患者隐其所患以求诊脉，以验医者之能否，而医者亦不问病情，但凭诊脉即可知症结所在，皆是自欺欺人。苏东坡曾说：吾平生求医，必先尽告以所患，而后求诊，使医了然知患之所在也，然后求之诊虚实冷热，先定于中，则脉之疑似不能惑也。故虽中医治吾疾常愈，吾求疾愈而已，岂以困医为事哉。沈括亦说：古人云：视疾必察其声音，颜色，举动，肤理，情性，嗜好，问其所为，考其所行，已得其大半，而又遍诊人迎气口十二动脉，疾发于五脏，则五色为之应，五声为之变，五味为之偏，十二脉为之动。求之如此其详，然犹惧失之，此辨疾之难也。(《苏沈良方》)苏沈是儒而兼通医者，面其对四诊的重视，诚万古不易之定论。
我初学医时，先父即教导说：持脉须令患者平臂，勿使高低侧斜，以免脉道来去有碍。医与患者不可对面坐，以免气息传染。以三指之端积起处谓之指目(此处敏感度较强，故称指目)，长人指须疏，短人指须密，定呼吸，慎容止，静心平辨，会二十八脉于胸中，心领神会，庶不致心中了了，指下难明。最要者脉贵有神，即不徐不急，从容和缓之象也。李东垣以脉有力为有神，无力为无神，此说虽近情理，但亦不尽然，如微弱濡细等脉，虽知为力之不足，亦不能认为是绝脉，夫神者精聚之谓，不论脉之大小，只要指下聚而不散，清楚自如，而无颓靡不振懒散徘徊之象即为有神，非但有力之谓也。例如病极虚，脉极有力，或伤寒瘟病汗下后，脉不为汗衰，或大病之后，新产之后，脉反博大有力，此病脉不符，属危险之象，虽有力不得谓之有神。况脉有禀赋之异：有生成六阴者，即细小缓弱沉迟，勿认为虚寒，有生成六阳者，即洪滑实大浮长，勿认为实热。曾治一女同志，诊其脉正部反关均无脉，观其症则呕吐，似为暑热，乃问其家属其常脉如何，则云平素无脉，何部脉见，何部有病，可见脉有禀赋之不同，知其常然后知其变。又有一种经气结脉，两关脉滑实如豆，中有一线硬如刀刃，此为阴虚肝旺，金衰土败之象，春得秋死，秋得春死。一九三零年前后，岁在己巳，清状元王寿彭于季春患咳嗽，左关即见经结，右寸滑实。遂谓其家属曰：现症虽仅咳嗽，然脉实不佳，若不速治，恐至秋堪虚，竟弗听，至仲秋而殁。又治一徐君，时在初秋，左关亦见经结，当时患者只觉心烦，不觉有其他征象，遂直言相告，嘱其速速治疗，否则至立春恐难幸免，并嘱其弟劝之，弗听，果然至春而殁。按经气结之脉，皆由七情所伤，胸中非有大忿怒，大不如意事，不能使三经之气结于一处也。初见此脉，病人强自宽解，医者施以养阴柔肝，解结和脾之法，可不致郁郁以终。曾有一患者邀出诊，先父曰：今日暂不开方。病人问何故。先父曰：今日脉证不符，至晚间恐有吐泻之患，如药后适逢其会，将谓药不对证，归咎
于大大矣。果然至晚间上吐下泻，幸预留一丸药，嘱其吐泻后服之。其诊脉之精如此。
医家十要和病家十要
一九三七年春，先父与天津李实忱先生谋设国医学院，志在培养中医人才。并先组施诊所，联络中医界名流，均到施诊所施诊服务，以为将来师资作准备。先父每周去施诊所三个半天，夏初开诊，仅两个月，医而愈者约七千人。适值七七事变，乱及天津，因而停诊，以致宿愿未偿。华北沦陷后，更是郁郁不舒，乃于诊余著有《养生医药浅说》，书中为医患之间着想，定有医家十要和病家十要，兹录于下：医家十要：①存心仁慈，以救人为天职；②精通医学，多参群书，③精通脉理，洞悉脏腑经络，④识病源病机，晓运气盛衰，⑤辨识药性药形，炮制适宜，⑥同道互相提携，莫相嫉妒仇视，⑦品行端方，自重自爱；⑧诊病一视同仁，勿重富轻贫；⑨勿重视资财，轻忽人命；⑩常备灵药，随时救人。病家十要：①择名医；②肯服药；③宜早治；④绝色欲；⑤戒忿怒；⑥息妄念；⑦节饮食；⑧慎起居；⑨莫信邪说；勿惜金钱。
以上十要，不但笔之于书，而且身体力行，如某老大夫医学渊博，惟临床处方颇泥古不化，业务稀少，先父时与纠偏，并与之宣扬，因而该君诊务日有起色。又如针灸医生某君，一度诊务不佳，几至不能糊口，先父不时送与米面，并与介绍病人。又津市有一名医某君，每遇疑难即来向先父求教，先父即详为分析，帮助其制定治疗方案。记得在沦陷时期，时常有来求助者，无不慷慨解囊。一次，一老者因断绝回乡路费，特来求助。临行时说有一药方，专治水臌痞积，今奉赠以作答谢。其方：圆肉、甘遂，白硃砂(江西磁)、黑殊砂(旧砂锅)各60克研细，枣肉为丸，每服3克，小儿减半。服后，在上则吐，在下则泄。先父认为处方颇有道理，遂配成丸药，专门施送，服之者颇有疗效，于此可见先父之虚怀若谷。尝谓经验不单纯从书本上来，从个人临床实践中来，也有很多来自病人。只要言之有理，就采纳试用【孔伯华小传】孔伯华(1884～1955)，名繁棣，别号不龟手庐主人，山东曲阜人。少年随祖父学医。二十五岁始悬壶于京师，凡五十年，医名渐噪，一时号称北京四大名医之一。一九二九年与肖龙友合创北京国医学院，井与肖合任院长，历时十五载，培育中医人才七百余人。解放后，历任政协第二届全国委员会委员，卫生部医学科学研究委员会委员，北京中医学会顾问等职。生前与曹巽轩、陈世珍，陈企董编著《八种传染病证治析疑》十卷行世，另著有《脏腑发挥》、《时斋医话》、《中风说》、《诊断经验》等。
志洁行芳的一生
先生少年刻苦读书，并随祖父宦游于河北各地。
祖父善歧黄之术，耳濡目染，遂渐有志于医学。十六岁时，随家移居易州，得与蔡秋堂、梁纯仁研讨《内经》等典籍。二十五岁时，应京师之邀，就职于外城官医院，与陈伯雅、杨浩如、张菊人、赵云卿诸名医共事，颇得各家教益。
