凡已见面目五色生克篇、门户井灶篇者，不复重具，以省繁文，当与前后诸篇参看。
跷脉气不荣，则目不合。（以下出《内经》。）
视人之目窠上，微痈，如新卧起状，其颈脉动，时咳，
按其手足上， 而不起者，风水肤胀也。（凡上下胞壅起者，皆脾胃有湿。）
眼胞上下如烟煤者，寒痰也。（以下出李士材。）
目下灰色为寒饮，眼黑颊赤为热痰。眼黑而行走艰难，呻吟者，寒湿入骨也。眼黑而面赤如土色，
四肢痿痹，屈伸不便者，风痰也。眼上下有青色晕者，多欲劳伤，精神不爽，即夜未睡。
面黄白及肿连眼胞者，谷疸，其人必心下痞。
大 破烂，肺有风也。小 破烂，心有热也。上胞肿，脾伤也。下胞青色，胃有寒也。脾间积热，及
宿食不消，则生偷针。
按∶小儿目胞微肿者常也，以其乳食，胃中湿气当盛也；
若肿甚者，中有停滞也。壮年目胞肿不退者，是生而脾气不足，常受肝制，其人多怒而少寿。
十二经脉，三百六十五络，其血气皆上于面，而走空窍。其精阳气上走于目，而为睛。
按∶凡病虽剧，而两眼有神，顾盼灵活者吉，以目为五脏十二经之精气所发见也。
五脏六腑之精气，皆上注于目，而为之精。精之窠为眼，骨之精为瞳子，筋之精为黑眼，血之精为络，
其窠气之精为白眼，肌肉之精为约束，裹撷筋骨血气之精，而与脉并为系，
上属于脑，后出于项中。故邪中于项，因逢其身之虚，其入深，则随眼系以入于脑，入脑则脑转，脑转则
引目系急，目系急则目眩以转矣。邪中其精，其精不相比也，则精散，精散则视歧，视歧见两物。目者五脏
六腑之精也，营卫魂魄之所常营也，神气之所生也。故神劳则魂魄散，志意乱。是故瞳子黑眼法于阴，白眼
赤脉法于阳也，故阴阳合传而睛明也。目者心之使也，心者神之舍也，故神精乱而不转，卒然见非
常处，精神魂魄散不相得，故曰惑也。
太阳之脉其终也，戴眼。少阳终者，耳聋，目HT 绝系。阳明终者，口目动作。五阴气俱绝则目系转，转则
目晕，目晕者死。（目正圆者， ，不治。）
精明者，所以视万物，别黑白，审短长。以长为短，以
白为黑，如是则精衰矣。（骨槁肉脱，气喘目陷，目不见人，即死，能见人，至其所不胜之时而死。）
肾脉微滑为骨痿，坐不能起，起则目无所见。（《千金方》曰∶
人有风疹，必多眼昏，先攻其风，其暗自愈。）
阳气者，烦劳则张，精绝，辟积于夏，使人煎厥，目盲不可视，耳闭不可听。（气脱者目不明，脱阴
者目盲，热病目不明者死，髓海不足，脑转耳鸣胫酸，目无所见也。）
目赤色者病在心，白在肺，青在肝，黄在脾，黑在肾，黄色不可名者，病在胸中。
目色青黄赤白黑者，病在筋。目黄，爪甲上黄者，黄胆。
诊寒热瘰 ，有赤脉上下贯瞳子，见一脉，一岁死；见一脉半，一岁半死；见二脉，二岁死；见二
脉半，二岁半死；见三脉，三岁死。见赤脉，不上下贯瞳子者，可治也。（诊目赤脉法，又详部位篇。）
诊痈疽，白眼青，黑眼小者，逆不治。（《内经》。）
咳而上气，此为肺胀，其人喘，目如脱状，脉浮大者，越婢加半夏汤主之。
尺脉浮，目睛晕黄，衄未止；晕黄去，目睛慧了，知衄今止。（仲景。）
白轮变赤，火乘肺也。肉轮赤肿，火乘脾也。黑水神光被翳，火乘肝与肾也。赤脉贯目，火自盛也。凡
目暴赤肿起，羞明隐涩，泪出不止，暴翳目 ，皆火热所为也。（子和。）
勇视而睛转者，风也。直视不转者，肝绝也。黑珠纯黄，凶证也。白珠色青，肝风侮肺也。淡黄色，脾
有积滞也。老黄色乃肺受湿热，疸证也。瞳子属肾，无光采，又兼发黄，肾气虚也。（黑珠变黄，肾水为脾土
所克，若湿热新病，犹有可治。久病身重，不能转侧，无论湿寒湿热，均难措手。石顽。）
体肥气盛，风热上行，目昏涩者，胸中浊气上行也。重则为痰厥，亦能损目。常使胸中气清，无此病
也。暴失明者，是阳为阴闭，当有不测之疾。翳膜者，风热重也，或斑入眼，此肝气盛而发于上也，当发
散而去之，若疏利则邪气内蓄，翳反深矣。当以掀发之物，使其邪气再动，翳膜乃浮，辅以退翳
之药，则自去矣。病久者不能速效，当以岁月除之。（《医说》。）
目疼，阳明表证。目赤，经络热盛。目瞑，漱水，鼻燥，为阳邪上盛，欲解必衄。目黄而头汗，欲疸。
目不了了，阳明腑实。若睛不和者，少阴热也。目眩，为痰因火运。目白睛黄，欲发瘅也。目直视不能 ，或
白睛黄，此误发汗，将欲衄也。目正圆者 ，不治。下后目闭，为阴血受伤。目
反上瞪，为阴气上逆。（石顽。此条伤寒。）
肝开窍于目。燥病则目光炯炯，湿病则目光昏蒙。燥甚则目无泪而干涩，湿甚则目珠黄而 烂，或眼
