陈无择曰。喜怒不节。忧思兼并。以致脏腑气不平。郁而生涎。随气上厥。乘脑之虚。浸淫目系。荫注于目。轻
则昏涩。重则障翳。眵泪 肉。白膜遮睛。皆内因。如数冒风寒。不避暑湿。邪中于项。乘虚循系。以入于脑。侵
于目而生目病者。皆外因。若嗜欲无节。饮食不时。频食五辛。过啖炙爆。驰骋田猎。冒涉烟尘。劳动外情。皆
丧明之本。此内外因也。
徐彦纯曰。人之眼目。备脏腑五行。相资而神明。故能视。内障乃瞳神黑小。神光昏昧也。外障则有翳膜
可见。内障有因于痰热。气郁。血热。 阳。 阴。虚脱荣卫所致。种种不同。外障有起于内 睛上。睛下睛
中。视其翳色。从何经来。惟宜分治。目之为病。肝热则昏暗。心热则烦痛。风湿血少则涩痒。肾虚则不禁
固。甚则陷突。缓则翳暗矣。
脉经曰。左寸脉洪数。（心火上炎也）左关脉弦而洪。（乃肝火盛也）左尺脉微弱。（乃肾水不升。而
火在上也。）右寸关脉俱弦洪。（乃肝木挟相火之势。来侮所不胜之金。而戕己所胜之土也。）右尺脉
洪数。（为相火邪火上炎。挟肝木之邪。而烁目也。按六脉浮紧有力者为寒。沉数有力者为热。微细
而弱者为虚。洪大而滑者为实。夫五脏常欲相顺相生。如心见缓。肝见洪。肺见沉。
脾见涩。肾见弦。此五脏相合相生之理。禀太和之气。其疾何以生焉。是为疾者五脏必相克相反。
如心见沉细。肝见短涩。肾见迟缓。肺见洪大。脾见弦长。此五脏相刑相克。递相互变之机。其疾
再无不作者。万物生克。一定之理。岂止于病目而言哉。经谓五脏不和。则六腑不通。六腑不通。
则九窍疲癃。九窍疲癃。则气血壅滞。亦令人憎寒发热。恶风自汗。胸膈痞满。有类伤寒似疟。
但目红示而头不痛。项不强。身发寒不致战栗。发热不致闷乱为异。而为外障。或头眩目昏。头
痛而目不红。为内障。由人于六淫七情。饮食色欲过度。运动失宜。岂能一一中节。而无所乘乱。
脏腑关窍。不得宜通。而痰内渍也。予特叙痰饮之脉皆弦微沉滑。或云左右关脉大者。或伏而大者。
皆痰也。眼皮及眼。或如灰烟黑者。亦痰也。然治法痰因火动。降火为先。火因气逆。顺气为要。
亢则害。承乃制者。寒极则生热。热极则生寒。木极而似金。火极而似水。土极而似木。金极而似火。
水极而似土也。）左手寸口。心与小肠之脉所出。君火也。左手关部。肝与胆之脉所出。风木也。左手尺
部。肾与膀胱之脉所出。寒水也。右手寸口。肺与大肠之脉所出。燥金也。右手关部。脾与胃之脉所出。湿
土也。右手尺部。命门与三焦之脉所出。相火也。
六脉者。浮沉迟数滑涩也。浮者为阳。在表。为风为虚也。沉者为阴。在里。为湿为实也。沉迟者为阴。寒在脏
也。浮数者为阳。热在腑也。滑者血多气盛也。涩者气滞血枯也。
八要者。表里虚实寒热邪正也。表者病不在里也。里者病不在表也。虚者五虚也。脉细。皮寒。气少。泄利。饮
食不入也。浆粥入胃。泻止则生。实者五实也。脉盛。皮热。腹胀。前后不通。瞀闷也。大小便通利而得汗者生。
寒者脏腑积寒也。热者脏腑积热也。邪者外邪相干也。正者脏腑自病也。
内经谓目痛赤脉从上下者太阳病。从下上者阳明病。从外走内者少阳病。从内走外者少阴病。太阳病
宜温之散之。阳明病宜下之寒之。少阳病宜和之。少阴病宜清之。
保命集云。眼之为病。在腑则为表。当除风散热。在脏则为里。当养血安神。暴发者为表。易治。久病者为里。
难疗。按此论表里之不同明矣。用以治病。如鼓应桴也。
灵枢颠狂篇云。目 外决于面者为锐 。在内近鼻者为内 。上为外 。下为内 。
凡看目疾者。男子多患左目。女子多患右目。此阴阳气血不同故也。或有左右无常者。乃邪热攻迫故也。
如男先伤左目。而右目屡发。定不可保。女先伤右目。而左目屡发。亦不能救。必须观人老少壮弱为主。少
而壮者易治。老而弱者难治。易治者用药温和。难治者用药滋补。随症用药。不可执一。目症虽有多端。然