一九二九年，为反对政府图谋取消中医，孔师联合同道，在京师创立中医药学会，奔走呼吁，竭尽全力，终于迫使政府取消前议。同年，与肖龙友先生合力创办北京国医学院，并与肖共任院长，亲临讲坛，努力造就中医人才。在国医学院经济困难时，他与肖龙友在学院开设门诊，以其收入资助学院经费之不足。
对习学的生徒，先生循循善诱。对疑难病症，先生善于深刻分析，说明得病原因，医治方法，同时发扬民主，鼓励学生提出不同意见，展开辩论。先生又常教导生徒古今时代不同，人之体质不同，所受病邪亦有所不同，临证施治切忌主观，必须灵活。仲景之立法垂训，乃法外有方，方外有法；金元四大家虽各成一派，乃羽翼仲景，后世叶天士、王孟英、吴鞠通，亦羽翼仲景也。要知唯在用之当与不当耳。
先生对事业极端认真负责。早在一九一七年，就曾联合中医同道中的有志之士，在生活条件极端困难的情况下，冒着生命危险，共同参加了扑灭晋绥地区鼠疫、霍乱、痢疾、天花等传染病、流行病的工作。他青年时代的大部分时间，生活在山东、河南、河北省的广大农村，对贫苦大众非常熟悉和同情。他常送医上门，甚至不惜慷慨解囊，资助病人。这种高尚医德，在旧社会来说，是甚为难得的。
先父认为，古人撰写痘疹方面的书籍，都精通于痘症而忽略疹症，因为过去种痘的人少，而痘症对人的伤害也最严重，所以痘有专门的科室，疹症则附属于痘科而已，实际上没有专门治疗疹症的书籍。按照麻疹这一病症，只要护理得当，用药不失误，就能完全治愈，百分之百有效，那些死亡的病例，不是护理不当，就是调理治疗失宜。先父在《疹科心法》中首先指出疹症分为麻疹和痧疹两类。麻疹的根源虽然是胎毒，但没有不是由天行厉气（流行性疫疠之气）引发的。痧疹的根源，虽然是由后天潜伏的热毒引起，也是由于感受天地间的厉气而发作，它们的根源虽然不同，但毒性是一样的。麻疹是先天之正毒，由血分进入气分；痧疹是后天之变毒，由气分进入血分。按照痧疹，古人称之为烂喉丹痧，即现代医学中的猩红热，比麻疹病情更深一层。治疗方法，都适宜用辛凉清解的方法，轻症能化解痊愈，重症能转为轻症。如果误投辛温燥热的药剂，那么热势更炽盛，毒邪更旺盛，将变成紫黑色的痧痘，轻症转重，重症转危。治法与温病相同的地方，在于喜欢清凉而厌恶燥热。与温病不同的地方，温病见到里证，就用承气汤攻下排毒，所谓温病攻下不厌早，痧麻虽然也有里证，但治疗必须用双解法，大便干燥的加酒炒大黄及元明粉轻微通利，但不可加枳实、厚朴峻猛攻下，恐怕损伤中气，导致在腠理之间的邪气内陷发生变症。古人治疗疹症，有的主张可以发汗，有的主张不可以发汗。先父认为麻疹服药后宜微微出汗，使麻疹易于透出，所谓火郁发之。痧疹服药后不必强行出汗，顺其自然，有汗不可立即止住，但二者都忌大发汗。用药切忌温补、酸收、固涩、燥热、峻攻、升提等。因为温补、酸收、固涩都能固结邪气于体内，毒热不得外达，燥热则毒热更炽盛，易使神志昏迷、胡言乱语，峻猛攻下则邪气内陷，升提则咽喉肿痛，且能导致鼻出血。总之适宜辛凉解毒，以清热化痧为主，药宜轻清透邪，疹症以透出为顺。
麻疹初起与感冒相似，流清鼻涕，眼珠光亮色赤如浸在水中，眼睛疲倦难睁，困顿不起，咳嗽食少，烦躁不安，甚至发颐（腮腺炎），咽喉肿痛。小儿见此征象，不要认为是感冒，查验其中指凉、耳轮凉、睾丸凉，再查验其口唇内及颊粘膜上有麻疹粘膜斑，即为麻疹先兆，应以桑菊饮辛凉解表，清热化毒。轻者发烧一二日即隐隐现于皮肤之下，红若丹砂。其出疹时，疏疏朗朗，颗粒均匀停匀。毒盛者，发烧三四日后始见点，当此之时，居处宜暖，万勿透风。饮食宜清淡，且勿多食以助胃热，致使小儿烦躁不安。倘若被风寒所袭，麻疹立回，疹毒内陷，上则结胸喘急，下则泄利，肺为邪气所遏，不能行使治节之气，再加以口舌生疮，津液枯竭，咽痛声嘶，则病危矣。自出疹之日起，护理非常重要，勿受风，勿伤食，虽有咳嗽，不可过于止咳，因咳嗽则毛孔开而疹易出。过三日后，徐徐收回为顺症。至于疹后痢疾，口渴心烦，乃余毒不净，宜养阴解毒为主，切不可辄用补剂，留邪于中。如发烧七八日而疹不出者，为毒邪郁闭，可用芫荽一握，用黄酒煮烂，遍身搓之，使毛孔开则疹出矣。如一出即回者即为疹毒内陷，非为风寒所袭，即为泻利气弱，输送力薄。风寒所袭者，急以解肌透毒，如僵蚕、蝉蜕、薄荷、牛蒡子、生山甲、生鳖甲、蜇虫、地龙、西河柳、大青叶等，如神昏谵语加安宫牛黄丸，如泻利气弱者，少用补托之剂，如西洋参、茯神、当归、生地、蝉蜕、天麻、僵蚕、麦冬、甘草、西河柳等，使其复出。民间有一验方：用癞蛤蟆一个煎水徐徐服之，疹可立转红活，无论风寒气弱皆效，但切勿多饮。物虽至贱，功极宏伟。如气促喘急，是合并肺炎，亟宜宣肺透表，泻热解毒，麻杏石甘汤加葶苈子、苏子、双花、连翘、苇根等。如疹出七八天尚不回收，或按期收回仍发烧不退，皆是毒热不净，宜育阴清热解毒，如石斛、生地、元参、麦冬、双花、羚羊角、犀角，已回而不退低烧加生鳖甲、地骨皮。一九二五年先父在济南行医时，曾到大连出诊。患者为一小儿，年四五岁，患麻疹已频于危，先父到时见其发烧气喘，二便俱无，全家啼哭，已备后事。先父临行时，曾带鲜苇根一握，遂亲与煎药，徐徐饲之。少顷，见其小便如注，随谓其母曰，小儿已有生机，勿事啼哭也。继与清肺透邪而愈。盖疹毒内陷于肺，肺失消肃之令，且肺为水之上源而与大肠相表里，故二便俱无。苇根甘寒，功能清肺泻火且能透疹，一药而表里两清，药虽至微，功效颇著。患儿为一独生子，治愈后其家极为感激，先父在直隶两摄县篆，即小儿之父介绍也。