胞肿如卧蚕。目有眵有泪，精采内含者，为有神气；无眵无泪，白珠色蓝，乌珠色滞，精采内夺，及浮光
外露，皆为无神。凡病开目欲见人者为阳，闭目不欲见人者为阴。目能识人者轻，昏 不
识人者危。其直视斜视，上视下视，目睛微定，移时稍动者，有因痰闭使然，又不可竟谓之不治也。（《医
原》。此条温病，《难经》谓病患闭目不欲见人者，）脉当弦，当是肝邪有余。
凡是已经阅读过《面目五色生克篇》和《门户井灶篇》的读者，这里就不再重复赘述，以节省繁琐的文字，应当结合前后的各个篇章参看。
跷脉（奇经八脉之一，主司眼睑开合）的气血不能濡养眼部，就会导致眼睛无法闭合。（以下内容出自《黄帝内经》。）
观察人的眼眶周围，如果有轻微的肿胀，像刚睡醒的样子，颈部的脉搏跳动明显，时常咳嗽，
按压其手足背部，凹陷不能立即恢复的，这是风水肤胀病。（凡是上下眼睑浮肿隆起的，都是脾胃有湿邪。）
眼胞上下颜色像烟熏煤黑一样的，是寒痰证。（以下内容出自李士材。）
眼下呈现灰色的是寒饮证，眼圈发黑且脸颊发红的是热痰证。眼圈发黑且行走艰难、呻吟痛苦的，是寒湿侵入骨骼。眼圈发黑且面色像泥土一样黄赤，
四肢痿软麻痹，屈伸不便的，是风痰证。眼上下有青色晕圈的，多是房事过度劳伤，精神不振，或者是夜间未睡。
面色黄白且浮肿连及眼胞的，是谷疸病，此人必定心下痞满。
大眦（内眼角）破烂，是肺有风邪。小眦（外眼角）破烂，是有心热。上眼睑肿胀，是脾受伤。下眼睑发青，是胃有寒。脾间积热，以及
宿食不消化，就会生偷针病（麦粒肿）。
按：小儿眼睑微肿是正常的，因为乳食入胃，胃中湿气旺盛；
如果肿胀严重的，说明中有停滞（食积或水湿）。壮年人眼睑肿胀不退的，是先天脾气不足，常受肝木克制，这种人容易发怒且寿命不长。
十二经脉，三百六十五络脉，它们的气血都上行于面部，而流入空窍。其中的精阳气上行至目，而形成眼球。
按：凡是病情虽然严重，但两眼有神，顾盼灵活的，预后良好，因为眼睛是五脏十二经精气所显露的地方。
五脏六腑的精气，都上注于眼睛，从而形成眼的功能。精气的汇聚处为眼，骨之精气为瞳子，筋之精气为黑眼（虹膜），血之精气为血络（巩膜血管），
气之精气的汇聚处为白眼（巩膜），肌肉之精气为约束（眼睑），包裹摄取筋骨血气之精气，与脉并行为目系，
向上连接于脑，向后出于项中。所以邪气中于项部，恰逢身体虚弱，邪气深入，则随着目系进入脑部，进入脑部则头脑旋转，头脑旋转则
牵引目系紧张，目系紧张则头晕眼花。邪气中于精气，精气不能协调，则精气散乱，精气散乱则视物双影，看到两个物体。眼睛是五脏
六腑精气的汇聚处，营卫魂魄经常在此营运，神气由此产生。所以神劳则魂魄散乱，意志混乱。因此瞳子黑眼效法于阴，白眼
赤脉效法于阳，阴阳结合传递而眼睛明亮。眼睛是心的使者，心是神的居所，所以神精混乱而不转，突然看到不寻常的事物，精神魂魄散乱不相得，所以称为惑。
太阳经脉气绝时，会出现戴眼（眼球固定向上凝视）。少阳经气绝时，耳聋，目系断绝。阳明经气绝时，口眼歪斜抽动。五阴经气俱绝则目系扭转，扭转则
目晕，目晕的人死亡。（眼睛直视不动的，不治。）
精明，是用来观看万物，辨别黑白，审察长短。如果把长看作短，把白看作黑，这样就是精气衰败了。（骨骼枯槁肌肉脱失，气喘目陷，看不见人，即死，能看见人，到其所不胜之时而死。）
肾脉微滑为骨痿，坐起困难，起来后眼睛看不见东西。（《千金方》说：
人有风疹，必然多眼昏花，先治疗风邪，暗疾自然痊愈。）
阳气，烦劳则亢张，精气耗竭，积累到夏天，使人发生煎厥，眼睛失明不能视物，耳朵闭塞不能听。（气脱者眼睛不明，脱阴者眼睛失明，热病眼睛不明的死亡，髓海不足，头脑旋转耳鸣小腿酸软，眼睛看不见东西。）
眼睛红色病变在心，白色病变在肺，青色病变在肝，黄色病变在脾，黑色病变在肾，黄色无法命名的，病变在胸中。
眼睛颜色青黄赤白黑的，病变在筋。眼睛黄，指甲上也黄的，是黄疸。
诊察寒热瘰疬，有赤脉上下贯穿瞳子，见一条脉，一年死；见半条脉，一年半死；见两条脉，两年死；见二条半脉，两年半死；见三条脉，三年死。见赤脉，不上下贯穿瞳子的，可以治疗。（诊察目赤脉的方法，又详见部位篇。）
诊察痈疽，白眼青，黑眼小的，是逆证，不治。（《内经》。）
咳嗽且气逆，这是肺胀，病人喘促，眼睛突出像要脱出一样，脉浮大的，用越婢加半夏汤主治。
尺脉浮，眼睛周围有晕黄，鼻衄未止；晕黄消退，眼睛清明，知道鼻衄现在停止。（仲景。）
