辛寒，有小毒。折之汁出凝黑如漆，故名漆头。 茹色白者名草 茹。
《本经》主疽蚀恶肉，败疮死肌，杀疥虫，排脓恶血，除大风热气，善忘不寐。
发明 茹《本经》治恶肉败疮等病，而《素问》四乌 一 茹丸，当非此 茹可知也
。《圣惠》治头风旋眩，《千金》治小儿痈疽，并用漆头 茹，姚僧坦治痈疽去恶血有白
茹丸，二者皆取能散血。其治善忘不寐，亦是因风热侵犯心包、胆腑所致，散其风热，则无
不寐善忘之患矣。
苦辛大寒，有毒，反甘草。入药惟用正根，误服傍株令人冷泻，枣煮则不损脾，
乘软去骨用。
《本经》主蛊毒十二水，腹满急痛，积聚，中风皮肤疼痛，吐逆。
发明 大戟性禀阴毒，峻利首推，苦寒下走肾阴，辛散上泻肺气，兼横行经脉，故《本
经》专治蛊毒十二水，腹满急痛等证，皆浊阴填塞所致，然惟暴胀为宜。云中风者是指风水
肤胀而言，否则传写之误耳。夫大戟、甘遂之苦以泄水者，肾所主也。痰涎之为物，随气升
降无处不到，入于心则迷窍而成癫痫妄言妄见。入于肺则塞窍而成咳唾稠粘，喘急背冷。入
于肝则留伏蓄聚而成胁痛，干呕，寒热往来。入于经络则麻痹疼痛。入于筋骨则颈项胸背腰
胁手足牵引隐痛。《三因方》并以控涎丹主之。大戟能泻脏腑之水湿，甘遂能行经隧之水湿
，白芥子能散皮里膜外之痰气。惟善用者能收奇功也。痘疮变黑归肾，枣变百祥丸，用大戟
制枣去戟，用枣以泻肝邪，非泻肾也。实则泻其子，因肾邪实而泻其肝也。仲景云∶心下痞
满引胁下痛，干呕短气者，十枣汤主之，其中亦有大戟。夫干呕胁痛岂非肝胆之病乎，百祥
丸之泻肝明矣。至玉枢丹同续随子、山慈菇等解蛊毒药，则又不独肝胆矣。其脾胃肝肾虚寒
，阴水泛滥，犯之立毙，不可不审。
【大戟】
味辛、性寒，有小毒。折断茎叶时流出的汁液凝固后黑如漆，因此得名“漆头”。颜色白的称为草大戟。
《神农本草经》记载：主治痈疽腐蚀恶肉，败坏疮口的死肌，杀灭疥虫，排出脓液和恶血，祛除大风热气，治疗健忘和不失眠症。
【发明】
关于大戟，《神农本草经》用于治疗恶肉、败疮等疾病，而《素问》中的四乌鲗骨一茹丸所用的“茹”，显然不是这种大戟，由此可知。《太平圣惠方》用大戟治疗头风引起的眩晕；《千金方》用大戟治疗小儿痈疽，均使用漆头大戟；姚僧坦治疗痈疽去除恶血所用的白大戟丸，这两种药物都是取其能消散瘀血的功效。至于治疗健忘和不眠，也是因为风热侵犯心包和胆腑所致，疏散风热之后，就不会再有健忘和不眠的病患了。
【甘遂】
味苦、辛，性大寒，有毒，与甘草相反。入药只使用正根，误服旁侧的枝条会导致寒冷腹泻。用枣肉煮制则可以保护脾胃不受伤损，使用时需趁软去掉骨头。
《神农本草经》记载：主治蛊毒及十二种水气病，腹部胀满急痛，积聚痞块，中风导致的皮肤疼痛，呕吐逆气。
【发明】
大戟的性质禀受阴毒，峻烈通利作用首屈一指。其苦寒之性下行入肾阴，辛散之性上行泻肺气，兼有横行于经脉的作用。因此，《神农本草经》专门治疗蛊毒、十二种水气病、腹部胀满急痛等症状，这些都是由浊阴填塞所致，但仅适用于暴发性腹胀。文中所说的“中风”，是指风水肤胀而言，否则就是传写时的错误。
大戟和甘遂的苦味能够泄水，这是肾脏所主的功能。痰涎这种东西，随着气的升降无处不到：进入心脏则迷蔽清窍，形成癫痫、胡言乱语、幻觉妄见；进入肺部则堵塞窍道，形成咳嗽吐稠粘痰液，气喘急促、背部发冷；进入肝脏则留伏蓄积，形成胁痛、干呕、寒热往来；进入经络则导致麻痹疼痛；进入筋骨则导致颈项、胸背、腰胁、手足牵引隐痛。《三因方》都用控涎丹来主治这些病症。大戟能泻脏腑的水湿，甘遂能行经隧的水湿，白芥子能散皮里膜外的痰气。只有善于使用的人才能收到奇效。
痘疮变黑归肾时，制成百祥丸（用大戟制枣，去大戟只用枣），是用枣来泻肝邪，而不是泻肾邪。根据“实则泻其子”的原理，是因为肾邪实而泻其肝（水生木，肝为肾之子）。张仲景说：“心下痞满，牵引胁下痛，干呕短气的，用十枣汤主治”，其中也含有大戟。干呕和胁痛难道不是肝胆的疾病吗？由此可见百祥丸是泻肝的。至于玉枢丹配合续随子、山慈菇等解蛊毒药，那就不仅限于肝胆了。如果患者脾胃肝肾虚寒，阴水泛滥，服用此药会立即致死，不可不仔细审察。
[Da Ji (Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix)]
Pungent in flavor, cold in nature, with slight toxicity. When broken, the juice exudes and coagulates into a black substance like lacquer, hence the name "Qi Tou" (Lacquer Head). The white variety is called "Cao Da Ji" (Grass Euphorbia).
