龟背者。由儿生下。风客于脊。入于骨髓。小续命去附加防风。龟胸者。因肺受湿热。攻于
胸膈。龟胸丸。并用龟尿点其骨节。多有得愈者。盖小儿腠理不密。风邪乘之。或痰饮蕴热于肺。
风热交攻而致。或坐早风入骨髓。治用上法。若禀受肝肾虚热。六味丸。肾气不足。八味丸。背。
加鹿茸。胸。加龟甲。治之贵早。迟则不验。
小儿虚羸。因脾胃不和。不能乳食。使肌肤瘦弱。或大病后脾气尚弱。不能传化谷气所致。
若冷者。时时下利。唇口清白。热者。身温壮热。肌体微黄。更当审形色。察见证。如面赤多啼。
心之虚羸也。面青目札。肝之虚羸也。耳前后或耳下结核。肝经虚火也。颈间肉里结核。食积虚
热也。面黄痞满。脾之虚羸也。面白气喘。肺之虚羸也。目睛多白。肾之虚羸
也。仍参相胜治之。
五迟者。立迟行迟齿迟发迟语迟是也。盖肾主骨。齿者骨之余。发者肾之荣。若齿久不生。
生而不固。发久不生。生则不黑。皆胎弱也。良由父母精血不足。肾气虚弱。不能荣养而然。若
长不可立。立而骨软。大不能行。行则筋软。皆肝肾气血不充。筋骨痿弱之故。有肝血虚而筋不
荣膝。膝盖不成。手足拳挛者。有胃气虚而髓不温骨。骨不能用。而足胫无力者。并用地黄丸为
主。齿迟。加骨碎补、补骨脂。发迟。加龟版、鹿茸、何首乌。立迟。加鹿茸、桂、附。行迟。
加牛膝、鹿茸、五加皮。语迟之因不一。有因妊母卒然惊动。邪乘儿心不能言者。有禀父肾气不
足而言迟者。有乳母五火遗热。闭塞气道者。有病后津液内亡。会厌干涸者。亦有脾胃虚弱。清
气不升而言迟者。邪乘儿心。菖蒲丸。肾气不足。地黄丸加远志。闭塞气道。加味逍遥散。津液
内亡。七味白术散。脾胃虚弱。补中益气汤。若病久或五疳所致者。但调补脾胃为主。五硬者。
仰头哽气。手脚心坚。口紧肉硬。此阳气不荣于四末。独阳无阴之候。若腹筋青急者。木乘土位
也。六味丸加麦冬、五味。若系风邪。小续命去附子。五软者。头项手足口肉皆软。胎禀脾肾气
弱也。若口软不能啮物。肉软不能辅骨。必先用补中益气以补中州。若项软天柱不正。手软持物
无力。足软不能立地。皆当六味丸加鹿茸、五味。兼补中益气。二药久服。仍令壮年乳母乳哺。为第一义。
龟背，是由于婴儿出生后，风邪客居脊柱，深入骨髓所致。治疗可用小续命汤去掉附子，加入防风。
龟胸，是因为肺部受湿热侵袭，邪气攻冲胸膈所致。可用龟胸丸治疗，并用龟尿点涂其骨节部位，多数患者能够痊愈。这主要是因为小儿腠理（皮肤纹理及汗孔）不致密，风邪乘虚而入；或者痰饮蕴结化热于肺，风热相互交攻而致病；或者是过早坐地导致风邪侵入骨髓。治疗均用上述方法。若是禀赋不足导致的肝肾虚热，可用六味地黄丸；若肾气不足，可用八味地黄丸。针对背部病变，加鹿茸；针对胸部病变，加龟甲。治疗贵在早期，延误则疗效不佳。
小儿身体虚弱消瘦，是因为脾胃不和，不能正常进食乳食，致使肌肤瘦弱；或者是大病之后脾气依然虚弱，不能运化水谷精微所致。若属寒证，则时常腹泻，嘴唇和口色清白；若属热证，则身体温热或壮热，肌体微微发黄。更应当审察面色形态，辨别证候表现。例如：面赤且多啼哭，是心的虚羸；面青且眼睛抽搐，是肝的虚羸；耳前、耳后或耳下出现结核肿块，是肝经虚火；颈部肌肉深处出现结核肿块，是食积引起的虚热；面色黄且痞闷胀满，是脾的虚羸；面色白且气喘，是肺的虚羸；眼珠白色部分多，是肾的虚羸。治疗时仍需参考五行相克的理论进行调理。
五迟，是指站立迟、行走迟、出牙迟、头发迟长、说话迟。肾主骨，牙齿是骨的余气，头发是肾的外在荣华表现。如果牙齿很久不生，或者生而不坚固，头发很久不长，或者长了却不黑，这都是胎元虚弱所致。大多由于父母精血不足，肾气虚弱，不能滋养所致。如果长大还不能站立，站了骨头软弱；或者长大还不能行走，走了腿脚筋脉软弱，这都是肝肾气血不充盈，筋骨痿弱的缘故。有的因肝血虚导致筋脉得不到濡养，膝盖发育不全，手足握拳挛缩；有的因胃气虚导致髓不能温养骨骼，骨骼不能使用，从而足胫无力。这些情况均以地黄丸为主方治疗。牙齿迟，加骨碎补、补骨脂；头发迟，加龟板、鹿茸、何首乌；站立迟，加鹿茸、桂枝、附子；行走迟，加牛膝、鹿茸、五加皮。