白轮（巩膜）变红，是火邪乘肺。肉轮（眼睑）红肿，是火邪乘脾。黑水神光被翳障遮蔽，是火邪乘肝与肾。赤脉贯穿眼睛，是火邪自盛。凡
是眼睛突然红肿，羞明隐涩，流泪不止，突然生翳障，都是火热所为。（子和。）
勇视（强行注视）而眼球转动，是风邪。直视不转动的，是肝气绝。黑珠纯黄，是凶证。白珠色青，是肝风侮肺。淡黄色，脾
有积滞。老黄色是肺受湿热，是疸证。瞳子属肾，无光彩，又兼发黄，是肾气虚。（黑珠变黄，是肾水为脾土
所克，如果是湿热新病，还有可治。久病身重，不能转侧，无论湿寒湿热，均难措手。石顽。）
身体肥胖气盛，风热上行，眼睛昏涩的，是胸中浊气上行。重则为痰厥，也能损伤眼睛。常使胸中气清，就没有这种病
了。突然失明的，是阳为阴闭，应当有不测之疾。翳膜的，是风热重，或者斑疹入眼，这是肝气盛而发于上，应当发散而去之，如果疏利则邪气内蓄，翳
反而加深了。应当用掀发之物，使其邪气再动，翳膜才浮起，辅以退翳
的药物，则自然去除。病久的不能速效，应当以年月来消除。（《医说》。）
眼睛疼痛，是阳明表证。眼睛红，是经络热盛。眼睛闭合，想漱水但不咽，鼻燥，为阳邪上盛，想要解除必然鼻衄。眼睛黄而头汗，欲发黄疸。
眼睛视物不清，是阳明腑实。如果眼球运动不协调，是少阴热证。眼睛眩晕，是痰因火运。眼白睛黄，欲发黄疸。眼睛直视不能转动，或
白睛黄，这是误发汗，将要鼻衄。眼睛直视不动的，不治。下法后眼睛闭合，是阴血受伤。眼睛
反向上瞪，是阴气上逆。（石顽。此条关于伤寒。）
肝开窍于目。燥病则目光炯炯有神，湿病则目光昏蒙。燥甚则眼睛无泪而干涩，湿甚则眼珠黄而溃烂，或者眼
胞肿如卧蚕。眼睛有分泌物有泪水，精采内含的，为有神气；无分泌物无泪水，白珠色蓝，黑珠色滞，精采内夺，以及浮光
外露，都为无神。凡是病人在开眼看人的为阳，闭眼不看人的为阴。眼睛能识别人的轻，昏沉不
识人的危。其直视斜视，上视下视，眼睛微微定住，过一会儿稍微动一下的，有因痰闭导致的，也不可竟称之为不治。（《医原》。此条关于温病，《难经》说病患闭眼不看人的，）
脉应当弦，应该是肝邪有余。
Those who have already read the chapters on "Five Colors of Face and Eyes: Generation and Restriction" and "Doors, Wells, and Stoves" need not repeat them here to avoid verbosity; they should be consulted together with the preceding and following chapters.
When the Qi of the Qiao Mai (Extraordinary Vessel governing eyelid opening and closing) fails to nourish the eyes, the eyes cannot close. (The following content is from *Huangdi Neijing*.)
Observe the area above the eyes (eye sockets); if there is slight swelling, resembling the appearance after just waking up, and the neck pulse beats visibly, accompanied by occasional coughing,
and pressing the dorsum of the hands and feet leaves an indentation that does not immediately recover, this is Feng Shui Skin Distension (Wind-Water Edema). (Any swelling or bulging of the upper and lower eyelids indicates Dampness in the Spleen and Stomach.)
If the upper and lower eyelids are dark like soot or coal smoke, it indicates Cold Phlegm. (The following content is from Li Shicai.)