看者先将分数预定其初。不致有误。如瞳神凸凹者不治。青绿白色者不治。纯黑者不治。睛少光彩者不
治。此老人血衰之症。若翳障如半月之状。俱难治之。若睛圆不损。不论星多少。翳浓薄。悉皆治之。翳怕光
滑。星怕在瞳神。总翳膜轻薄。星点细小。难退。翳障未尽。切不可用刀割。目得血而能视。刀割则伤血。亦不
可用火灸。翳膜生自肝火。又以火攻之。是以火济火。岂是良法。惟服药于先。必兼点药。则病渐退。根除而
不复发也。
按目病有外感。有内伤。外感者风寒暑湿燥火。此标症也。患者致目暴发疼痛。白睛红肿。眵泪赤烂。其势
虽急。易治。内伤者喜怒忧思悲恐惊。此七情也。患者致黑珠下陷。或起蟹睛。翳膜障朦。或白珠不红。瞳神
大小。视物昏花。内障不一。其势虽缓。难治。又有不内不外。而饮食不节。饥饱劳役所致。当理脾胃为主。目
症虽多。不外风热虚实之候。治亦不离散清补泻之法。然补不可过用参术。以助其火。惟用清和滋润之
类。泻不可过用硝黄龙胆。以凝其血。惟用发散消滞之类。药用当。则目自愈。今人治目。往往非大补则骤
用大寒。多致受伤。治目毋投寒剂。固是要法。又当省其致病之源以治之。如贪酒者徐徐戒其酒。好色者
缓缓戒其色。暴怒者巽言戒其暴怒。不听。则难疗也。然心生血。脾统血。肝藏血。血得热则行。得寒则凝。凝
则生翳生膜。目斯患矣。不可不慎。凡病目后。宜滋肾水。何也。目以肝为主。肝开窍于目。目得血而能视。若
滋肾水。则水能生木。木能生火。火能生土。土能生金。金能生水。生生不已。其益无穷。若肾水亏耗。则水不
能生木。木不能生火。火不能生土。土不能生金。金不能生水。肝血亏而火妄炽。其害可胜言哉。
陈无择说：喜怒没有节制，忧虑和思虑交织，导致脏腑之气不平衡，气机郁结而生出痰涎。痰涎随着气机上逆，趁着脑部虚弱之际，浸淫于目系，灌注到眼睛。轻的表现为眼睛昏花干涩，重的则出现翳膜遮蔽瞳孔、眼屎增多流泪、眼睑长出息肉（眵泪肉），以及白色薄膜遮盖黑睛。这些都属于内因。如果多次冒犯风寒，不躲避暑湿，邪气侵入项部，趁着虚弱沿着目系进入脑部，侵犯眼睛而引发眼病，这些都属于外因。若是嗜欲没有节制，饮食没有定时，频繁食用五种辛味食物，过量吃烤炸食品，骑马打猎，在烟尘中奔波劳碌，这些都是导致失明的根本原因。这就是内因和外因。
徐彦纯说：人的眼睛，具备脏腑五行的功能，相互资助而产生视觉神明，所以能看见东西。内障表现为瞳神变小，神光昏暗不明。外障则有可见的翳膜。内障的原因有痰热、气郁、血热、阳虚、阴虚、虚脱导致营卫不和等，情况各不相同。外障有的起于上胞（眼皮上部）、下胞（眼皮下部）或目中，观察翳膜的颜色，判断它从哪条经络而来，只宜分别治疗。眼睛患病，肝热则视物昏暗，心热则心烦疼痛，风湿且血少则干涩发痒，肾虚则固摄无力，严重时眼球下陷突出，缓慢发展则翳膜昏暗。
《脉经》说：左寸脉洪大数急，是心火上炎；左关脉弦而洪大，是肝火旺盛；左尺脉微弱，是肾水不能上升，而火在上焦；右寸和右关脉都弦洪，是肝木挟带相火的势头，来克制本应克制的肺金，并伤害自己所能克制的脾土；右尺脉洪大数急，是相火邪火上炎，挟带肝木之邪，灼伤眼睛。按：六脉浮紧有力的是寒证，沉数有力的是热证，微细弱的是虚证，洪大而滑的是实证。五脏通常希望相互顺从相生，比如心脉见缓，肝脉见洪，肺脉见沉，脾脉见涩，肾脉见弦，这是五脏相合相生的道理，禀受太和之气，疾病怎么会发生呢？对于病人来说，五脏必定是相克相反的，比如心脉见沉细，肝脉见短涩，肾脉见迟缓，肺脉见洪大，脾脉见弦长，这是五脏相刑相克、递相互变的机理，疾病没有不发生的。万物生克的规律是一定的，岂止是在眼病上体现呢？经文说五脏不和，则六腑不通；六腑不通，则九窍疲弱闭塞；九窍疲弱闭塞，则气血壅滞。