小儿之热症，有简单辨别法数条如下。如全面或两腮红，大便燥结，小便短黄或赤，或点滴均无，大渴消水，
呼吸息粗，气急口热，手足心特别热，眼白球赤红，或眼上下皮酸胀。此皆有实热而成之热病，最忌用温补药，
恐药性之滋腻固里，周身之气化，愈不能营运畅达也。且症为实热，应用甘寒药以清其热。若以温药治热病，何
异抱薪救火，病不能去，而反增加之。宝贵的津液，枯涸可立而待也。津液若亡，痉挛抽搐立至，其性命顷刻
丧失，尚望病之治愈耶？小儿之寒症，亦有数条简明的现象，可以供给审察，以补助临病之治疗。如面色萎白，
枯瘦无润泽，更乏血色素，大便色青暗，或溏泻淡白，气味腥臭朽腐，肚腹虚
胀，时时肠鸣，眼白球色显豆青，或目瞳无神，呕吐乳食，完整不化，下利清水，足胫不温，指冷过掌，睡眠
露睛，凉汗时时自出，凡现此等病象，皆是虚寒之症，治疗大忌寒凉性之药品。是应用温补剂，解凝寒而回阳
气，扶脾温肾，以救气血之虚脱。气血能致不亏弱，斯天然的抗拒力量，始可战胜病之实邪。若只见外部呈现
的假热象，以为身体不甚虚弱，无防用凉解之药以施治，以为病去后，再用补气养血之药以善其后。不知以寒
药治寒症，病先不能解，其虚亏的气血，又何以致其补养耶？况症既寒，药性亦寒，阴虚凝结，胶固不能解，
其不脾胃先败，肾气随绝，以至于寒极而虚脱也几希。此是小儿寒热虚实的大略辨症法。尚有小儿的普遍最易
得之病，如伤食停乳，及外感风邪等症象，亦须细细辨明延医之，此等症象虽细微，然身热不退，日久伤阴，
表邪失治，能转向里攻，大症之来临，恐自兹为始也。为儿科医者，焉可忽之。若小儿无外感，只是停饮伤食，
其病象病能均甚简单，不过身热吐乳，睡眠不安，多啼烦躁等现象，无须用药医治。只是少与乳食，谨慎风寒，
俾其稚小的胃脾，能复其天然的弛张力，即自能消化食饮而愈也。或小儿已感外邪，头晕或头痛（其象儿头面
爱靠乳母怀中，或头时俯而眼枯涩等象），身壮热而毛孔拘紧，不时喷嚏，鼻流清涕，眼挂黄糊。此时之病形
病能，看似稍重，而胃中清净，不停食饮，不外邪不能乘胃满气滞而鼓荡之，以张大其病能。惟用清热解肌法
治之，皮肤舒解，外邪自散也。若小儿已伤食停饮，胃气之运化不灵，此时本有成病的可能，而会逢其适，又
感受外邪，其病形病能，均极紧张，而治疗之法，亦费手续。其症象为头晕重痛，身体壮热，四肢倦怠，吐乳
呕酸，烦躁不眠，出入息粗。凡此等现象，是内伤外感，里外兼病也。临床延医时，不可用攻下消导等药品，
防其外
邪随之内陷，热邪转向内而抗进，神经必其炙，发现紧张、痉挛、抽搐等危急之象，均行呈现。虽有高明医者，
不易措手矣。或知用攻下药，清理肠胃之遗害，而不敢用。专用消滞散风等药，以谋治疗，似稍近理，而亦非
是。愚意只清热解肌等药即可，肌解风散，胃虽满滞，无可假借之势，焉能酿成不易延医的病能。连带之症，
自能平复于无形。况消滞药用在风药之间，风邪即随胃气而上泛。肺位于上，首当其冲，气管及支气管，必因
风邪蕴结，发炎而作肿胀。其现于外的病型，为喉头气紧，气管做痒，气逆呛嗽，痰涎壅盛等象，一齐均至。
斯时又须兼治肺症，开肺驱邪，降痰平嗽，多一番手续也。不知专用清解法，使其外来之风邪，由表而解，体温
即平和。再用消滞药，去胃满以善其后。此为治法之最稳妥者也。不过小儿病痊后，仍应少与乳食，以防因新
停滞，运化迟顿，阻其天然生长之机能。日久发焦体瘦，渐渐为疳积也。盖其积滞初去，已受伤的胃脾，尚
未能撤消，病体初愈，正气犹待培养。是以为人之父母者，更须谨慎将护于小儿病体新痊之后也。
小儿的热证，有几种简单的辨别方法如下。如果面部全面或两腮发红，大便干燥结滞，小便短少黄赤甚至点滴全无，极度口渴饮水多，呼吸粗重急促，口鼻发热，手足心特别热，眼白球充血发红，或者眼睑上下酸胀。这些都是由实热引起的热病，最忌讳使用温补药物，恐怕药物的滋腻性质会固闭体内，导致周身的气化功能更加不能营运畅达。而且病症属于实热，应当应用甘寒性质的药物来清除其热邪。如果用温热药治疗热病，这无异于抱着柴草去救火，病不仅不能去除，反而会增加病情。宝贵的津液，枯竭干涸是立刻就能等待到的结果。津液一旦亡失，痉挛抽搐就会立即到来，性命顷刻间丧失，还指望病能治愈吗？
小儿的寒证，也有几条简明的现象，可以提供审察，以辅助临症时的治疗。如面色萎黄苍白，枯瘦没有润泽感，更缺乏血色，大便颜色青暗，或者溏泻淡白，气味腥臭如朽腐，肚腹虚胀，时时肠鸣，眼白球颜色显豆青色，或者瞳孔无神，呕吐乳食且完整不化，下利清水，足胫不温暖，手指冷过手掌，睡眠时眼睛半睁（露睛），凉汗时时自行流出。凡是出现这些病象，都是虚寒之症，治疗的大忌是使用寒凉性质的药品。此时应当应用温补剂，化解凝寒而回复阳气，扶持脾脏、温暖肾脏，以挽救气血的虚脱。气血能够不致亏弱，那么天然的抗拒力量，才可以战胜疾病的实邪。如果只见外部呈现的假热象，认为身体不是很虚弱，不妨用凉解的药物来施治，以为病去后，再用补气养血的药物来善后调理。不知道用寒药治疗寒症，病首先不能解除，那亏虚的气血，又怎么能得到补养呢？况且病症既然是寒，药性也是寒，阴虚凝结，胶固不能解散，其结果是脾胃先败坏，肾气随之断绝，以至于寒极而虚脱的情况就很少了（意指几乎必然发生）。这是小儿寒热虚实的大略辨症法。
