里证者，病之在内在脏也。凡病自内生，则或因七情，或因劳倦，或因饮食所伤，或为
酒色所困，皆为里证。以此言之，实属易见，第于内伤外感之间，疑似之际，若有不明，未
免以表作里，以里作表，乃致大害。故当详辨也。
一、身虽微热，而 汗出不止，及无身体酸疼拘急，而脉不紧数者，此热非
在表也。
一、证似外感，不恶寒，反恶热，而绝无表证者，此热盛于内也。
一、凡病表证，而小便清利者，知邪未入里也。
一、表证已具，而饮食如故，胸腹无碍者，病不及里也。若见呕恶口苦，或心胸满闷不
食，乃表邪传至胸中，渐入于里也。若烦躁不眠，干渴谵语，腹痛自利等证，皆邪入于里也
。若腹胀喘满，大便结硬，潮热斑黄，脉滑而实者，此正阳明胃腑里实之证，可下之也。
一、七情内伤，过于喜者，伤心而气散。心气散者，收之养之。过于怒者，伤肝而气逆
，肝气逆者，平之抑之。过于思者，伤脾而气结，脾气结者，温之豁之。过于忧者，伤肺而
气沉，肺气沉者，舒之举之。过于恐者，伤肾而气怯，肾气怯者，安之壮之。
一、饮食内伤，气滞而积者，脾之实也。宜消之逐之；不能运化者，脾之虚也。宜暖之
助之。
一、酒湿伤阴，热而烦满者，湿热为病也。清之泄之；酒湿伤阳，腹痛泻利呕恶者，寒
湿之病也，温之补之。
一、劳倦伤脾者，脾主四肢也。须补其中气。
一、色欲伤肾而阳虚无火者，兼培其气血；阴虚有火者，纯补其真阴。
一、痰饮为患者，必有所本，求所从来，方为至治。若但治标，非良法也。详具本条。
一、五脏受伤，本不易辨，但有诸中必形诸外，故肝病则目不能视而色青，心病则舌不
能言而舌赤，脾病则口不知味而色黄，肺病则鼻不闻香臭而色白，肾病则耳不能听而色黑。
里证，是指病邪位于体内脏腑的病证。凡是疾病从体内产生，那么或因七情（喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊）内伤，或因劳倦过度，或因饮食损伤，或被酒色所困，都属于里证。这样说起来，其实很容易看见，但在内伤与外感之间，在疑似难辨之际，如果有不明白的地方，难免会把表证当作里证，把里证当作表证，从而导致严重的危害。所以应当详细辨别。
一、身体虽然有轻微发热，但是汗出不止，并且没有身体酸痛拘急的症状，且脉象不紧数，这种热不在体表。
一、症状看似外感，但不怕冷，反而怕热，而且完全没有表证，这是热盛于体内。
一、凡是患有表证的病人，如果小便清长通利，就知道邪气尚未入里。
一、表证已经具备，但饮食如常，胸腹部没有不适，说明病邪未及于里。如果出现呕吐恶心口苦，或者心胸满闷不想吃东西，这是表邪传至胸中，逐渐进入体内的表现。如果出现烦躁失眠、口干渴、说胡话、腹痛自泻等症状，都是邪气进入体内的表现。如果出现腹胀气喘胸闷、大便干结坚硬、潮热、发斑发黄、脉象滑而实，这是典型的阳明胃腑里实证，可以使用下法治疗。
一、七情内伤，过于喜悦的，会伤心导致气机涣散。心气涣散的，要收敛养护它。过于愤怒的，会伤肝导致气机上逆，肝气上逆的，要平抑压制它。过于思虑的，会伤脾导致气机郁结，脾气郁结的，要温运开豁它。过于忧愁的，会伤肺导致气机下沉，肺气下沉的，要舒展升举它。过于恐惧的，会伤肾导致气机怯弱，肾气怯弱的，要安定壮补它。
一、饮食内伤，导致气滞积滞的，属于脾实证。适宜用消导驱逐的方法；不能运化水谷的，属于脾虚证。适宜用温暖助运的方法。
一、酒湿损伤阴分，出现发热烦闷的，是湿热为病。适宜用清热泄浊的方法；酒湿损伤阳气，出现腹痛腹泻呕吐恶心的，是寒湿为病，适宜用温补的方法。
一、色欲过度损伤肾脏，导致阳虚无火的，兼补气血；阴虚有火的，纯补真阴。
一、痰饮为患者，必定有其本源，探究其来源，才是最好的治疗方法。如果只治标症，不是好方法。详细内容见本条其他部分。
一、五脏受伤，本来不容易辨别，但是内在有病必然反映在外在，所以肝病则眼睛不能视物且面色发青，心病则舌头不能言语且舌质红赤，脾病则口不知味道且面色发黄，肺病则鼻子闻不到香臭且面色苍白，肾病则耳朵不能听声音且面色发黑。
Li Syndrome (Interior Syndrome) refers to diseases located within the interior organs. Any disease arising from within the body, whether due to emotional disturbances (Seven Emotions: joy, anger, worry, thought, sadness, fear, and fright), overexertion, dietary injury, or indulgence in alcohol and sexual activity, all constitute Li Syndrome. In this regard, it is indeed easy to observe; however, between internal injury and external contraction, at times of ambiguity and similarity, if one is unclear, there is a risk of mistaking exterior for interior or interior for exterior, thereby causing great harm. Therefore, careful differentiation is required.