Gray color under the eyes indicates Cold Fluid Retention; black circles around the eyes with red cheeks indicate Hot Phlegm. Black circles around the eyes with difficulty walking and groaning indicate Cold-Dampness invading the bones. Black circles around the eyes with a sallow-red complexion like earth,
along with flaccidity and numbness of the four limbs and difficulty bending and extending them, indicate Wind-Phlegm. A cyan halo around the eyes often results from excessive sexual activity and fatigue, leading to poor spirit, or lack of sleep at night.
A yellowish-white face with swelling extending to the eyelids indicates Gu Dan (Grain Jaundice); such a person must have epigastric fullness.
Ulceration at the inner canthus indicates Wind in the Lung. Ulceration at the outer canthus indicates Heat in the Heart. Swelling of the upper eyelid indicates Spleen injury. Cyan color of the lower eyelid indicates Cold in the Stomach. Accumulated Heat in the Spleen and
undigested food retention will cause Tou Zhen (Hordeolum/Stye).
Note: Slight swelling of the eyelids in children is normal because milk and food enter the stomach, causing abundant Stomach Dampness;
if the swelling is severe, it indicates stagnation within. In young adults, persistent eyelid swelling indicates congenital deficiency of Spleen Qi, constantly constrained by Liver Wood; such individuals tend to be irritable and have shorter lifespans.
The Twelve Meridians and the 365 Collaterals all send their Blood and Qi upward to the face and flow into the orifices. The refined Yang Qi ascends to the eyes, forming the eyeballs.
Note: Even in severe illnesses, if both eyes have spirit and move flexibly, the prognosis is auspicious, because the eyes are where the essence and Qi of the Five Zang and Twelve Meridians manifest.