还有小儿普遍最容易得的病，如伤食停乳，以及外感风邪等症象，也必须细细辨明并延请医生诊治。这些症象虽然细微，但如果身热不退，日久会损伤阴液；表邪失治，能转向内部攻冲，大病的来临，恐怕就从这里开始了。作为儿科医者，怎么可以忽视它们呢？如果小儿没有外感，只是停饮伤食，其病象和病势都非常简单，不过是身热吐乳，睡眠不安，多啼烦躁等现象，不需要用药医治。只是减少给予乳食，谨慎防范风寒，使得稚小的胃脾，能够恢复其天然的弛张能力，自然就能消化食饮而痊愈。
或者小儿已经感受外邪，头晕或头痛（其表现为小儿头面爱靠在乳母怀中，或者头时常低垂而眼枯涩等象），身体壮热而毛孔拘紧，不时喷嚏，鼻流清涕，眼角挂有黄糊分泌物。此时之病形病势，看似稍重，但胃中清净，不停留食饮，不外邪不能乘胃满气滞而鼓荡之势，来张大其病势。只需应用清热解肌的方法治疗，皮肤舒解，外邪自然消散。
如果小儿已经伤食停饮，胃气的运化不灵，此时本来就有成病的可能，而又恰逢其时，又感受外邪，其病形病势，都极为紧张，而治疗之法，也费手续。其症象为头晕重痛，身体壮热，四肢倦怠，吐乳呕酸，烦躁不眠，出入息粗。凡此等现象，是内伤兼外感，里外同时患病。临床延医时，不可用攻下消导等药品，防止外邪随之内陷，热邪转向内部而抗进，神经必受炙烤，发现紧张、痉挛、抽搐等危急之象，全部呈现。虽然有高明的医者，也不容易下手处理了。
或者知道用攻下药清理肠胃的遗害，而不敢用。专用消滞散风等药，来谋求治疗，似乎稍微接近道理，但也并非正确。我的意见只需用清热解肌等药即可，肌腠解开风邪散去，胃虽然满滞，没有可借之势，怎么能酿成不易延医的病势。连带之症，自然能在无形中平复。况且消滞药用在风药之间，风邪即随胃气而上泛。肺位于上焦，首当其冲，气管及支气管，必因风邪蕴结，发炎而作肿胀。其现于外的病型，为喉头气紧，气管做痒，气逆呛咳，痰涎壅盛等象，一齐都至。这时又须兼治肺症，开肺驱邪，降痰平嗽，多一番手续了。不知道专用清解法，使其外来之风邪，由表而解，体温即平和。再用消滞药，去除胃满以善后调理。这是治法中最稳妥的。
不过小儿病痊愈后，仍应少与乳食，以防因新的停滞，运化迟顿，阻碍其天然生长的机能。日久发焦体瘦，渐渐成为疳积。因为其积滞初去，已受伤的胃脾，尚未能撤消，病体初愈，正气犹待培养。因此作为人的父母者，更须谨慎将护于小儿病体新痊之后。
The heat syndromes in children have several simple methods for differentiation as follows. If the entire face or both cheeks are red, the stool is dry and constipated, the urine is short and yellow or crimson, or there is no discharge at all, with extreme thirst and excessive water intake, coarse and rapid breathing, hot breath from the mouth and nose, particularly hot palms and soles, red and congested sclera, or soreness and distension of the upper and lower eyelids. These are all heat diseases caused by excess heat. It is most taboo to use warming and tonifying medicines, for fear that the cloying and sticky nature of the drugs will solidify the interior, making the qi transformation of the whole body even less able to circulate smoothly. Moreover, since the syndrome is excess heat, sweet-cold natured medicines should be applied to clear the heat. To treat a heat disease with warm medicines is like carrying firewood to put out a fire; the disease cannot be removed but will instead increase. Precious body fluids will become withered and dried up immediately. Once body fluids are lost, spasms and convulsions will arrive instantly, and life may be lost in an instant; how can one hope for a cure?