这也让人憎恶寒冷、发热、怕风、自汗、胸膈痞满，症状类似伤寒或疟疾。但区别在于：眼睛发红且白睛赤脉明显，但头部不痛、颈部不强硬、身体发冷但不战栗、发热但不烦闷，以此作为不同点。如果是外障，或者头晕眼花、头痛但眼睛不红，则是内障。由于人们遭受六淫七情、饮食色欲过度、运动不当，怎么能完全合乎节度而不被邪气乘乱呢？脏腑关窍不得通畅，痰饮内生。我特别叙述痰饮的脉象都是弦、微、沉、滑。有人说左右关脉大的，或者伏而大的，都是痰证。眼皮及眼睛颜色如灰烟黑色，也是痰证。然而治疗方法，痰因火动，以降火为先；火因气逆，以顺气为要。亢盛则为害，承制才能制约，即寒极生热，热极生寒，木极似金，火极似水，土极似木，金极似火，水极似土。左手寸口，是心与小肠经脉所出，属君火；左手关部，是肝与胆经脉所出，属风木；左手尺部，是肾与膀胱经脉所出，属寒水；右手寸口，是肺与大肠经脉所出，属燥金；右手关部，是脾与胃经脉所出，属湿土；右手尺部，是命门与三焦经脉所出，属相火。
六脉，指浮、沉、迟、数、滑、涩。浮脉属阳，主表，主风、主虚；沉脉属阴，主里，主湿、主实；沉迟脉属阴，主脏寒；浮数脉属阳，主腑热；滑脉主血多气盛；涩脉主气滞血枯。
八要，指表、里、虚、实、寒、热、邪、正。表证病不在里；里证病不在表。虚证有五虚：脉细、皮肤寒冷、气短、泄泻、饮食不入。如果浆粥入胃，泄泻停止，则可生还。实证有五实：脉盛、皮肤发热、腹胀、大小便不通、头昏闷乱。如果大小便通利并能出汗，则可生还。寒证是脏腑积寒；热证是脏腑积热；邪证是外邪干扰；正证是脏腑自病。
《内经》说：眼睛疼痛，赤脉从上往下走的，是太阳病；从下往上走的，是阳明病；从外向内走的，是少阳病；从内向外走的，是少阴病。太阳病宜温散；阳明病宜攻下寒凉；少阳病宜和解；少阴病宜清解。
《保命集》说：眼病在腑则为表证，应当祛风散热；在脏则为里证，应当养血安神。暴发的属于表证，容易治疗；久病的属于里证，难以治愈。看这个论述，表里的不同已经很明白了。用来治病，就像鼓槌击鼓一样应验迅速。
《灵枢·癫狂篇》说：眼睛在外侧眼角的面部称为锐眦，在内侧近鼻处称为内眦，上方称为外眦，下方称为内眦。（注：此处原文可能有误或简略，通常锐眦为外眼角，内眦为内眼角，上下睑缘亦有特定称呼，依原文直译）。
凡诊治眼疾，男子多患左眼，女子多患右眼，这是因为阴阳气血不同所致。也有左右无常的，是邪热攻迫所致。如果男子先伤左眼，而右眼屡次发作，一定无法保全；女子先伤右眼，而左眼屡次发作，也不能挽救。必须以观察病人的老少壮弱为主。年少体壮的容易治疗，年老体弱的难治。容易治疗的用药温和，难治的用滋补药。随症状用药，不可固执一端。眼症虽然有很多种类，但看病时先将分数预定其初，以免有误。比如瞳神凸凹不平的不治，青绿白色的不治，纯黑色的不治，眼睛缺少光彩的不治，这是老人血衰的症状。如果翳障像半月形状，都难治。如果眼睛圆润未受损，不论星点多少，翳膜浓薄，都可以治疗。翳膜怕光滑，星点怕在瞳神。总括性的翳膜轻薄，星点细小，难以消退。翳障未尽，切不可用刀割。眼睛得到血液滋养才能视物，刀割会伤血，也不可用火灸。翳膜生于肝火，又用火去攻击它，是以火济火，难道是好方法吗？只有先服药，必须兼用点眼药，则病逐渐退去，根除而不复发。
