总括
痰者，因水谷所化之津液，不能四布，留于胸中而成者也。多因饮食无节，或乳食过食浓味，脾胃不能运化而生。
若阴气素盛，则化而为饮；阳气素盛，则化而为痰。如稠粘黄色，涩滞难出，为之燥痰；清稀色白，滑而易出，乃湿寒
也。二者或宜清润，或宜通利，治各不同。
燥痰
燥痰者，乃肺燥滞涩难出，痰因火动也。火盛则痰多燥粘，故气逆喘咳，夜卧不宁，面红口干，小便黄赤。轻者，
用清气化痰丸清之；重者，用苏葶滚痰丸平之。
湿痰
湿痰者，因小儿过食生冷油腻之物，有伤脾胃，遂致脾土虚湿，不能运化，而成湿痰。滑而易出；脾虚不运，故懒
饮食；脾主四肢，故倦怠嗜卧；脾属土，故面色多黄。如痰多者，用枳桔二陈之剂加苍术、白术除湿化痰。饮盛者，用
桂苓甘术汤扶阳散饮。调治合宜，而痰自化矣。
总括
厥阴之脉环阴器，入小腹。任脉起于中极之下，以上毛际，循腹里，上关元。故诸疝莫不属之厥阴任脉为病也。小
儿病此，多因先天不足，本脏虚弱，复因外感风寒，内食生冷，以致寒邪积聚凝结而成者有之。或因湿热郁于中，复为
寒邪束于外，邪气乘虚，并于血队，流入厥阴。厥阴属肝，其性急速，故其见证，皆牵引睾丸，小腹绞痛也。又有胎疝
一证，多因孕妇啼泣过伤，动于阴气，结聚不散，令儿生下，即成此证者，乃禀赋为病也。总审大抵热则多纵，寒则痛
临。血分者，在左不移，气分者，在右多动，湿肿坠则重，虚肿坠则轻也。因证而治，自中病情矣。
寒疝
小儿平日过食生冷，或卧湿地，以致寒湿内蓄，阴结于内，气滞不行，为日已久深，复为风冷所束，水气所侵。故
发时囊冷结硬，牵引小腹作痛，而成寒疝。初得之兼表者，以乌头桂枝汤主之；寒甚者，金茱丸治之如神也。
湿热感寒疝
小儿平素浓味过度，致生湿热。湿热之气下行，流入囊中，复触风寒，而疝气成矣。发时囊纵红肿，常常刺痛，当
以乌头栀子汤服之即宁也。
胎疝
胎疝者，多因孕妇啼哭过伤，气结不散，蕴于胞中，令儿生下胞硬，疼痛无时。轻者用十味苍柏散治之，重者用金
铃散或川楝丸最宜。
阴肿
阴器者，乃诸筋之总会也。因邪客于少阴厥阴之经，湿热之气，与风冷之气相搏，气不得通，故阴囊肿大者，乃邪
气凝结也。总之，风盛多痒，湿盛多坠，热盛多疼。如外肾肤囊肿大，痒痛坠下，此风湿袭于下也，宜疏风五苓散主之。
如外肾肤囊肿痛光亮，此因心火移热于小肠故也，宜用加味五苓散，或导赤散主之。更有偏坠一证，或左或右，睾丸作
肿者，此因食积不化，湿气下行故也，宜加味守效丸服之最灵。
小肠气
小肠气一证，其受病与疝气等，亦因湿气在内，而寒气又束于外也。发时小腹胀控，睾丸痛引腰脊，上冲心痛而不
肿是也。治宜分别形状，如引腰而痛者，宜加味香苏散温散之为宜；如上冲心气而痛者，加味失笑散主之；如小腹中有
形如卵，上下往来，痛不可忍者，宜胡芦巴丸医之。
总括
痰，是由于水谷转化而成的津液，不能正常布散全身，停滞在胸中而形成的。多因饮食没有节制，或者乳食过量食用浓腻厚味的食物，导致脾胃无法运化而产生。
如果体内阴气素来旺盛，则转化为饮；如果体内阳气素来旺盛，则转化为痰。如痰液稠厚粘腻、颜色发黄、涩滞难以咳出，称为燥痰；如痰液清稀色白、滑利容易咳出，则是湿寒所致。这两种情况，有的适宜用清润法治疗，有的适宜用通利法治疗，治疗方法各不相同。
燥痰
燥痰，是由于肺燥导致气机滞涩、难以咳出，痰因火邪扰动而生。火邪旺盛则痰多且燥粘，因此出现气逆喘咳，夜间睡眠不安稳，面色发红，口干，小便黄赤。病情较轻的，使用清气化痰丸进行清热化痰；病情较重的，使用苏葶滚痰丸来平降痰火。
湿痰
湿痰，是因为小儿过量食用生冷油腻的食物，损伤了脾胃，导致脾土虚弱湿气重，无法运化水湿，从而形成湿痰。痰液滑利容易咳出；因为脾虚无法运化，所以食欲不振；脾主四肢，所以感到疲倦嗜睡；脾属土，所以面色多呈黄色。如果痰多的，使用枳桔二陈汤（即二陈汤加枳壳、桔梗）加入苍术、白术来除湿化痰。如果是饮邪盛行的，使用桂苓甘术汤来扶助阳气、消散饮邪。调理得当，痰自然化解。
总括