痧疹初起，亦与麻疹相似，起病有高烧头痛，咽喉肿痛。发病较麻疹为急，故发烧一日即出现弥漫性朱红皮疹，先见头面，次及胸腹四肢，凡皮肤褶皱之处，更为明显，惟口唇周围无疹，呈苍白色。毒盛者瞀闷，泻利，唇焦，神昏谵语，呕吐厥逆，查其耳后筋红者轻，紫青者重，黑者危，治法亦用辛凉解肌，清热透毒，误用辛温危险之至。一九三二年左右，天津谦祥益号练习生姜某患瘟疫，遍身密布黑痧，色如乌枣，粒大如黄豆，初得时，某医误用苏梗、生姜，遂寒禁战栗，神昏谵语。延先父诊视时，六脉皆闭，先以局方至宝丹芳香以开之，似稍有转机，复以清瘟败毒饮重用生石膏，一剂而痧痘全出，但音哑神昏未减也。仍以前方加羚羊角、犀角、安宫牛黄丸之属，频频与饮，并以西瓜汁代茶饮之。如是者四日，其神智亦渐清晰，但音哑不能语，要纸笔自书吃西瓜、小便等事，其父与舅在旁看护，以先父治法太缓，另延专门痘疹之某医诊视，处方：荆防、生地、麦冬等，一剂而复失知觉，三剂而夭。一误于前，再误于后，致使功败垂成。夫厉气为害，热毒内炽，五脏如焚，咽喉与胃皆有痧痘，此病清凉救阴之不遑，何能再用辛温滋腻之品，终至祸不旋踵，其父追悔莫及，可叹也。
先父尝说：凡诊病，四诊缺一不可，问诊更为重要。有的患者隐其所患以求诊脉，以验医者之能否，而医者亦不问病情，但凭诊脉即可知症结所在，皆是自欺欺人。苏东坡曾说：吾平生求医，必先尽告以所患，而后求诊，使医了然知患之所在也，然后求之诊虚实冷热，先定于中，则脉之疑似不能惑也。故虽中医治吾疾常愈，吾求疾愈而已，岂以困医为事哉。沈括亦说：古人云：视疾必察其声音，颜色，举动，肤理，情性，嗜好，问其所为，考其所行，已得其大半，而又遍诊人迎气口十二动脉，疾发于五脏，则五色为之应，五声为之变，五味为之偏，十二脉为之动。求之如此其详，然犹惧失之，此辨疾之难也。(《苏沈良方》)苏沈是儒而兼通医者，面对其对四诊的重视，诚万古不易之定论。
我初学医时，先父即教导说：持脉须令患者平臂，勿使高低侧斜，以免脉道来去有碍。医与患者不可对面坐，以免气息传染。以三指之端积起处谓之指目(此处敏感度较强，故称指目)，长人指须疏，短人指须密，定呼吸，慎容止，静心平辨，会二十八脉于胸中，心领神会，庶不致心中了了，指下难明。最要者脉贵有神，即不徐不急，从容和缓之象也。李东垣以脉有力为有神，无力为无神，此说虽近情理，但亦不尽然，如微弱濡细等脉，虽知为力之不足，亦不能认为是绝脉，夫神者精聚之谓，不论脉之大小，只要指下聚而不散，清楚自如，而无颓靡不振懒散徘徊之象即为有神，非但有力之谓也。例如病极虚，脉极有力，或伤寒瘟病汗下后，脉不为汗衰，或大病之后，新产之后，脉反博大有力，此病脉不符，属危险之象，虽有力不得谓之有神。况脉有禀赋之异：有生成六阴者，即细小缓弱沉迟，勿认为虚寒，有生成六阳者，即洪滑实大浮长，勿认为实热。曾治一女同志，诊其脉正部反关均无脉，观其症则呕吐，似为暑热，乃问其家属其常脉如何，则云平素无脉，何部脉见，何部有病，可见脉有禀赋之不同，知其常然后知其变。又有一种经气结脉，两关脉滑实如豆，中有一线硬如刀刃，此为阴虚肝旺，金衰土败之象，春得秋死，秋得春死。一九三零年前后，岁在己巳，清状元王寿彭于季春患咳嗽，左关即见经结，右寸滑实。遂谓其家属曰：现症虽仅咳嗽，然脉实不佳，若不速治，恐至秋堪虚，竟弗听，至仲秋而殁。又治一徐君，时在初秋，左关亦见经结，当时患者只觉心烦，不觉有其他征象，遂直言相告，嘱其速速治疗，否则至立春恐难幸免，并嘱其弟劝之，弗听，果然至春而殁。按经气结之脉，皆由七情所伤，胸中非有大忿怒，大不如意事，不能使三经之气结于一处也。初见此脉，病人强自宽解，医者施以养阴柔肝，解结和脾之法，可不致郁郁以终。曾有一患者邀出诊，先父曰：今日暂不开方。病人问何故。先父曰：今日脉证不符，至晚间恐有吐泻之患，如药后适逢其会，将谓药不对证，归咎于大大矣。果然至晚间上吐下泻，幸预留一丸药，嘱其吐泻后服之。其诊脉之精如此。
医家十要和病家十要
一九三七年春，先父与天津李实忱先生谋设国医学院，志在培养中医人才。并先组施诊所，联络中医界名流，均到施诊所施诊服务，以为将来师资作准备。先父每周去施诊所三个半天，夏初开诊，仅两个月，医而愈者约七千人。适值七七事变，乱及天津，因而停诊，以致宿愿未偿。华北沦陷后，更是郁郁不舒，乃于诊余著有《养生医药浅说》，书中为医患之间着想，定有医家十要和病家十要，兹录于下：医家十要：①存心仁慈，以救人为天职；②精通医学，多参群书，③精通脉理，洞悉脏腑经络，④识病源病机，晓运气盛衰，⑤辨识药性药形，炮制适宜，⑥同道互相提携，莫相嫉妒仇视，⑦品行端方，自重自爱；⑧诊病一视同仁，勿重富轻贫；⑨勿重视资财，轻忽人命；⑩常备灵药，随时救人。病家十要：①择名医；②肯服药；③宜早治；④绝色欲；⑤戒忿怒；⑥息妄念；⑦节饮食；⑧慎起居；⑨莫信邪说；勿惜金钱。
