总括
小儿气血未充，肌肤最是柔脆。偶触风寒，则邪气入于腠理，其病在荣卫。轻者为感冒，而病易痊。重者为伤寒，
而证难退。或有夹食夹热，或夹惊之辨，或宜疏散，或宜和解，临证之时，宜体会焉。
伤风
卫主皮毛，内合于肺，肺感受邪风，故令身体发热，憎寒，头疼痛，有汗嚏涕，其脉浮缓，鼻塞身重，咳嗽频频。
宜杏苏饮解散外邪，同金沸草散开通逆气，此疏风解表，若从容也。
伤寒
小儿伤寒，乃荣分表感寒邪也。其证发热无汗而恶寒，头疼身痛，其脉浮紧，呕逆烦渴，此病邪盛欲传经也。初用
九味羌活汤，如热盛者，以双解通圣汤治之。服此药后，已汗下不解，而邪传经者，用柴葛解肌汤；兼里证者，用大柴
胡汤，以解表通里煎服。
感冒夹食
小儿平日饮食不节，内伤停滞，外复感受寒风。其证发热憎寒，头痛疼，恶食嗳臭，吐出酸物，便闭尿涩，腹热膨
胀。热盛者，用双解通圣汤两解之。内无热者，用藿香正气饮和解之。表邪已解，然后调理其脾，用平胃散斟酌而行。
感冒夹热
小儿脏腑，平日素禀有热，今复感伤风寒，风热相搏，则火邪愈盛。故见证面赤唇焦，口鼻干燥，憎寒壮热，口渴
饮冷，心神烦躁，谵语狂妄，二便多艰。治宜散其风寒，更宜兼泻其热，先宜用双解通圣汤两解之。若服药后汗出便利，
病须少减，热犹不退者，治宜清热为主，用凉膈散合天水散煎服，则表里清而病愈矣。
感冒夹惊
小儿感冒风邪未解，复为惊异所触。故见心惊胆怯，睡卧不安，身热烦躁，面色青赤之证。先以疏解散疏散之，复
与凉惊丸清镇之。如病虽退，尚觉心惊不寐者，再以柴胡温胆汤之剂和解之，则宁神定志，其效如仙矣。
总括
小儿的气血尚未充盈，肌肤最为柔嫩脆弱。偶尔触犯风寒，邪气就会侵入腠理（皮肤纹理及汗孔），病症发生在营卫（营气和卫气）之间。轻症称为感冒，容易痊愈；重症称为伤寒，症状难以消退。或者伴有夹食（饮食积滞）、夹热（内热）或夹惊（受惊）的辨别，有的适宜疏散外邪，有的适宜和解表里，临证诊治时，应当仔细体会这些情况。
伤风
卫气主管皮毛，内部与肺相合，肺感受了邪风，所以导致身体发热，怕冷，头痛，有汗、打喷嚏、流鼻涕，脉象浮缓，鼻塞、身体沉重，咳嗽频繁。适宜用杏苏饮解散外邪，配合金沸草散开通逆乱之气，这是疏风解表的方法，如同从容不迫一般。
伤寒
小儿伤寒，是营分在体表感受寒邪所致。其症状为发热无汗且怕冷，头痛身痛，脉象浮紧，呕吐逆气、心烦口渴，这是病邪强盛即将传变经络的表现。初期使用九味羌活汤，如果热势盛大，用双解通圣汤治疗。服用这些药物后，如果发汗或攻下后病仍未解，且邪气传入经络，使用柴葛解肌汤；兼有里证的，使用大柴胡汤，以解除表邪、疏通里实，煎服。
感冒夹食
小儿平日饮食不节制，内部损伤导致停滞，外部又复感寒风。其症状为发热怕冷，头痛，厌恶进食、打嗝有臭味，吐出酸腐之物，大便闭塞、小便涩滞，腹部发热膨胀。热势盛大的，用双解通圣汤表里两解。内部没有热的，用藿香正气饮和解。表邪已经解除后，然后调理脾胃，使用平胃散斟酌施用。
感冒夹热
小儿脏腑，平日素来禀赋有热，如今又复感风寒，风热相互搏结，则火邪更加旺盛。所以见到的症状为面色红赤、嘴唇焦裂，口鼻干燥，怕冷高热，口渴想喝冷水，心神烦躁，说胡话狂妄，大小便大多困难。治疗宜疏散风寒，更宜兼泻内热，先用双解通圣汤表里两解。如果服药后出汗且二便通畅，病情稍减，但热势仍不退的，治疗应以清热为主，用凉膈散合天水散煎服，则表里清利而病愈。
感冒夹惊
小儿感冒风邪未解，又受到惊吓触动。所以见到心惊胆怯，睡卧不安，身体发热烦躁，面色青赤的症状。先用疏解散疏散风邪，再给予凉惊丸清心镇惊。如果病势虽退，但仍觉得心惊失眠的，再用柴胡温胆汤剂和解，则能宁神定志，效果如神仙般灵验。
General Overview
Children's Qi and Blood are not yet fully developed, and their skin and muscles are extremely tender and fragile. When occasionally exposed to Wind-Cold, pathogenic factors invade the Couli (pores and interstitial spaces of the skin), and the disease manifests in the Ying and Wei (Nutritive and Defensive Qi). Mild cases are termed Ganmao (Common Cold) and are easily cured; severe cases are termed Shanghan (Cold Damage), and symptoms are difficult to resolve. Differentiation may involve concurrent Food Retention (accumulation of undigested food), Heat (internal heat), or Jing ( fright/shock). Some require dispersing methods, while others require harmonizing methods. Clinicians should carefully consider these aspects during diagnosis and treatment.
