窃思经言。见其色。知其病。命曰明。非特明其色。且明其病也。亦非特明其色。明其病。且明其病之应乎色。
色之主乎病也。何以言之。肝色青。心色赤。脾色黄。肺色白。肾色黑。肝病者。两胁下痛引少腹。令人善怒。虚
则目KT KT 无所见。耳无所闻。善恐。如人将捕之。气逆则头痛。耳聋不聪。颊肿。心病者。胸中痛。胁支满。胁
下痛。膺背肩胛间痛。两臂内痛。虚则胸腹大胁下与腰相引而痛。脾病者。身重。善肌肉痿。行善 。脚下痛。虚
则腹满。肠鸣飧泄。食不化。肺病者。喘咳逆气。肩背痛。汗出。尻阴股膝髀 足皆痛。虚则少气不能报息。
耳聋。嗌干。肾病者。腹大。胫肿。喘咳。身重。寝汗出。憎风。虚则胸中痛。大腹小腹痛。清厥。意不乐。此五脏之
病证。五色之所主也。肝合胆。心合小肠。脾合胃。肺合大肠。肾合三焦膀胱。胆病者。寒热。善太息。口苦。呕宿汁。
心下澹澹。恐人将捕之。小肠病者。小腹痛。腰脊控睾而痛。时窘之后。当耳前热。若寒甚。若独肩上热甚。及
手小指次指之间热。胃病者。腹 胀。胃脘当心而痛。上肢两胁膈咽不通。食饮不下。大肠病者。肠中切痛。
而鸣濯濯。冬日重感于寒。即泄。当脐而痛。不能久立。三焦病者。腹气满。小腹尤坚。不得小便窘急。溢则水
留即为胀。膀胱病者。小腹偏肿而痛。以手按之。即欲小便而不得。肩上热。若脉陷及足小指外廉。及胫踝
后皆热。此六腑之病证。五脏之所合也。析而言之。脏主里。腑主表。色之沉者病在里。色之浮者病在表。是
脏腑表里之分也。脏为阴。腑为阳。色之浊者病在阴。色之清者病在阳。是脏腑阴阳之分也。脏有虚实。腑
有虚实。色之浅淡者为虚。色之深浓者为实。是脏腑虚实之分也。如是而知脏腑之为病。气色之所主。亦
可见其色知其病矣。然而有时相应。有时不相应。何也。盖脏腑有盛衰。气色有生克。太过则薄所胜而乘
所不胜。其不及则所胜妄行。而所生受病。所不胜薄之也。灵枢曰。肾乘心。心先病。肾为应。色皆如是。是则
一隅三反。亦可推测而知。此皆主病之提纲也。（善肌肉痿。千金肌作饥。甲乙作苦饥肌肉痿。）
我思考经典中的论述：观察面色，就能知晓疾病，这称为高明。这不仅是要明了面色，还要明了疾病；不仅是要明了面色和疾病，还要明了疾病与面色之间的对应关系。
面色之所以能主导判断疾病，理由何在？肝对应的颜色是青色，心对应的颜色是红色，脾对应的颜色是黄色，肺对应的颜色是白色，肾对应的颜色是黑色。肝病患者的症状是两胁下疼痛并牵引至小腹，使人容易发怒；虚证则表现为视力模糊看不清东西，听力下降听不见声音，容易恐惧，感觉像被人追捕一样；气机逆乱则出现头痛、耳聋听觉不灵敏、面颊肿胀。心病患者的症状是胸中疼痛，胁肋部胀满，胁下疼痛，胸部、背部及肩胛间疼痛，双臂内侧疼痛；虚证则表现为胸腹部胀大，胁下与腰部相互牵引而痛。脾病患者的症状是身体沉重，容易肌肉萎缩无力，行走时小腿酸痛，脚底疼痛；虚证则表现为腹部胀满，肠鸣音亢进，完谷不化的泄泻，食物不能消化。肺病患者的症状是气喘咳嗽，气机上逆，肩背疼痛，出汗，臀部、阴部、大腿、膝盖、大腿骨及足部都疼痛；虚证则表现为气短，呼吸微弱难以接续，耳聋，咽喉干燥。肾病患者的症状是腹部肿大，小腿浮肿，气喘咳嗽，身体沉重，睡中出汗，怕风；虚证则表现为胸中疼痛，大腹和小腹疼痛，四肢厥冷且清冷，心情不愉快。以上这些是五脏的病证，也是五色所主应的病症。
肝与胆相合，心与小肠相合，脾与胃相合，肺与大肠相合，肾与三焦膀胱相合。胆病患者的症状是寒热往来，喜欢叹气，口苦，呕吐隔夜胆汁，心下部悸动不安，恐惧像被人追捕一样。小肠病患者的症状是小腹疼痛，腰脊部牵引睾丸疼痛，时常窘迫急于排便；耳前发热，或者寒冷严重，或者仅肩部上方特别热，以及手小指和次指之间发热。胃病患者的症状是腹部胀满，胃脘部当心窝处疼痛，向上阻滞导致两胁膈部和咽喉不通畅，饮食无法咽下。大肠病患者的症状是肠中剧烈疼痛，肠鸣声濯濯作响，冬天再次感受寒邪就会腹泻，疼痛位于肚脐周围，不能久站。三焦病患者的症状是腹部气机胀满，小腹部尤其坚硬，小便不通畅且急迫，水液溢出停滞体内就会形成胀满。膀胱病患者的症状是小腹部偏侧肿胀疼痛，用手按压，就想小便却解不出来，肩部上方发热，或者脉象陷下，以及足小趾外侧、小腿和踝关节后方都发热。以上这些是六腑的病证，是与五脏相合的。
进一步分析而言，脏主里，腑主表；面色深沉的，病在里；面色浮浅的，病在表。这是脏腑表里的区分。脏属阴，腑属阳；面色浑浊的，病在阴；面色清亮的，病在阳。这是脏腑阴阳的区分。脏有虚证和实证，腑也有虚证和实证；面色浅淡的属于虚证，面色深浓的属于实证。这是脏腑虚实的区分。如此便能知晓脏腑的疾病，以及气色所主应的情况，也就能够通过观察面色来知晓疾病了。
然而，有时面色与病情相应，有时却不相应，为什么呢？这是因为脏腑有盛衰的变化，气色有生克的规律。太过（实）则会欺凌其所胜（我克者）并乘袭其所不胜（克我者）；不及（虚）则是其所胜者妄行，而其所生者受病，其所不胜者也会欺凌它。《灵枢》说：“肾气乘袭心气，心先发病，肾的气色作为应验。”面色都是如此类推。由此举一反三，也可以推测而知晓。这些都是主病的提纲。（关于“善肌肉痿”，《千金方》中“肌”字作“饥”，《甲乙经》中作“苦饥肌肉痿”。）