厥阴经脉环绕外生殖器，进入小腹。任脉起于中极穴之下，向上经过毛际，沿着腹部内侧上行至关元穴。所以各种疝病无不归属于厥阴经和任脉的病变。小儿患此病，多因先天不足，本脏虚弱，再加上外感风寒，内伤生冷，导致寒邪积聚凝结而成。也有因湿热郁结在中焦，又被外部的寒邪束缚，邪气乘虚而入，并入血分，流入厥阴经。厥阴属肝，其性质急速，所以出现的症状，都是牵引睾丸和小腹绞痛。又有胎疝这一证型，多因孕妇啼哭过度受伤，动摇了阴气，结聚不散，致使婴儿出生后，立即形成此证，这是禀赋导致的疾病。总体审察，大抵热证多表现为松弛下垂，寒证多表现为疼痛发作。病在血分的，左侧固定不移；病在气分的，右侧多动；湿邪导致的肿胀下坠感觉沉重，虚证导致的肿胀下坠感觉轻微。根据证候进行治疗，自然能切中病情。
寒疝
小儿平日过量食用生冷食物，或者卧睡在潮湿的地方，导致寒湿内蓄，阴寒凝结在内，气机阻滞不通，日子久了深入，再被风冷所束缚，受水气侵袭。所以发作时阴囊寒冷结硬，牵引小腹作痛，从而形成寒疝。初得病兼有表证的，以乌头桂枝汤为主治；寒邪严重的，用金茱丸治疗效果神奇。
湿热感寒疝
小儿平时过度食用浓腻厚味的食物，导致产生湿热。湿热之气下行，流入阴囊，又触碰到风寒，疝气就形成了。发作时阴囊松弛红肿，常常刺痛，应当服用乌头栀子汤即可安宁。
胎疝
胎疝，多因孕妇啼哭过度受伤，气机结聚不散，蕴积在胞宫之中，致使婴儿出生后阴囊肿硬，疼痛无定时。病情轻的，用十味苍柏散治疗；病情重的，用金铃散或川楝丸最为适宜。
阴肿
外生殖器，是诸筋汇聚的地方。因为邪气客居于少阴、厥阴经脉，湿热之气与风冷之气相互搏结，气机不得通畅，所以阴囊肿大的，是邪气凝结所致。总之，风邪盛多瘙痒，湿邪盛多下坠，热邪盛多疼痛。如果外肾皮肤囊肿大，伴有痒、痛、下坠感，这是风湿侵袭下部所致，宜用疏风五苓散主治。如果外肾皮肤囊肿痛且光亮，这是因为心火移热于小肠所致，宜用加味五苓散，或导赤散主治。还有偏坠这一证型，或左或右，睾丸肿胀，这是因为食积不化，湿气下行所致，宜服用加味守效丸，效果最灵验。
小肠气
小肠气这一证型，其致病原因与疝气相同，也是因为湿气在内，寒气又束缚于外。发作时小腹胀痛并牵引，睾丸疼痛牵连腰脊，气上冲心痛但不肿胀。治疗应当分别形状，如牵引腰部疼痛的，宜用加味香苏散温散为宜；如气上冲心脏部位疼痛的，用加味失笑散主治；如小腹中有形似卵块，上下往来移动，疼痛不可忍受的，宜用胡芦巴丸医治。
General Overview
Phlegm (Tan, 痰) is formed when the body fluids (Jinye, 津液) derived from food and drink fail to distribute normally throughout the body and stagnate in the chest. It often arises from irregular diet or excessive consumption of rich and greasy foods by infants and children, leading to the spleen and stomach's inability to transport and transform.
If yin qi is inherently abundant, it transforms into fluid retention (Yin, 饮); if yang qi is inherently abundant, it transforms into phlegm. Phlegm that is thick, sticky, yellow, and difficult to expectorate is called dry phlegm (Zao Tan, 燥痰); phlegm that is clear, thin, white, slippery, and easy to expectorate indicates cold-dampness (Shi Han, 湿寒). The treatments for these two types differ: one may require clearing and moistening methods, while the other requires draining and promoting methods.