Cold syndromes in children also have several concise phenomena that can provide reference for examination, assisting treatment during clinical practice. Such as a sallow and pale complexion, emaciation without luster, lack of blood color, dark greenish-black or loose pale stools with a fishy, rotten odor, abdominal distension due to deficiency, frequent borborygmus, bean-green colored sclera, or spiritless pupils, vomiting undigested milk and food, watery diarrhea, cold calves, fingers colder than the palms, sleeping with eyes partially open (exposed eyes), and spontaneous leakage of cool sweat. Whenever these pathological signs appear, it indicates a deficiency-cold syndrome. The major contraindication in treatment is the use of cold-natured drugs. At this time, warming and tonifying agents should be applied to resolve condensed cold and restore yang qi, supporting the spleen and warming the kidneys to save the depletion of qi and blood. Only when qi and blood do not become deficient and weak can the natural resistance overcome the pathogenic excess. If one only sees the false heat signs on the exterior, believing the body is not very weak, and dares to use cooling and resolving drugs, thinking that after the disease is gone, qi-tonifying and blood-nourishing drugs can be used for follow-up care, they do not realize that treating a cold syndrome with cold drugs will fail to resolve the disease first, and how can the deficient qi and blood be nourished? Furthermore, if the syndrome is cold and the drug nature is also cold, yin deficiency leads to coagulation, which becomes stuck and cannot be resolved. The result is that the spleen and stomach fail first, followed by the exhaustion of kidney qi, leading almost inevitably to extreme cold and collapse. This is the general method for differentiating cold, heat, excess, and deficiency in children.