按：眼病有外感，有内伤。外感者是风寒暑湿燥火，这是标症。患者导致眼睛暴发疼痛，白睛红肿，眼屎流泪赤烂，其势虽急，但易治。内伤者由喜怒忧思悲恐惊这七情引起。患者导致黑珠下陷，或起蟹睛，翳膜朦胧，或白珠不红，瞳神大小异常，视物昏花，内障不一，其势虽缓，但难治。又有不内不外，由饮食不节、饥饱劳役所致的，应当以调理脾胃为主。眼症虽然多，不外乎风热虚实之候，治疗也不离发散、清解、补益、泻下之法。然而补益不可过用参术，以免助火，只用清和滋润之类；泻下不可过用硝黄龙胆，以免凝滞血液，只用发散消滞之类。药用得当，则眼睛自愈。现在人治眼病，往往不是大补就是骤用大寒，多导致受伤。治眼病不用寒凉药剂，固然是重要法则，还应当省察致病的源头来治疗。比如贪酒的人慢慢戒酒，好色的人缓缓戒色，暴怒的人用委婉言语劝诫戒除暴怒，如果不听，就难治了。然而心生血，脾统血，肝藏血，血得热则运行，得寒则凝滞，凝滞则生翳生膜，眼睛因此患病，不可不谨慎。凡是患眼病后，宜滋补肾水。为什么呢？眼睛以肝为主，肝开窍于目，眼睛得到血液才能视物。如果滋补肾水，则水能生木，木能生火，火能生土，土能生金，金能生水，生生不已，益处无穷。如果肾水亏耗，则水不能生木，木不能生火，火不能生土，土不能生金，金不能生水，肝血亏虚而火妄炽，其危害能说尽吗？
Chen Wuyue stated: Unregulated joy and anger, combined with worry and excessive thinking, lead to an imbalance of Qi in the Zang-Fu organs. Qi stagnation generates phlegm-fluids (Tan Yin), which ascend with the rebellious Qi. Taking advantage of the deficiency in the brain, it infiltrates the Eye System (Mu Xi) and pours into the eyes. Mild cases present with blurred vision and dryness; severe cases manifest as visual obstruction by nebulae (Yi Yi), increased discharge and tearing, growths on the eyelids (Chi Lei Rou), and white membranes covering the cornea. These are all due to internal causes. If one frequently exposes oneself to wind-cold or fails to avoid summer-heat and dampness, pathogenic factors invade the neck, enter the brain along the Eye System taking advantage of deficiency, and invade the eyes causing eye diseases; these are external causes. Indulgence without restraint, irregular eating habits, frequent consumption of the Five Pungent Foods, overeating roasted and fried foods, riding and hunting, exposure to smoke and dust, and physical labor from external desires are all root causes of blindness. These constitute internal and external causes.