以上十要，不但笔之于书，而且身体力行，如某老大夫医学渊博，惟临床处方颇泥古不化，业务稀少，先父时与纠偏，并与之宣扬，因而该君诊务日有起色。又如针灸医生某君，一度诊务不佳，几至不能糊口，先父不时送与米面，并与介绍病人。又津市有一名医某君，每遇疑难即来向先父求教，先父即详为分析，帮助其制定治疗方案。记得在沦陷时期，时常有来求助者，无不慷慨解囊。一次，一老者因断绝回乡路费，特来求助。临行时说有一药方，专治水臌痞积，今奉赠以作答谢。其方：圆肉、甘遂、白硃砂(江西磁)、黑殊砂(旧砂锅)各60克研细，枣肉为丸，每服3克，小儿减半。服后，在上则吐，在下则泄。先父认为处方颇有道理，遂配成丸药，专门施送，服之者颇有疗效，于此可见先父之虚怀若谷。尝谓经验不单纯从书本上来，从个人临床实践中来，也有很多来自病人。只要言之有理，就采纳试用【孔伯华小传】孔伯华(1884～1955)，名繁棣，别号不龟手庐主人，山东曲阜人。少年随祖父学医。二十五岁始悬壶于京师，凡五十年，医名渐噪，一时号称北京四大名医之一。一九二九年与肖龙友合创北京国医学院，井与肖合任院长，历时十五载，培育中医人才七百余人。解放后，历任政协第二届全国委员会委员，卫生部医学科学研究委员会委员，北京中医学会顾问等职。生前与曹巽轩、陈世珍，陈企董编著《八种传染病证治析疑》十卷行世，另著有《脏腑发挥》、《时斋医话》、《中风说》、《诊断经验》等。
志洁行芳的一生
先生少年刻苦读书，并随祖父宦游于河北各地。
祖父善歧黄之术，耳濡目染，遂渐有志于医学。十六岁时，随家移居易州，得与蔡秋堂、梁纯仁研讨《内经》等典籍。二十五岁时，应京师之邀，就职于外城官医院，与陈伯雅、杨浩如、张菊人、赵云卿诸名医共事，颇得各家教益。
一九二九年，为反对政府图谋取消中医，孔师联合同道，在京师创立中医药学会，奔走呼吁，竭尽全力，终于迫使政府取消前议。同年，与肖龙友先生合力创办北京国医学院，并与肖共任院长，亲临讲坛，努力造就中医人才。在国医学院经济困难时，他与肖龙友在学院开设门诊，以其收入资助学院经费之不足。
对习学的生徒，先生循循善诱。对疑难病症，先生善于深刻分析，说明得病原因，医治方法，同时发扬民主，鼓励学生提出不同意见，展开辩论。先生又常教导生徒古今时代不同，人之体质不同，所受病邪亦有所不同，临证施治切忌主观，必须灵活。仲景之立法垂训，乃法外有方，方外有法；金元四大家虽各成一派，乃羽翼仲景，后世叶天士、王孟英、吴鞠通，亦羽翼仲景也。要知唯在用之当与不当耳。
先生对事业极端认真负责。早在一九一七年，就曾联合中医同道中的有志之士，在生活条件极端困难的情况下，冒着生命危险，共同参加了扑灭晋绥地区鼠疫、霍乱、痢疾、天花等传染病、流行病的工作。他青年时代的大部分时间，生活在山东、河南、河北省的广大农村，对贫苦大众非常熟悉和同情。他常送医上门，甚至不惜慷慨解囊，资助病人。这种高尚医德，在旧社会来说，是甚为难得的。
My father believed that ancient authors writing on smallpox and measles were proficient in smallpox but neglected measles, because in the past, vaccination was rare, and smallpox was the most lethal. Thus, smallpox had a specialized department, while measles was merely attached to it; in reality, there were no dedicated books for treating measles. Regarding measles, if nursing is appropriate and medication is not mistaken, cure rates are perfect; deaths occur only due to improper care or inappropriate treatment. In *Zhen Ke Xin Fa* (Essentials of Measles Treatment), my father first pointed out that measles is divided into Zhenzhen (Measles) and Shazhen (Scarlet Fever-like rash). Although the origin of Zhenzhen lies in fetal toxins, it invariably erupts due to epidemic pathogenic qi (Tianxing Liqi). Although Shazhen originates from latent heat toxins acquired postnatally, it also erupts upon exposure to epidemic pathogenic qi. While their origins differ, their toxicity is the same. Zhenzhen is congenital true toxin, entering the Qi level from the Blood