说话迟的原因不一：有的因为孕妇突然受到惊吓，邪气侵犯胎儿心脏导致不能言语；有的因为父亲肾气不足导致孩子言语迟缓；有的因为乳母体内“五火”遗留的热邪，闭塞气道；有的因为病后津液内耗，会厌干燥；也有因为脾胃虚弱，清气不升导致言语迟缓的。邪气侵犯心神的，用菖蒲丸；肾气不足的，用地黄丸加远志；闭塞气道的，用加味逍遥散；津液内耗的，用七味白术散；脾胃虚弱的，用补中益气汤。如果是病程长久或由五种疳积引起的，则以调补脾胃为主。
五硬，表现为头项强直仰起、呼吸急促、手脚心坚硬、口紧肌肉僵硬。这是阳气不能荣养四肢末端，独阳无阴的表现。如果腹部筋脉青紫紧急，是木气乘克土位（肝木乘脾土）。治疗用六味地黄丸加麦冬、五味子。如果是风邪所致，用小续命汤去掉附子。
五软，表现为头项、手足、口部肌肉皆松软。这是胎禀脾肾气弱所致。如果口软不能咀嚼食物，肌肉软不能支撑骨骼，必须先用补中益气汤来补益中焦脾胃。如果项软天柱骨不正，手软持物无力，足软不能站立地面，都应当用六味地黄丸加鹿茸、五味子，兼服补中益气汤。这两种药久服，并让身体健康的年轻妇女哺乳喂养，这是首要原则。
Gui Bei (Tortoise Back) is caused by wind pathogen lodging in the spine and penetrating into the bone marrow after birth. Treatment may employ Xiao Xuming Decoction (Minor Continuation of Life Decoction) with Fuzi (Aconite Root) removed and Fangfeng (Saposhnikovia Root) added.
Gui Xiong (Tortoise Chest) occurs due to damp-heat invading the Lung, attacking the chest and diaphragm. Guixiong Wan (Tortoise Chest Pill) can be used, applying Gui Niao (Turtle Urine) to the joints; many patients recover. This is primarily because infants have loose Cou Li (skin texture and pores), allowing wind pathogen to invade, or phlegm-fluid retention transforms into heat in the Lung, where wind and heat attack each other. Alternatively, sitting too early allows wind to enter the bone marrow. The aforementioned treatments apply. If it stems from congenital deficiency causing Liver-Kidney deficient heat, Liuwei Dihuang Wan (Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill) is indicated. For Kidney Qi deficiency, Bawei Dihuang Wan (Eight-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill) is used. For back lesions, Lurong (Deer Antler) is added; for chest lesions, Guijia (Turtle Shell) is added. Early treatment is crucial; delay renders it ineffective.
