止渴。
今人不甚服，当缘难得也。
〔谨案〕马乳与驴乳性同冷利，止渴疗热，马乳作酪，弥应
酷冷，江南无马乳，故陶不委
言之。驴乳，疗微热黄，小儿热惊、邪气，服之亦利。胡言马酪性温，饮之消肉。当以物类
自相制伏，不拘冷热也。
微寒。补虚羸，止渴，下气。
牛为佳，不用新被饮竟者。
〔谨案〕水牛乳，云造石蜜须之，言作酪浓浓，味胜 牛。
牛乳，性平，生饮令人痢，
熟饮令人口干，微似温也。
温。补寒冷虚乏。
牛乳、羊乳实为补润，故北人皆多肥健。
〔谨案〕北人肥健，不啖咸腥，方土使然，何
关
言。
微寒。补五脏，利大肠，主口疮。
酥出外国，亦从益州来，本是牛羊乳所为，作之自有法。佛经称乳成酪，酪成酥，酥成
醍醐。醍醐色黄白，作饼甚
甘肥，亦时至江南。
〔谨案〕酥掐酪作之，其性犹与酪异，今通言功，恐是陶之未达。然酥
有牛酥羊酥，而牛酥胜于羊酥，
其牛复优于家牛也。
味甘，微寒、微温，无毒。主风痹不仁，筋急，五脏腹中积聚，寒热，羸瘦，头疡白秃，
面 。食饮呕吐。久服
强志，不饥，轻身，长年。生雍州山谷，十一月取。
此脂即是熊白，是背上膏，寒月则有，夏月则无。其腹中肪及身中膏，煎取可作药，而
不中啖。今东西诸山林皆有
之，自是非易得物耳。痼病患不可食熊肉，令终身不除愈也。
〔谨案
毒。疗时气热盛变为黄胆、暑
月久痢，疳KT ，心痛，住忤。脑，疗诸聋。血，疗小儿客忤。脂，长发令黑，悦泽人面；
酒炼服之，瘥风痹。凡言膏
者，皆脂消以后之名，背上不得言膏。左传义云膏肓者，乃是鬲盲文误有此名，陶言背膏，
同于旧说也。
止渴。
现在的人不太服用，大概是因为难以得到的缘故。
〔谨案〕马乳和驴乳的性质同样寒冷滑利，能止渴治疗热证。马乳制成酪（发酵乳制品），更加酷冷。江南地区没有马乳，所以陶弘景不敢妄加评论。驴乳，能治疗轻微发热的黄疸、小儿热病惊风、邪气，服用它也有利处。胡人传说马酪性质温热，饮用它能消除体内的肉食积滞。应当以物类之间相互制约的道理来看待，不拘泥于冷热之分。
微寒。补益虚弱消瘦，止渴，降气。
牛乳最佳，不使用刚被挤过奶的母牛所产的奶。
〔谨案〕水牛奶，据说制作冰糖需要它，说制作酪时味道浓郁，滋味胜过黄牛乳。
牛乳，性质平和，生饮会导致腹泻，熟饮会使人口干，略微偏温。
温。补益受寒后的虚弱乏力。
牛乳、羊乳确实是滋补润燥的，所以北方人都长得肥壮健康。
〔谨案〕北方人肥壮健康，并非因为不吃咸腥食物，而是地理环境使然，这与饮食有什么关系呢？
微寒。补益五脏，通利大肠，主治口疮。
酥出自外国，也从益州传来，本来是由牛羊乳制成的，制作自有其方法。佛经称乳变成酪，酪变成酥，酥变成醍醐。醍醐颜色黄白，做成饼非常甘甜肥美，有时也传到江南。
〔谨案〕酥是从酪中提炼出来的，其性质仍然与酪不同，现在笼统地说功效相同，恐怕是陶弘景未能通达之处。然而酥有牛酥和羊酥之分，而牛酥优于羊酥，其中野牛的酥又优于家牛的酥。
味甘，微寒、微温，无毒。主治风痹导致的肢体麻木不仁，筋脉拘急，五脏及腹中的积聚，寒热往来，身体消瘦，头部疮疡及脱发，面部黑斑。以及饮食呕吐。长期服用能增强意志，不感饥饿，身体轻盈，延年益寿。产于雍州的山区，十一月采集。
这种脂就是熊白，是背部的脂肪，寒冬月份才有，夏季则没有。其腹中的脂肪及身上的膏油，煎取后可入药，但不能食用。如今东西方的山林中都有，这已经不是容易得到的物品了。顽固病患者不可吃熊肉，否则会导致终身无法痊愈。
〔谨案〕有毒。治疗时行热盛转变为黄疸、暑月久痢、疳积、心痛、打嗝不止。脑，治疗各种耳聋。血，治疗小儿客忤（突受惊吓）。脂，能使头发变黑，使面色红润光泽；用酒炼制后服用，可治愈风痹。凡是称为“膏”的，都是脂消减之后的名称，背部不得称为膏。《左传》义疏中说“膏肓”，乃是膈盲二字文字讹误才有了这个名字，陶弘景所说的背膏，与旧说相同。
Relieves thirst.