Xu Yanchun stated: The human eyes possess the functions of the Zang-Fu organs and the Five Elements, mutually supporting each other to generate visual clarity, thus enabling sight. Internal obstructions (Nei Zhang) present with a small pupil and dimming of the divine light (Shen Guang). External obstructions (Wai Zhang) present with visible nebulae. Causes of internal obstructions include phlegm-heat, Qi stagnation, blood-heat, Yang deficiency, Yin deficiency, and depletion of Ying and Wei (Defensive and Nutritive Qi). They vary greatly. External obstructions may arise from the upper eyelid, lower eyelid, or within the eye itself. By observing the color of the nebulae and determining which meridian they originate from, treatment should be differentiated accordingly. Regarding eye diseases: Liver heat causes blurred vision; Heart heat causes irritability and pain; Wind-dampness and blood deficiency cause dryness and itching; Kidney deficiency leads to loss of containment, potentially resulting in protrusion or sinking of the eyeball; slow progression leads to dark nebulae.
The *Mai Jing* (Pulse Classic) states: A surging and rapid pulse at the Left Cun position indicates Heart Fire flaming upward. A wiry and surging pulse at the Left Guan position indicates abundant Liver Fire. A weak and thin pulse at the Left Chi position indicates that Kidney Water does not ascend, while Fire remains above. Surging and wiry pulses at both Right Cun and Guan positions indicate Liver Wood, carrying the momentum of Ministerial Fire, insulting Metal (which it normally controls) and damaging Earth (which controls it). A surging and rapid pulse at the Right Chi position indicates Ministerial Fire and pathogenic Fire flaming upward, carrying Liver Wood pathogens to scorch the eyes. Note: Floating, tight, and forceful pulses indicate Cold; deep, rapid, and forceful pulses indicate Heat; minute, fine, and weak pulses indicate Deficiency; surging, large, and slippery pulses indicate Excess. The Five Zang organs generally desire mutual harmony and generation: for instance, the Heart presents with a moderate pulse, the Liver with a surging pulse, the Lungs with a deep pulse, the Spleen with a choppy pulse, and the Kidneys with a wiry pulse. This is the principle of Zang-Zang combination and generation, imbued with Taihe Qi; how could disease arise? For patients, however, the Five Zang organs exhibit mutual overcoming and opposition: e.g., Heart presenting with deep/fine pulses, Liver with short/choppy pulses, Kidneys with slow/relaxed pulses, Lungs with surging/large pulses, Spleen with wiry/long pulses. This is the mechanism of Zang-Zang punishment and overcoming, leading to reciprocal changes, ensuring disease arises. The principles of generation and overcoming apply universally, not just to eye diseases. The Classics state: When the Five Zang are disharmonious, the Six Fu do not circulate; when the Six Fu do not circulate, the Nine Orifices become fatigued and obstructed; when the Nine Orifices are obstructed, Qi and Blood stagnate. This also causes aversion to cold, fever, aversion to wind, spontaneous sweating, chest and diaphragm fullness, resembling Taiyang syndrome or malaria. However, differences include: red eyes with prominent white sclera vessels but no headache, stiff neck, shivering during chills, or confusion during fever. If there is dizziness, blurred vision, headache, but non-red eyes, it is an internal obstruction. Due to excessive exposure to the Six Evils and Seven Emotions, improper diet, sexual excess, and inappropriate movement, how can one maintain