The essence and Qi of the Five Zang and Six Fu organs all ascend to the eyes, forming their function. The gathering place of essence is the eye; the essence of Bone forms the pupil; the essence of Sinew forms the black part of the eye (iris); the essence of Blood forms the blood vessels (scleral vasculature);
the gathering place of Qi's essence is the white part of the eye (sclera); the essence of Muscle forms the constraints (eyelids); these wrap and gather the essence of sinew, bone, blood, and Qi, merging with the meridians to form the Eye System (Optic Nerve/Pathway),
ascending to connect with the brain, and exiting posteriorly at the nape. Thus, when pathogenic factors strike the nape, coinciding with bodily deficiency, and penetrate deeply, they follow the Eye System into the brain. Entering the brain causes dizziness/spinning sensation; spinning sensation pulls the Eye System tight; tightness of the Eye System causes vertigo and visual rotation. Pathogens striking the essence cause essence to lose coordination; scattered essence leads to diplopia (seeing double objects). The eyes are the gathering place of the essence of the Five Zang and Six Fu organs, where Ying and Wei, Hun and Po frequently circulate, and Shen Qi arises. Therefore, mental labor scatters Hun and Po and confuses Yi Zhi. Thus, the pupil and black part emulate Yin, while the white part and red vessels emulate Yang; Yin and Yang combine and transmit to make the eyes bright. The eyes are the emissary of the Heart; the Heart is the residence of Shen. Therefore, if Shen Jing becomes chaotic and unresponsive, sudden perception of unusual phenomena occurs due to scattered Spirit, Hun, Po, and lack of harmony, termed "Huo" (Confusion/Delusion).
When the Taiyang Meridian Qi ends, Dai Yan (eyes fixed upward staring) occurs. When Shaoyang Meridian Qi ends, deafness and severance of the Eye System occur. When Yangming Meridian Qi ends, mouth and eye twitching/deviation occur. When all Five Yin Meridian Qi perishes, the Eye System twists, causing vertigo; those with vertigo die. (Eyes fixed straight open are untreatable.)
Jing Ming (Clear Vision) is used to view all things, distinguish black and white, and judge length and shortness. If one perceives long as short and white as black, then Jing Essence has declined. (Withered bones, depleted flesh, panting, sunken eyes, inability to see people indicates death; ability to see people but dying during the time of its overcoming element also indicates death.)
A slightly slippery Kidney Pulse indicates Gu Wei (Bone Atrophy/Wasting Syndrome); sitting and rising are difficult, and upon rising, vision is lost. (*Qianjin Fang* states:
Patients with wind-rash inevitably suffer from blurry vision; first attack the Wind, and the darkness will heal itself.)
Yang Qi, when subjected to excessive fatigue, becomes hyperactive; essence is exhausted. Accumulating into summer, this causes Jian Jue (Frying Collapse), resulting in blindness and inability to see, and deafness and inability to hear. (Qi depletion causes unclear vision; Yin depletion causes blindness; unclear vision in heat diseases indicates death; insufficiency of Marrow Sea causes dizziness, tinnitus, leg soreness, and inability to see.)
Redness of the eyes indicates disease in the Heart; whiteness indicates disease in the Lung; blueness/greenness indicates disease in the Liver; yellowness indicates disease in the Spleen; blackness indicates disease in the Kidney; indeterminate yellow indicates disease in the Chest Center.
Blue, yellow, red, white, and black colors of the eyes indicate disease in the Sinews. Yellow eyes with yellow nails indicate Huang Dan (Jaundice).
In diagnosing Han Re Luo Li (Cold-Heat Scrofula), if red vessels run vertically through the pupil, seeing one vessel predicts death in one year; half a vessel, one and a half years; two vessels, two years; two and a half vessels, two and a half years; three vessels, three years. Red vessels running through the pupil predict mortality based on extent. If red vessels are seen but do not run vertically through the pupil, it is treatable. (Methods for diagnosing red vessels in the eyes are detailed in the Location Chapter.)
In diagnosing Yong Ju (Abscesses and Sores), if the white part is blue and the black part is small, it is a Ni (Rebellious/Opposite) condition and untreatable. (*Neijing*.)