Dry Phlegm
Dry phlegm results from lung dryness causing stagnation and difficulty in expectoration, with phlegm stirred up by fire. Excessive fire leads to abundant, dry, and sticky phlegm, causing rebellious qi, wheezing, coughing, restless sleep at night, red face, dry mouth, and dark yellow urine. For mild cases, Qingqi Huatan Wan (Clear Qi and Resolve Phlegm Pill) is used to clear heat; for severe cases, Su Ting Gun Tan Wan (Perilla and Lepidium Pill to Roll Down Phlegm) is used to calm phlegm-fire.
Damp Phlegm
Damp phlegm occurs when infants and children overconsume raw, cold, or greasy foods, damaging the spleen and stomach. This leads to deficiency and dampness in the spleen earth, impairing transportation and transformation, resulting in damp phlegm. The phlegm is slippery and easy to expectorate. Due to spleen deficiency and impaired transport, there is poor appetite. Since the spleen governs the four limbs, fatigue and a desire to lie down occur. As the spleen belongs to earth, the complexion is often yellow. For excessive phlegm, Zhiji Erchen Decoction (Erchen Decoction with Zhi Ke and Jie Geng) added with Cang Zhu and Bai Zhu is used to remove dampness and resolve phlegm. For predominant fluid retention, Guiling Gan Shu Tang (Cinnamon Twig, Poria, Licorice, and Atractylodes Macrocephala Decoction) is used to support yang and dissipate fluid retention. With appropriate regulation, the phlegm will naturally dissolve.