perfect balance without being disturbed by pathogens? The Zang-Fu and orifices fail to circulate smoothly, leading to internal accumulation of phlegm-fluids. I specifically describe the pulses of phlegm-fluids as wiry, minute, deep, and slippery. Some say large pulses at the left and right Guan positions, or deep and large pulses, indicate phlegm. Eyelids and eyes appearing gray-black like smoke also indicate phlegm. However, in treatment, since phlegm moves due to Fire, reducing Fire is paramount; since Fire rises due to rebellious Qi, regulating Qi is essential. "Excess brings harm, subjugation brings control": extreme cold generates heat, extreme heat generates cold, extreme Wood resembles Metal, extreme Fire resembles Water, extreme Earth resembles Wood, extreme Metal resembles Fire, extreme Water resembles Earth. The Left Cun position is where the Heart and Small Intestine meridians emerge, belonging to Sovereign Fire. The Left Guan position is where the Liver and Gallbladder meridians emerge, belonging to Wind-Wood. The Left Chi position is where the Kidney and Bladder meridians emerge, belonging to Cold-Water. The Right Cun position is where the Lungs and Large Intestine meridians emerge, belonging to Dry-Metal. The Right Guan position is where the Spleen and Stomach meridians emerge, belonging to Damp-Earth. The Right Chi position is where the Mingmen and Sanjiao meridians emerge, belonging to Ministerial Fire.
The six pulses are floating, deep, slow, rapid, slippery, and choppy. Floating pulses belong to Yang, indicating exterior, wind, or deficiency. Deep pulses belong to Yin, indicating interior, dampness, or excess. Deep and slow pulses belong to Yin, indicating cold in the Zang organs. Floating and rapid pulses belong to Yang, indicating heat in the Fu organs. Slippery pulses indicate abundant blood and vigorous Qi. Choppy pulses indicate stagnant Qi and withered blood.
The Eight Essentials are exterior, interior, deficiency, excess, cold, heat, pathogen, and upright Qi. Exterior means the disease is not in the interior; interior means the disease is not in the exterior. Deficiency includes five signs: fine pulse, cold skin, shortness of breath, diarrhea, inability to eat/drink. If congee enters the stomach and diarrhea stops, life can be saved. Excess includes five signs: surging pulse, hot skin, abdominal distension, obstruction of urination and defecation, mental cloudiness. If urination and defecation become free and sweat appears, life can be saved. Cold indicates accumulated cold in the Zang-Fu; Heat indicates accumulated heat in the Zang-Fu; Pathogen indicates interference by external evils; Upright Qi indicates disease originating from the Zang-Fu themselves.
The *Nei Jing* states: Eye pain with red vessels moving from top to bottom is Taiyang disease; from bottom to top is Yangming disease; from outside to inside is Shaoyang disease; from inside to outside is Shaoyin disease. Taiyang disease should be treated with warming and dispersing; Yangming disease with purging and cooling; Shaoyang disease with harmonizing; Shaoyin disease with clearing.
The *Baoming Ji* states: Eye diseases in the Fu organs are exterior syndromes, requiring dispelling wind and dissipating heat; in the Zang organs, they are interior syndromes, requiring nourishing blood and calming the spirit. Acute onset indicates exterior syndromes, easy to treat; chronic illness indicates interior syndromes, difficult to treat. This clearly distinguishes exterior and interior. Using this theory to treat diseases is as effective as striking a drum with a mallet.