level; Shazhen is acquired altered toxin, entering the Blood level from the Qi level. Shazhen, known in ancient times as Lanhou Dasha (Rotting Throat Cinnabar Rash), corresponds to Scarlet Fever in modern medicine, and its pathology is deeper than that of Zhenzhen. The treatment method for both should be acrid-cool clearing and resolving; mild cases resolve completely, severe cases become mild. If mistakenly administered acrid-warm drying-hot agents, heat intensifies, and toxicity increases, potentially turning into purple-black rashes, worsening mild cases and endangering severe ones. Similar to Warm Diseases (Wenbing), the preference is for coolness and aversion to dryness-heat. Unlike Warm Diseases, where interior syndromes are treated with Chengqi Tang (Cassia Twig Decoction) for early purgation, Shazhen and Measles with interior syndromes require a dual-resolution method. For dry stools, wine-fried Radix Ephedrae (Dahuang) and Natrii Sulfas (Yuanmingfen) are added for mild purgation, avoiding drastic purgatives like Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (Zhishi) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (Houpo) to prevent damaging Middle Qi and causing exterior pathogens to sink inward. Ancient treatments debated whether sweating was indicated. My father believed that after taking medicine for measles, slight sweating facilitates eruption, following the principle "release fire stagnation." For Shazhen, forcing sweat is unnecessary; let nature take its course. Sweat should not be abruptly stopped, but excessive sweating is contraindicated for both. Medications must avoid warm-tonifying, sour-astringent, consolidating, drying-hot, drastic-purgative, and ascending-lifting properties. Warm-tonifying, sour-astringent, and consolidating agents trap pathogens inside, preventing toxin-heat from exiting externally; drying-hot agents exacerbate toxin-heat, leading to delirium; drastic purgation causes pathogen sinking; lifting agents cause throat swelling and epistaxis. Generally, acrid-cool detoxification and clearing heat to transform rashes are primary. Medications should be light and clear to vent pathogens; eruptions should proceed smoothly.