Cough with rebellious Qi indicates Fei Zhang (Lung Distension); the patient pants, eyes protrude as if falling out, and the pulse is floating and large; Yue Bi Jia Ban Xia Tang (Yuebi Decoction plus Banxia) is the primary treatment.
Floating Chi Pulse, yellow halos around the eyes, and unceasing Nosebleed (Xu); when halos disappear and eyes become clear, it is known that nosebleed has stopped now. (Zhongjing.)
Whiteness turning red indicates Fire attacking the Lung. Flesh Wheel (Eyelids) redness and swelling indicate Fire attacking the Spleen. Black Water Shen Guang (Spirit Light of the Pupil/Iris) obscured by nebula indicates Fire attacking Liver and Kidney. Red vessels penetrating the eye indicate self-excess of Fire. All cases of sudden eye redness and swelling, photophobia, grittiness, continuous tearing, and sudden nebula formation are caused by Fire and Heat. (Zihehe.)
Forced gazing with rotating eyeballs indicates Wind. Fixed staring without rotation indicates Liver Extinction. Pure yellow iris is a凶 (Ominous) sign. Blue sclera indicates Liver Wind insulting the Lung. Pale yellow indicates Spleen stagnation. Old yellow indicates Lung affected by Damp-Heat, a Dan syndrome. The pupil belongs to the Kidney; lackluster appearance combined with yellowness indicates Kidney Qi deficiency. (Yellowing of the black part indicates Kidney Water being overcome by Spleen Earth; if it is a new Damp-Heat condition, it is still treatable. Chronic illness with heavy body and inability to turn over, regardless of Cold-Damp or Damp-Heat, is difficult to manage. Shiwan.)
Obese individuals with abundant Qi and ascending Wind-Heat suffer from blurry, gritty eyes due to turbid Qi ascending in the chest. Severe cases lead to Tan Jue (Phlegm Collapse), which can also damage the eyes. Keeping the chest Qi clear prevents this disease. Sudden blindness indicates Yang blocked by Yin, suggesting an unpredictable disease. Nebulae indicate severe Wind-Heat, or macules entering the eye; this is Liver Qi excess manifesting upward, requiring dispersing and releasing methods. If purgatives/laxatives are used, pathogens accumulate internally, and nebulae deepen. One should use uplifting agents to stir the pathogens again, making nebulae float, assisted by anti-nebula drugs, so they naturally dissipate. Chronic conditions cannot be cured quickly; resolution takes months or years. (*Yi Shuo*.)
Eye pain is a Yangming Exterior Syndrome. Red eyes indicate Excess Heat in the Meridians. Closing eyes, desire to rinse mouth without swallowing, and dry nose indicate Excess Yang Pathogens ascending; resolution requires Nosebleed. Yellow eyes with head sweat indicate impending Jaundice. Blurred vision indicates Yangming Fu Organ Excess. Incoherent eye movement indicates Shaoyin Heat. Vertigo indicates Phlegm driven by Fire. Yellow sclera indicates impending Dan syndrome. Fixed staring without blinking, or yellow sclera, indicates erroneous sweating leading to impending Nosebleed. Eyes fixed straight open are untreatable. Post-purgative eye closure indicates Injury to Yin Blood. Eyes rolling upward indicate Rebellious Yin Qi. (Shiwan. This clause concerns Shanghan.)
The Liver opens into the Eyes. Dryness syndromes present with bright, sharp gaze; Dampness syndromes present with dim, cloudy gaze. Severe dryness causes anhydrosis and dry, gritty eyes; severe Dampness causes yellow, ulcerated eyeballs or swollen eyelids resembling silkworms. Eyes with discharge and tears, containing inner brilliance, possess Shen Qi (Spirit); absence of discharge and tears, blue sclera, dull iris, loss of inner brilliance, and exposed superficial light all indicate absence of Spirit. Patients who open eyes to see others exhibit Yang; those who close eyes and avoid seeing others exhibit Yin. Ability to recognize people indicates mild condition; confusion and inability to recognize people indicates critical condition. Fixed, crossed, upward, or downward gaze, with eyes slightly fixed then moving slightly after a while, may be caused by Phlegm obstruction and should not be dismissed as untreatable. (*Yi Yuan*. This clause concerns Wen Bing; *Nan Jing* states that patients closing eyes avoiding sight,) the pulse should be Xian (Wiry), indicating Liver Pathogen Excess.