1. Although the body has slight fever, sweating continues incessantly, and there is no body soreness, stiffness, or urgency, with a pulse that is not tight and rapid, this heat is not on the exterior.
2. The symptoms resemble an external contraction, but there is no aversion to cold, rather an aversion to heat, and absolutely no exterior syndrome signs; this indicates excessive heat within the interior.
3. For any disease presenting with exterior syndrome signs, if urination is clear and smooth, it is known that the pathogen has not entered the interior.
4. If exterior syndrome signs are fully present, yet diet remains normal and the chest and abdomen feel unobstructed, the disease has not reached the interior. However, if vomiting, nausea, bitter taste in the mouth, or chest/epigastric fullness and loss of appetite appear, this signifies that the exterior pathogen has transmitted to the chest and is gradually entering the interior. If restlessness, insomnia, dry mouth/thirst, delirious speech, abdominal pain, and spontaneous diarrhea occur, these are all signs that the pathogen has entered the interior. If abdominal distension, wheezing, and fullness, hard and constipated stool, tidal fever, macules/rash, jaundice, and a slippery and excess pulse appear, this is a typical Interior Excess Syndrome of the Yangming Stomach Fu organ, which can be treated with purgation.
5. Internal injury caused by the Seven Emotions: Excessive joy injures the Heart, causing Qi to scatter. Scattered Heart Qi should be gathered and nourished. Excessive anger injures the Liver, causing Qi to rebel upward. Rebellious Liver Qi should be pacified and restrained. Excessive thinking injures the Spleen, causing Qi to knot. Knotted Spleen Qi should be warmed and resolved. Excessive sorrow injures the Lung, causing Qi to sink. Sinking Lung Qi should be dispersed and lifted. Excessive fear injures the Kidney, causing Qi to become timid/weak. Timid Kidney Qi should be anchored and strengthened.
6. Internal injury from diet: If Qi stagnation leads to accumulation, it is a Spleen Excess pattern. It is suitable to use methods of digestion and expulsion. If transformation and transportation fail, it is a Spleen Deficiency pattern. It is suitable to use methods of warming and assisting.
7. Alcohol-dampness injuring Yin, resulting in heat and vexation/fullness, is a Damp-Heat disease. It should be cleared and drained. Alcohol-dampness injuring Yang, resulting in abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea, is a Cold-Damp disease. It should be warmed and tonified.
8. Overexertion injuring the Spleen: Since the Spleen governs the four limbs, one must tonify the Middle Qi.
9. Sexual indiscretion injuring the Kidney leading to Yang deficiency without fire: Tonify both Qi and Blood concurrently. If Yin deficiency with fire exists: Purely tonify True Yin.
10. Phlegm-fluid retention as a disease must have a root cause; seeking its origin is the ultimate treatment. Treating only the branch symptoms is not a good method. Details are provided in the relevant section.
11. Injury to the Five Zang organs is inherently difficult to differentiate, but internal pathology inevitably manifests externally. Thus, Liver disease presents as inability to see and greenish complexion; Heart disease presents as inability to speak and red tongue; Spleen disease presents as loss of taste and yellowish complexion; Lung disease presents as inability to smell odors and pale complexion; Kidney disease presents as inability to hear and blackish complexion.