There are also common diseases that children easily contract, such as food stagnation and milk retention, as well as symptoms of external wind-pathogen invasion, which must be carefully differentiated and medical attention sought. Although these symptoms are subtle, if fever persists, it will damage yin over time; if exterior pathogens are not treated properly, they can turn inward and attack internally. The onset of severe diseases likely begins here. How can pediatricians ignore them? If a child has no external contraction, only milk retention and food injury, the symptoms and pathology are very simple, merely fever, vomiting milk, restlessness in sleep, excessive crying, and irritability. Medication is not needed. One should simply reduce milk and food intake, be cautious against wind and cold, allowing the tender spleen and stomach to recover their natural tension and relaxation capabilities, so that digestion of food and drink will naturally resume and recovery will occur.
Or if a child has already contracted an external pathogen, experiencing dizziness or headache (manifested by the child preferring to lean their head and face into the mother's arms, or frequently lowering the head with dry, gritty eyes), high fever with tight pores, frequent sneezing, runny clear nasal discharge, and yellow sticky discharge in the corners of the eyes. The pathological form and intensity seem slightly severe, but the stomach is clear and free of food stagnation. Without internal fullness and qi stagnation, the external pathogen cannot surge and amplify the pathology. Applying heat-clearing and muscle-releasing methods will relax the skin and muscles, causing the external pathogen to dissipate naturally.
If a child has already suffered from food stagnation and fluid retention, impairing the transportation and transformation of stomach qi, there is already a possibility of illness developing. If, coincidentally, an external pathogen is also contracted, the pathological form and intensity become extremely tense, and the treatment procedure becomes complicated. Symptoms include heavy dizziness and pain, high fever, limb fatigue, vomiting milk and sour fluid, irritability and insomnia, and coarse breathing. All these phenomena indicate internal injury combined with external contraction, involving both interior and exterior. During clinical consultation, purgative and digestive-promoting drugs should not be used, lest the external pathogen sink inward, and the heat pathogen advance internally, scorching the nervous system, leading to critical signs such as tension, spasms, and convulsions. Even with skilled physicians, it would be difficult to manage.
Alternatively, knowing to use purgatives to clean up residual harm in the intestines and stomach but hesitating to use them, and instead exclusively using stagnation-resolving and wind-dispersing drugs seems somewhat reasonable but is incorrect. My opinion is that only heat-clearing and muscle-releasing drugs are sufficient. Once the muscle layer is released and wind disperses, although the stomach is full and stagnant, lacking a basis for amplification, it cannot brew a pathology that is hard to treat. Associated symptoms will naturally subside invisibly. Moreover, if stagnation-resolving drugs are used among wind-dispersing drugs, the wind pathogen will rise with the stomach qi. The lung, located in the upper jiao, bears the brunt. The trachea and bronchi will inevitably become inflamed and swollen due to wind pathogen accumulation. Externally manifested symptoms include tight throat, itching trachea, rebellious qi with choking cough, and profuse phlegm-saliva. At this time, lung syndromes must also be treated simultaneously: opening the lungs to drive out pathogens, descending phlegm to calm coughs, adding another step to the procedure. Not realizing that exclusively using clearing and resolving methods allows the external wind pathogen to be resolved from the exterior, bringing body temperature back to normal, and then using stagnation-resolving drugs to remove stomach fullness for follow-up care, is the safest treatment method.
However, after a child recovers, milk and food should still be reduced to prevent new stagnation, sluggish transformation, and obstruction of natural growth functions. Over time, the hair may become brittle and the body thin, gradually developing into infantile malnutrition (Gan syndrome). Because the stagnation has just been cleared, the injured spleen and stomach have not yet recovered, and upon initial recovery, righteous qi still needs cultivation. Therefore, parents must be more cautious in caring for the child after the new recovery from illness.