Early measles resembles common cold: runny nose, bright red eyes like submerged in water, heavy eyelids, lethargy, cough, poor appetite, irritability, possibly parotitis, and sore throat. Do not mistake these signs for a cold. Check for coolness in the middle finger, ear helix, and testicles. Examine the inner lips and buccal mucosa for Koplik spots (Measles mucosal spots); this indicates prodromal measles. Treat with Sangju Yin (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Decoction) to release the exterior with acrid-cool properties and clear heat-toxin. Mild fever lasts one to two days before faint red spots appear under the skin, resembling cinnabar. Eruptions are sparse and uniform. In severe cases, fever persists for three to four days before spots appear. Keep the environment warm, avoid drafts. Diet should be light; overeating generates stomach heat and irritability. If exposed to wind-cold, eruptions retract, and toxin sinks inward, causing chest congestion, wheezing, diarrhea, lung obstruction, mouth ulcers, fluid depletion, sore throat, and hoarseness—critical conditions. Nursing is vital during eruption: avoid wind and food injury. Do not suppress cough excessively, as coughing opens pores and aids eruption. After three days, gradual retraction is favorable. Post-measels dysentery, thirst, and restlessness indicate residual toxins; nourish Yin and detoxify. Avoid tonics that retain pathogens. If fever lasts seven to eight days without eruption, toxins are trapped. Rub crushed Coriandri Fructus (Yuansu) boiled in yellow wine over the body to open pores and induce eruption. Immediate retraction indicates toxin sinking due to wind-cold or weak Qi from diarrhea. For wind-cold, use muscle-releasing and toxin-venting herbs like Bombyx Batryticatus (Jiangcan), Cicada Slough (Chantui), Menthae Haplocalycis Herba (Bohe), Arctii Fructus (Niubangzi), Pangolin Scale (Shanjiachua), Turtle Plastron (Biejia), Ground Beetle (Zhechong), Earthworm (Dilong), Tamarici Cacumen (Xihe Liu), Isatidis Radix (Daqingye), plus An Gong Niu Huang Wan (Calculus Bovis and Acorus Calamus Pill) for delirium. For weak Qi, use mild supporting tonics like Panax Quinquefolius (Xiyangshen), Poria (Fushen), Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui), Rehmanniae Radix (Shengdi), etc., to promote re-eruption. Folk remedy: boil one toad in water and drink slowly to turn rashes red and active; effective for all types but do not overdrink. Low-grade substances have great efficacy. Wheezing indicates pneumonia; ventilate lungs, vent exterior, purge heat, and detoxify using Mahuang Xingren Shigao Tang (Ephedra, Apricot Seed, and Gypsum Decoction) plus Descurainiae Semen (Tinglizi), Perillae Folium (Suzi), Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (Shuanghua), Forsythiae Fructus (Lianqiao), and Phragmitis Rhizoma (Weigen). If rashes do not retract after seven to eight days or fever persists, clear residual heat-toxin by nourishing Yin using Dendrobii Caulis (Shihu), Rehmanniae Radix (Shengdi), Scrophulariae Radix (Yuanshen), Ophiopogonis Radix (Maidong), Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (Shuanghua), Capricornus Bubali Cornu (Lingyangjiao), and Rhinocerotis Cornu (Xijiao). Add Trionycis Carapax et Plastrum (Sheng Biejia) and Lycii Cortex (Digupi) for lingering low fever. In 1925, while practicing in Jinan, my father visited Dalian. A four-year-old boy with critical measles had fever, wheezing, and no urination or defecation. The family was grieving. My father brought fresh Phragmitis Rhizoma (Weigen), prepared the decoction, and fed it slowly. Soon, urine flowed profusely. He told the mother the child had vitality. Continued treatment cleared lung pathogens, and the child recovered. Toxin sank into the lungs, disrupting lung dispersing and descending functions. Since the lung is the upper source of water and pairs with the large intestine, urination and defecation ceased. Weigen is sweet and cold, clears lung fire, vents rashes, and clears both interior and exterior. Though simple, its effect was significant. The grateful family introduced my father to other patients in Zhili province.