People nowadays do not consume it much, likely due to its scarcity.
[Commentary] Horse milk and donkey milk share the same cold and purgative nature; they relieve thirst and treat heat syndromes. When horse milk is made into *ru* (fermented dairy product), it becomes extremely cold. Since there are no horses in the Jiangnan region, Tao Hongjing dared not speak of it. Donkey milk treats mild feverish jaundice, pediatric heat-induced convulsions, and pathogenic factors; consuming it also has a purgative effect. Hu people claim that horse *ru* has a warm nature and drinking it helps digest meat accumulation. One should view this through the principle of mutual control among substances, without being confined to considerations of cold or hot nature.
Slightly cold. Tonifies deficiency and emaciation, relieves thirst, directs Qi downward.
Cow's milk is the best; avoid milk from cows that have just been milked.
[Commentary] Buffalo milk is said to be necessary for making rock sugar; it produces a rich and flavorful *ru*, superior to cow's milk.
Cow's milk has a neutral nature. Drinking it raw causes diarrhea, while drinking it cooked causes dry mouth, indicating it is slightly warm.
Warm. Tonifies deficiency and fatigue caused by cold.
Cow's milk and sheep's milk are indeed tonifying and moistening; thus, northerners tend to be robust and healthy.
[Commentary] Northerners are robust and healthy not because they abstain from salty and fishy foods, but due to their local environment; what does this have to do with diet?
Slightly cold. Tonifies the five Zang organs, promotes bowel movement, primarily treats mouth ulcers.
Ghee (*Su*) comes from foreign lands and also from Yizhou. It is originally made from cow or sheep milk, following specific methods. Buddhist scriptures state that milk turns into *ru*, *ru* turns into ghee, and ghee turns into clarified butter (*Tihu*). Clarified butter is yellowish-white, very sweet and rich when made into cakes, and occasionally reaches Jiangnan.
[Commentary] Ghee is extracted from *ru*; its nature differs from *ru*. Claiming they have identical effects now suggests Tao Hongjing did not fully understand this. There are cow ghee and sheep ghee; cow ghee is superior to sheep ghee, and wild cow ghee is superior to domestic cow ghee.
Sweet in taste, slightly cold and slightly warm, non-toxic. Primarily treats wind-bi syndrome with numbness, tendon stiffness, accumulations in the five Zang organs and abdomen, alternating cold and heat, emaciation, head sores and alopecia, facial hyperpigmentation, and vomiting after eating or drinking. Long-term consumption strengthens willpower, prevents hunger, lightens the body, and prolongs life. Produced in the mountains of Yongzhou, collected in the eleventh month.
This fat is known as "Xiong Bai" (Bear White), which is the fat on the back. It appears in winter months and disappears in summer. The fat in the abdomen and the grease throughout the body can be rendered for medicinal use but are not suitable for consumption. They are now found in forests in both eastern and western regions; they are no longer easy to obtain. Patients with chronic diseases should not eat bear meat, as it may lead to lifelong incurability.
[Commentary] Toxic. Treats epidemic febrile diseases where intense heat transforms into jaundice, prolonged dysentery during summer heat, infantile malnutrition (*Gan*), heart pain, and hiccups. Brain treats various types of deafness. Blood treats pediatric fright (*Ke Wu*). Fat darkens hair, beautifies the complexion; taken after refining with wine, it cures wind-bi. The term "Gao" (Ointment/Fat) refers to the substance after the melting of pure fat; the back portion should not be called "Gao". The commentary on the *Zuo Zhuan* states that "Gaohuang" (epicardium and diaphragm) is a textual error for "Gemang"; Tao Hongjing's reference to back fat aligns with older theories.