General Overview on Hernia
The Jueyin meridian circles the external genitalia and enters the lower abdomen. The Ren Mai (Conception Vessel) originates below the Zhongji point, ascends above the pubic hairline, follows the interior of the abdomen, and reaches the Guanyuan point. Therefore, all hernias are attributed to diseases of the Jueyin meridian and the Ren Mai. In infants and children, this condition often stems from congenital insufficiency and weakness of the zang organs, compounded by external contraction of wind-cold and internal injury from raw/cold foods, leading to the accumulation and coagulation of cold pathogens. Alternatively, damp-heat may stagnate in the middle jiao, constrained externally by cold pathogens, allowing evil qi to enter through deficiencies, merge with the blood level, and flow into the Jueyin meridian. Jueyin corresponds to the liver, which has a rapid nature; thus, symptoms include traction pain in the testicles and colicky pain in the lower abdomen. There is also a condition called fetal hernia (Tai Shan, 胎疝), often caused by excessive crying and emotional distress in the pregnant mother, disturbing yin qi and causing stagnation. This results in the infant presenting with this condition immediately after birth, due to inherited predisposition. Generally, heat patterns manifest as flaccidity and prolapse, while cold patterns manifest as pain. Blood-level involvement is fixed on the left; qi-level involvement moves frequently on the right. Damp-induced swelling and prolapse feel heavy; deficiency-induced swelling and prolapse feel light. Treating according to the syndrome ensures accurate therapy.
Cold Hernia
Infants and children who overconsume raw/cold foods or sleep on damp ground accumulate cold-dampness internally. Yin cold coagulates inside, causing qi stagnation. Over time, deep-seated cold is further constrained by wind-cold and invaded by water qi. Upon onset, the scrotum becomes cold, hard, and knotted, with pain radiating to the lower abdomen, forming cold hernia. If accompanied by exterior symptoms upon initial onset, Wutou Guizhi Tang (Aconite and Cinnamon Twig Decoction) is indicated. For severe cold, Jin Zhu Wan (Gold and Galangal Pill) is highly effective.
Damp-Heat Hernia Complicated by Cold
Excessive consumption of rich foods generates damp-heat. Damp-heat qi descends into the scrotum. When exposed to wind-cold, hernia forms. Upon onset, the scrotum is flaccid, red, swollen, and suffers frequent stabbing pain. Wutou Zhizi Tang (Aconite and Gardenia Decoction) should be administered to bring relief.
Fetal Hernia
Fetal hernia is often caused by excessive crying in the pregnant mother, leading to qi stagnation and accumulation in the uterus. After birth, the infant presents with a hard, painful scrotum without fixed timing. For mild cases, Shiwei Cangbai San (Ten-Ingredient Cang Zhu and Coptis Powder) is used. For severe cases, Jinling San (Golden Bell Powder) or Chuanlian Wan (Toosendan Pill) are most suitable.
Scrotal Swelling
The external genitalia are the convergence point of all sinews. Evil pathogens invade the Shaoyin and Jueyin meridians. Damp-heat qi contends with wind-cold qi, blocking qi flow, resulting in scrotal swelling due to pathogen coagulation. In summary, excess wind causes itching; excess dampness causes heaviness/prolapse; excess heat causes pain. If the scrotal skin is swollen, itchy, painful, and heavy, it indicates wind-damp attacking the lower part; Shufeng Wuling San (Wind-Dispersing Five-Ingredient Poria Powder) is indicated. If the scrotal skin is swollen, painful, and shiny, it indicates heart fire transferring heat to the small intestine; Jiawei Wuling San (Modified Five-Ingredient Poria Powder) or Daochi San (Directing Red Powder) are indicated. Another condition is unilateral descent (Pianzhui, 偏坠), where one testicle swells, either left or right, due to undigested food accumulation and descending dampness; Jiawei Shouxiao Wan (Modified Efficacious Pill) is most effective.
Small Intestine Qi
Small intestine qi shares similar etiology with hernia: internal dampness constrained by external cold. Onset involves lower abdominal distension and pain radiating to the testicles, waist, and spine, with qi rushing upward causing heart pain but no swelling. Treatment depends on the presentation: for pain radiating to the waist, Jiawei Xiangsu San (Modified Fragrant Perilla Powder) for warming and dispersing; for qi rushing to the heart causing pain, Jiawei Shixiao San (Modified Heartbreak-Away Powder) is indicated; for a palpable egg-shaped mass in the lower abdomen moving up and down with unbearable pain, Huluba Wan (Trigonella Fenugreek Pill) is used.