Shazhen early stage resembles measles: high fever, headache, sore throat. Onset is more acute; diffuse crimson rash appears within one day of fever, starting on head/face, spreading to chest/abdomen/extremities, prominent in skin folds, sparing the perioral area which remains pale. Severe toxicity causes dizziness, diarrhea, cracked lips, delirium, vomiting, and cold limbs. Red veins behind ears indicate mild case; purple-blue indicates severe; black indicates critical. Treatment uses acrid-cool muscle-releasing and heat-clearing toxin-venting methods. Mistakenly using acrid-warm agents is dangerous. Around 1932, an apprentice at Tianjin Qianxiangyi shop contracted plague with dense black rashes like dates, sized like soybeans. A doctor mistakenly used Schizonepetae Spica (Sugeng) and Zingiberis Rhizoma (Shengjiang), causing chills, tremors, and delirium. When my father examined him, all pulses were closed. First, Ju Fang Zhi Bao Dan (Official Formula Treasure Pill) was used to open orifices with aromatic properties, showing slight improvement. Then, Qingwen Baidu Yin (Clear Plague and Detoxify Decoction) with heavy dose of Gypsum (Shigashi) was given; one dose caused full eruption, but hoarseness and delirium persisted. Added Capricornus Bubali Cornu (Lingyangjiao), Rhinocerotis Cornu (Xijiao), and An Gong Niu Huang Wan, administered frequently with watermelon juice. After four days, consciousness cleared, but hoarseness remained; patient wrote requests for paper/pen. Father and uncle cared for him. Finding my father's treatment too slow, they consulted a specialist who prescribed Schizonepetae Spica (Jingjie), Saposhnikoviae Radix (Fangfeng), Rehmanniae Radix (Shengdi), and Ophiopogonis Radix (Maidong). One dose lost consciousness; three doses led to death. Previous error compounded by subsequent error ruined success. Epidemic qi caused intense internal heat-toxin, burning five zang organs. Throat and stomach had rashes. Urgent need for cooling and yin-nourishing made acrid-warm greasy agents disastrous. The father regretted immensely.
Four Diagnostic Methods Emphasized, Especially Pulse Diagnosis
My father often said: All four diagnostic methods are indispensable, with inquiry being most important. Some patients hide symptoms to test pulse diagnosis skills, while doctors diagnose solely by pulse without asking about condition; this is self-deception. Su Dongpo said: "In my life seeking medical help, I always inform the doctor of all symptoms before examination, so the doctor understands the disease location clearly, then determines deficiency/excess and cold/heat internally, so pulse ambiguities cannot confuse." Thus, even if TCM cures me, I seek cure, not to trap doctors. Shen Kuo said: "Ancients stated: examining disease requires observing voice, color, movement, skin texture, temperament, preferences, asking about actions, and verifying conduct. This covers half the diagnosis. Then examine Renying and Qikou twelve arterial pulses. Disease originating in five zang manifests in five colors, five sounds, five tastes, and twelve pulses. Such detailed inquiry still risks error; hence diagnosing is difficult" (*Su Shen Liang Fang*). Su and Shen were Confucians versed in medicine; their emphasis on four diagnostics is an eternal truth.
When I started learning medicine, my father taught: Hold pulse with patient's arm flat, not high/low or tilted, to avoid obstructing pulse flow. Doctor and patient should not sit face-to-face to avoid breath transmission. The tip of the three fingers where accumulation occurs is called Zhimu (Finger Eye), highly sensitive. Long fingers should be spaced widely; short fingers closely. Regulate breathing, maintain dignified posture, calm mind, and differentiate clearly. Internalize twenty-eight pulse types mentally. Crucially, pulses must have "Shen" (Spirit): neither rapid nor slow, calm and harmonious. Li Dongyuan defined Shen as strong pulse power, lack of power as no Shen. While reasonable, this is incomplete. Weak/thin pulses indicate insufficient power but are not necessarily fatal. Shen means essence gathering; regardless of size, if pulse gathers under fingers clearly without listlessness, it has Shen. It is not just strength. For example, extreme deficiency with extremely strong pulse, or post-sweating/purgation in Cold Damage/Warm diseases with unsubsided pulse, or post-major illness/new childbirth with unexpectedly strong pulse, indicate mismatch between disease and pulse, a dangerous sign. Strength alone does not equal Shen. Furthermore, pulses vary by constitution: some naturally have six Yin pulses (thin, slow, weak, deep, delayed)—do not mistake for deficiency-cold; some have six Yang pulses (surging, slippery, solid, large, floating, long)—do not mistake for excess-heat. Once treated a female comrade with no pulse at Zheng and Fan Guan positions; symptoms suggested summerheat. Asked family about normal pulse; they said she normally has no pulse. This shows constitutive differences; knowing normal reveals abnormal. Another type is Jingqi Jie Mai (Meridian Qi Knot Pulse): slippery/solid like beans at both Guan positions, hard line like blade in center. Indicates Yin deficiency with Liver hyperactivity and Metal deficiency/Earth failure. Spring onset leads to autumn death; autumn onset leads to spring death. Around 1930 (Jisi year), Qing Zhuangyuan Wang Shoupeng had cough in late spring; left Guan showed Jingqi Jie, right Cun slippery/solid. Warned family: though only cough now, pulse is bad; treat quickly or risk autumn deficiency. Ignored, died mid-autumn. Treated Mr. Xu in early autumn; left Guan showed Jingqi Jie. Patient felt only irritability. Warned him to treat immediately or risk death by Spring Equinox. Brother advised him; ignored. Died in spring. Jingqi Jie pulses stem from emotional injury; major anger/frustration knots Qi in three meridians. Early intervention with Yin-nourishing/Liver-softening and knot-resolving/Spleen-harmonizing methods could prevent depression. Once invited for consultation, my father said: "No prescription today." Patient asked why. Father: "Pulse and symptoms mismatch; expect vomiting/diarrhea tonight. If medicine coincides, blame will fall on me." Indeed, evening brought vomiting/diarrhea. Fortunately, saved a pill for post-symptom use. His pulse diagnosis precision was such.