The *Ling Shu: Dian Kuang* chapter states: The outer corner of the eye on the face is called the acute canthus (Rui Zi); the inner part near the nose is the inner canthus; the upper part is the outer canthus; the lower part is the inner canthus.
Generally, men suffer more often from the left eye, and women from the right eye, due to differences in Yin-Yang and Qi-Blood. Cases where either side is affected randomly are due to attacking pathogenic heat. If a man injures the left eye first and the right eye repeatedly recurs, it cannot be preserved. If a woman injures the right eye first and the left eye repeatedly recurs, it cannot be saved. Treatment must prioritize observing the patient's age and constitution. Young and robust patients are easy to treat; old and weak patients are difficult. Easy cases require mild medication; difficult cases require tonification. Medication must follow symptoms and not be rigid. Although eye diseases are diverse, initial assessment determines prognosis. Conditions such as convex/concave pupils, green/white/red discoloration, pure black pupils, or lack of luster in the eyes are untreatable, representing blood decline in the elderly. Nebulae shaped like half-moons are difficult to treat. If the eyeball is round and undamaged, regardless of the number or thickness of nebulae, they are treatable. Smooth nebulae and nebulae located on the pupil are difficult to resolve. Thin nebulae and small spots are hard to eliminate. If nebulae are not fully resolved, surgical cutting must absolutely be avoided. Vision depends on blood; cutting damages blood. Moxibustion should also be avoided. Nebulae arise from Liver Fire; attacking them with fire is adding fuel to the fire, which is not a good method. One must first take oral medicine and use eye drops simultaneously so that the disease gradually recedes and is eradicated without recurrence.
Note: Eye diseases include exterior contractions and internal injuries. Exterior contractions involve wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire, representing branch symptoms. Patients experience sudden eye pain, redness and swelling of the white sclera, discharge, tearing, and redness/ulceration. Though urgent, these are easy to treat. Internal injuries stem from the Seven Emotions (joy, anger, worry, thought, grief, fear, fright). Patients present with sinking of the black cornea, crab-eye formation (crab-eye nebula), hazy nebulae, non-red white sclera, abnormal pupil size, and blurred vision. Various internal obstructions have a slow onset but are difficult to treat. There are also conditions neither purely internal nor external, caused by irregular diet, hunger/fullness, and fatigue, which should primarily regulate the Spleen and Stomach. Although eye diseases are numerous, they fall under wind-heat, deficiency, and excess patterns. Treatments involve dispersing, clearing, tonifying, and purging. Tonification should not excessively use Ginseng and Atractylodes to avoid aiding fire; only clear, harmonizing, and moistening agents should be used. Purging should not excessively use Mirabilite, Rhubarb, or Gentiana to avoid coagulating blood; only dispersing and stasis-resolving agents should be used. Proper medication leads to self-healing. Modern practitioners often use either strong tonics or sudden strong cold herbs, causing injury. Avoiding cold formulas is a key rule in treating eye diseases. One must also address the source of the disease: advise alcoholics to quit slowly, those lustful to curb desires gently, and those prone to rage to calm down through gentle persuasion. If they do not listen, treatment is difficult. The Heart generates blood, the Spleen controls blood, and the Liver stores blood. Blood flows when warm and coagulates when cold. Coagulation leads to nebulae and membranes, causing eye disease. Caution is essential. After eye diseases, nourishing Kidney Water is advisable. Why? The eyes are governed by the Liver, which opens into the eyes; vision depends on blood. Nourishing Kidney Water generates Wood (Liver); Wood generates Fire (Heart); Fire generates Earth (Spleen); Earth generates Metal (Lungs); Metal generates Water (Kidneys). This cycle continues infinitely, providing boundless benefit. If Kidney Water is depleted, Water cannot generate Wood, Wood cannot generate Fire, Fire cannot generate Earth, Earth cannot generate Metal, and Metal cannot generate Water. Liver Blood becomes deficient while Fire flares wildly; the harm is incalculable.