Wind Injury
Wei Qi governs the skin and hair and is internally connected to the Lung. When the Lung is affected by pathogenic Wind, it causes fever, aversion to cold, headache, sweating, sneezing, and runny nose. The pulse is floating and moderate. Other symptoms include nasal congestion, heaviness of the body, and frequent coughing. It is appropriate to use Xingsu Yin (Apricot Kernel and Perilla Decoction) to disperse external pathogens, combined with Jinfeicao San (Boiling Water Grass Powder) to unblock rebellious Qi. This constitutes a method of dispersing Wind and releasing the exterior, executed with composure.
Cold Damage
Pediatric Shanghan refers to the invasion of Cold pathogenic factors at the exterior level affecting the Ying aspect. Symptoms include fever without sweating, aversion to cold, headache, body pain, and a floating-tight pulse. There may also be vomiting, rebellious Qi, irritability, and thirst. This indicates that the pathogenic factor is strong and likely to transmit through the meridians. Initially, Jiuwei Qianghuo Tang (Nine-Ingredient Notopterygia Decoction) is used. If heat is excessive, Shuangjie Tongsheng Tang (Double-Resolving Universal Salvation Decoction) is employed. If, after taking these medicines, sweating or purgation fails to resolve the condition and the pathogen transmits into the meridians, Chaige Jieji Tang (Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Releasing Decoction) is used. If there are concurrent interior syndromes, Daxiehu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction) is used to release the exterior and unblock the interior via decoction.
Ganmao with Concurrent Food Retention
If children have irregular eating habits leading to internal injury and stagnation, and subsequently contract external Cold-Wind, symptoms include fever and aversion to cold, headache, anorexia, belching with foul odor, vomiting of sour substances, constipation, dysuria, abdominal heat, and distension. In cases of excessive heat, Shuangjie Tongsheng Tang is used for simultaneous exterior-interior resolution. If there is no internal heat, Huoxiang Zhengqi Yin (Agastache Qi-Regulating Decoction) is used for harmonization. Once the exterior pathogen is resolved, the Spleen is then regulated using Pingwei San (Stomach-Pacifying Powder), adjusted according to circumstances.
Ganmao with Concurrent Heat
Children whose Zang-Fu organs possess inherent heat predisposition, when contracted with Wind-Cold, experience a struggle between Wind and Heat, causing Fire pathogenic factors to intensify. Manifestations include red face, cracked lips, dry mouth and nose, aversion to cold with high fever, thirst for cold drinks, mental restlessness, delirium, and difficulty in urination and defecation. Treatment should focus on dispersing Wind-Cold while simultaneously purging Heat. First, Shuangjie Tongsheng Tang is used for dual resolution. If, after medication, sweating occurs and bowel/bladder functions normalize, but heat persists, the primary treatment should be clearing heat. Liangge San (Cooling Diaphragm Powder) combined with Tianshui San (Heavenly Water Powder) is decocted and administered. This clears both exterior and interior, resulting in recovery.
Ganmao with Concurrent Fright
If the Wind pathogen from Ganmao has not yet resolved, and the child is additionally triggered by fright, symptoms include heart palpitations, timidity, restless sleep, fever with irritability, and a bluish-red complexion. First, Shusan San (Dispersing Powder) is used to disperse the pathogen, followed by Liangjing Wan (Cooling Fright Pill) to clear and calm. If the illness subsides but the child remains startled and suffers from insomnia, Chaihu Wendan Tang (Bupleurum and Warm Gallbladder Decoction) is used for harmonization, thereby calming the spirit and stabilizing the will, yielding miraculous effects.