I ponder the statements in the classics: "Observe the complexion, know the disease; this is called enlightenment." This does not merely mean enlightening oneself about the complexion, but also about the disease. Nor does it merely mean enlightening oneself about the complexion and the disease, but also about the correspondence between the disease and the complexion.
Why can the complexion primarily indicate the disease? Let us explain. The color corresponding to the Liver (Gan) is Green (Qing); the Heart (Xin), Red (Chi); the Spleen (Pi), Yellow (Huang); the Lung (Fei), White (Bai); and the Kidney (Shen), Black (Hei). In cases of Liver disease, there is pain under both hypochondria radiating to the lower abdomen, causing irritability. In deficiency patterns, vision becomes blurred, hearing diminishes, fearfulness prevails, and one feels as if being pursued by someone. If Qi rebels upward, headache, deafness with poor auditory acuity, and cheek swelling occur. In cases of Heart disease, there is pain in the chest center, fullness and distension in the hypochondria, pain below the hypochondria, pain in the chest, back, and interscapular region, and pain in the inner aspect of both arms. In deficiency patterns, the chest and abdomen become large, and there is pulling pain connecting the hypochondria and the waist. In cases of Spleen disease, the body feels heavy, muscle atrophy and weakness are prone to occur, walking causes soreness in the calves and pain in the soles of the feet. In deficiency patterns, abdominal fullness, borborygmus, undigested stool diarrhea, and failure to digest food occur. In cases of Lung disease, panting, coughing, rebellious Qi, shoulder and back pain, sweating, and pain in the sacrum, yin region, thighs, knees, thighs (femoral region), and feet occur. In deficiency patterns, shortness of breath, inability to complete inhalation, deafness, and dry throat occur. In cases of Kidney disease, abdominal enlargement, swelling of the shins, panting and coughing, heaviness of the body, nocturnal sweating, and aversion to wind occur. In deficiency patterns, pain in the chest center, pain in the greater and lesser abdomen, cold extremities with a chilling sensation, and lack of joy occur. These are the syndromes of the Five Zang Organs, which correspond to the five colors.