Xiao'er Xu Lei (Pediatric Emaciation) results from Spleen-Stomach disharmony, preventing proper feeding, leading to emaciated muscles and skin, or from weak Spleen Qi following a severe illness, failing to transform grain Qi. Cold patterns present with frequent diarrhea and pale lips/mouth; heat patterns present with warm or high fever and slightly yellowish skin. One must examine facial features and symptoms. For instance: red face with excessive crying indicates Heart Xu Lei; blue face with eye twitching indicates Liver Xu Lei; tubercles behind or below the ears indicate Liver Meridian deficient fire; deep neck tubercles indicate food stagnation causing deficient heat; yellow face with distension indicates Spleen Xu Lei; white face with asthma indicates Lung Xu Lei; eyes with excessive sclera indicate Kidney Xu Lei. Treatment should still refer to the theory of mutual overcoming (Wu Xing).
Wu Chi (Five Delays) refers to delays in standing, walking, teething, hair growth, and speech. The Kidney governs bones; teeth are the surplus of bones; hair is the flourishing aspect of the Kidney. Delayed or insecure tooth eruption, and delayed or non-black hair growth, all stem from fetal weakness, largely due to insufficient essence and blood of parents and weak Kidney Qi failing to nourish. Inability to stand or soft bones upon standing, and inability to walk or soft sinews upon walking, result from insufficient Liver-Kidney Qi and Blood, leading to flaccid tendons and bones. Cases of Liver Blood deficiency causing tendon malnourishment and undeveloped knees, or Stomach Qi deficiency failing to warm bones with marrow, resulting in weak calves, are primarily treated with Dihuang Wan (Rehmannia Pill). For teething delay, Gusuibu (Drynaria Rhizome) and Buguzhi (Psoralea Fruit) are added. For hair delay, Guiban (Turtle Plastron), Lurong (Deer Antler), and Heshouwu (Polygonum Multiflorum Root) are added. For standing delay, Lurong (Deer Antler), Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig), and Fuzi (Aconite Root) are added. For walking delay, Niuxi (Achyranthes Root), Lurong (Deer Antler), and Wujia Pi (Acanthopanax Bark) are added.
Speech delay has various causes: sudden fright during pregnancy affecting the fetal Heart; insufficient Kidney Qi inherited from the father; residual heat from the wet nurse's "five fires" blocking airways; depletion of body fluids post-illness drying the epiglottis; or Spleen-Stomach weakness failing to ascend clear Qi. For heart invasion, Changpu Wan (Acorus Pill); for Kidney Qi deficiency, Dihuang Wan with Yuanzhi (Polygala Root); for blocked airways, Jia Wei Xiaoyao San (Modified Free Wanderer Powder); for fluid depletion, Qiwei Baizhu San (Six-Ingredient Atractylodes Powder); for Spleen-Stomach weakness, Buzhong Yiqi Tang (Middle-Warming Qi-Supplementing Decoction). If chronic or caused by five types of Gan syndrome, focus on tonifying Spleen-Stomach.
Wu Ying (Five Hardnesses) manifest as head retraction with gasping, hard palms/soles, tight mouth, and stiff muscles. This signifies Yang Qi failing to nourish the four extremities, a state of solitary Yang without Yin. If abdominal veins are blue and tense, Wood overacting on Earth (Liver overacting on Spleen). Treat with Liuwei Dihuang Wan plus Maidong (Ophiopogon Tuber) and Wuweizi (Schisandra Berry). If due to wind pathogen, use Xiao Xuming Decoction without Fuzi.
Wu Ruan (Five Flaccidities) involve softness of the head/neck, limbs, and mouth muscles, due to congenital weak Spleen-Kidney Qi. If the mouth is too soft to chew or muscles too soft to support bones, first use Buzhong Yiqi Tang to tonify the Middle Jiao. If the neck is too soft for upright posture, hands too weak to hold objects, or feet too weak to stand, use Liuwei Dihuang Wan with Lurong (Deer Antler) and Wuweizi (Schisandra Berry), combined with Buzhong Yiqi Tang. Long-term use of these two medicines, along with breastfeeding by a healthy young woman, is the primary principle.