Ten Essentials for Doctors and Ten Essentials for Patients
Spring 1937, my father and Mr. Li Shichen of Tianjin planned to establish National College of Chinese Medicine to train TCM talents. First formed Shi Clinic, contacting TCM celebrities to serve there, preparing future faculty. My father went three half-days weekly. Opened early summer; in two months, cured ~7,000 patients. July 7 Incident disrupted Tianjin; clinic stopped, wish unfulfilled. After North China fell, depressed, he wrote *Yangsheng Yiyao Qianshuo* (Brief Talk on Health Preservation and Medicine) during spare time, considering doctor-patient relations, establishing Ten Essentials for Doctors and Ten Essentials for Patients, recorded below:
Ten Essentials for Doctors:
1. Be benevolent, saving lives is duty.
2. Master medicine, study many books.
3. Understand pulse theory, comprehend zang-fu and meridians.
4. Identify disease sources/mechanisms, understand fortune cycles.
5. Recognize drug properties/forms, process appropriately.
6. Support colleagues, avoid jealousy/hostility.
7. Upright character, self-respect.
8. Treat all equally, do not favor rich/despise poor.
9. Do not value wealth over life.
10. Keep effective medicines ready to save lives anytime.
Ten Essentials for Patients:
1. Choose famous doctors.
2. Willing to take medicine.
3. Treat early.
4. Abstain from sexual desire.
5. Guard against anger.
6. Cease delusional thoughts.
7. Moderate diet.
8. Careful daily routine.
9. Do not believe heresies.
10. Do not grudge money.
These ten essentials were not just written but practiced. An old doctor with profound knowledge used rigid ancient prescriptions, resulting in few patients. My father corrected biases and promoted him, improving his practice. An acupuncture doctor struggled financially; my father provided rice/flour and referred patients. A famous Tianjin doctor sought advice on difficult cases; my father analyzed details and helped formulate plans. During occupation, many sought help; my father generously assisted. Once, an elder lacking travel funds sought help. Before leaving, gifted a formula for abdominal distension/masses: Lychee Seed (Yuanyuan), Kansui Root (Gansui), White Cinnabar (Baizhusha, Jiangxi magnet), Black Cinnabar (Heishusha, old pot residue) each 60g, ground fine, pill with jujube flesh, 3g per dose, half for children. Causes vomiting upward, diarrhea downward. My father found logic in prescription, prepared pills, distributed them, achieving good results. This shows my father's humility. Experience comes not only from books and clinical practice but also from patients. If reasonable, adopt and try.
[Kong Bohua Biography] Kong Bohua (1884–1955), name Fandi, pseudonym Owner of Buguishou Studio, from Qufu, Shandong. Studied medicine with grandfather in youth. Practiced in Beijing at 25, renowned for 50 years, one of Four Famous Doctors of Beijing. Co-founded Beijing National College of Chinese Medicine with Xiao Longyou in 1929, served as president for 15 years, training 700+ talents. Post-liberation, served as CPPCC National Committee Member, Ministry of Health Medical Science Research Committee Member, Beijing TCM Society Advisor. Co-authored *Analysis of Eight Infectious Diseases* (10 volumes) with Cao Xuanxuan, Chen Shizhen, Chen Qidong. Also wrote *Zang-Fu Expansion*, *Shizhai Medical Talks*, *Stroke Theory*, *Diagnostic Experience*.
Life of Pure Integrity and Noble Conduct
Mr. studied hard in youth, traveling with grandfather in Hebei.
Grandfather skilled in Yellow Emperor's arts; influenced gradually, he aimed for medicine. At 16, moved to Yizhou, discussed *Neijing* with Cai Qiutang and Liang Chunren. At 25, invited to capital, worked at Outer City Official Hospital with Chen Boya, Yang Haoru, Zhang Jurén, Zhao Yunqing, gaining much from them.
In 1929, opposing government plan to abolish TCM, Mr. Kong united colleagues to found Beijing TCM Society, campaigning tirelessly, forcing government to cancel proposal. Same year, co-founded Beijing National College of Chinese Medicine with Xiao Longyou, serving as president, teaching personally to cultivate talents. When college faced financial difficulties, opened outpatient clinic with Xiao, using income to subsidize expenses.
Guided students patiently. Analyzed difficult cases deeply, explaining causes and treatments, encouraging democratic debate. Taught that eras and constitutions differ, pathogens vary; clinical treatment must avoid subjectivity and be flexible. Zhang Zhongjing's laws contain formulas, formulas contain laws; Jin-Yuan Four Masters formed schools supporting Zhongjing; later Ye Tianshi, Wang Mengying, Wu Jutong also supported Zhongjing. Success depends on proper application.
Extremely responsible for career. In 1917, united like-minded TCM practitioners, despite hardship and danger, participated in eradicating plague, cholera, dysentery, smallpox in Jin-Sui region. Spent youth in rural Shandong, Henan, Hebei, familiar with and sympathetic to poor masses. Often delivered medical care home, generously funding patients. Such noble ethics were rare in old society.