The Liver corresponds to the Gallbladder (Dan); the Heart to the Small Intestine (Xiaochang); the Spleen to the Stomach (Wei); the Lung to the Large Intestine (Dachang); and the Kidney to the Sanjiao (Triple Burner) and Bladder (Pangguang). In cases of Gallbladder disease, there are alternating chills and fever, frequent sighing, bitter taste in the mouth, vomiting of old bile fluid, palpitations in the epigastrium, and fearfulness as if being pursued. In cases of Small Intestine disease, there is pain in the lower abdomen, pain radiating from the lumbar spine to the testicles, and frequent urgency for defecation. Heat may be felt in front of the ears, or severe cold, or excessive heat specifically on the upper shoulder, and heat between the little finger and the fourth finger of the hand. In cases of Stomach disease, abdominal distension occurs, pain is felt in the epigastrium directly over the heart, obstruction extends upward through the hypochondria, diaphragm, and pharynx, preventing the intake of food and drink. In cases of Large Intestine disease, cutting pain in the intestines and gurgling sounds occur; if exposed to cold again in winter, diarrhea ensues, with pain around the umbilicus, making it impossible to stand for long periods. In cases of Sanjiao disease, abdominal Qi fullness occurs, with the lower abdomen particularly hard, difficulty urinating with urgency, and if water overflows and stagnates, distension results. In cases of Bladder disease, unilateral swelling and pain in the lower abdomen occur; pressing with the hand creates the urge to urinate but fails to do so. Heat may be felt on the upper shoulder, or the pulse may appear sunken, and heat may be present on the lateral aspect of the little toe, as well as behind the shin and ankle. These are the syndromes of the Six Fu Organs, which correspond to the Five Zang Organs.
Analyzing further: Zang organs govern the interior, while Fu organs govern the exterior. A deep complexion indicates disease in the interior; a floating complexion indicates disease in the exterior. This distinguishes the interior-exterior relationship of Zang and Fu. Zang organs belong to Yin, and Fu organs belong to Yang. A turbid complexion indicates disease in Yin; a clear complexion indicates disease in Yang. This distinguishes the Yin-Yang nature of Zang and Fu. Zang organs have deficiency and excess patterns, as do Fu organs. A pale complexion indicates deficiency; a dark and intense complexion indicates excess. This distinguishes the deficiency-excess nature of Zang and Fu. By understanding this, one knows the diseases of the Zang and Fu organs and what the complexions indicate, thereby enabling one to know the disease by observing the complexion.
However, sometimes the complexion corresponds to the disease, and sometimes it does not. Why? Because Zang and Fu organs have states of excess and decline, and complexions follow the principles of generation and restriction. In excess conditions, the organ attacks what it normally controls and overwhelms what controls it. In deficiency conditions, what it normally controls acts recklessly, what it generates suffers disease, and what controls it attacks it. The *Ling Shu* states: "When Kidney Qi attacks Heart Qi, the Heart falls ill first, and the Kidney's complexion serves as the sign." Complexions follow this pattern. Thus, by inferring from one instance to three, one can speculate and know. These are all outlines of primary disease indicators. (Regarding "prone to muscle atrophy," the *Qian Jin Fang* reads "hunger" instead of "muscle," and the *Jia Yi Jing* reads "bitter hunger and muscle atrophy.")