*Shennong Bencao Jing* states: It treats carbuncles and ulcers eroding foul flesh, destroys dead muscle in deteriorating sores, kills scabies mites, discharges pus and foul blood, eliminates severe wind-heat, and treats forgetfulness and insomnia.
[Commentary]
Regarding *Da Ji*, although *Shennong Bencao Jing* indicates its use for treating foul flesh and deteriorating sores, the "Ru" used in the Si Wuie Gu Yi Ru Wan formula from *Suwen* (Plain Questions) is clearly not this herb, as can be deduced. *Taiping Shenghui Fang* uses *Da Ji* to treat dizziness caused by head wind; *Qianjin Fang* uses it for pediatric carbuncles and sores, both employing Qi Tou *Da Ji*; Yao Sengtan's Bai Da Ji Wan for removing foul blood from carbuncles also utilizes the white variety. Both preparations rely on the herb's ability to dissipate blood stasis. As for treating forgetfulness and insomnia, this is attributed to wind-heat invading the Pericardium and Gallbladder. Once the wind-heat is dissipated, the afflictions of forgetfulness and insomnia will cease.
[Gan Sui (Kansui Radix)]
Bitter and pungent in flavor, intensely cold in nature, toxic, incompatible with Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Licorice Root). Only the main root is used for medicinal purposes; ingestion of lateral branches causes cold diarrhea. Boiling with Jujubae Fructus (Jujube) protects the Spleen and Stomach from damage. When preparing, remove the bones while the fruit is soft.
*Shennong Bencao Jing* states: It treats gu poison and twelve types of fluid retention diseases, abdominal fullness with acute pain, accumulations and masses, skin pain due to wind-stroke, and vomiting/rebellious qi.
[Commentary]
Gan Sui possesses yin toxicity and is foremost among herbs for its drastic purgative action. Its bitter-cold nature descends to nourish Kidney Yin, while its pungent dispersing action ascends to drain Lung Qi, and it also traverses the meridians horizontally. Therefore, *Shennong Bencao Jing* specifically treats gu poison, the twelve types of fluid retention, abdominal fullness, and acute pain, all of which are caused by turbid yin obstruction. However, it is only suitable for sudden-onset distension. The mention of "wind-stroke" here refers to water-wind edema of the skin; otherwise, it is likely a transcription error.
The bitter properties of Gan Sui and Gan Sui (note: text implies similar action or typo for another herb, context suggests comparison of water-draining herbs) that drain water are governed by the Kidneys. Phlegm-fluids, as substances, move up and down with Qi and reach everywhere. Entering the Heart, they cloud the orifices, causing epilepsy, delirium, and hallucinations. Entering the Lungs, they obstruct the orifices, causing coughing with thick sticky sputum, panting, and coldness in the back. Entering the Liver, they stagnate and accumulate, causing hypochondriac pain, dry retching, and alternating chills and fever. Entering the meridians, they cause numbness and pain. Entering the sinews and bones, they cause pulling and dull pain in the neck, chest, back, waist, flanks, and limbs. *Sanyin Fang* treats these conditions primarily with Kong Xian Dan (Control Phlegm Pill). Gan Sui drains water-dampness from the Zang-Fu organs, Gan Sui (likely referring to Kansui or similar context of meridian water) moves water-dampness through the collaterals, and Bai Jie Zi (White Mustard Seed) dissipates phlegm-Qi in the interstices of the skin and fascia. Only those who master its use can achieve miraculous results.
When chickenpox lesions turn black and revert to the Kidney, it is processed into Bai Xiang Wan (Hundred Auspicious Pills) using Gan Sui to process Jujube, removing the Gan Sui and using only the Jujube. This uses Jujube to drain Liver pathogenic factors, not Kidney pathogenic factors. According to the principle "when excess, drain the son," since the Kidney pathogen is excess, the Liver (the son of Water/Kidney) is drained. Zhang Zhongjing stated: "For epigastric fullness and blockage with pain radiating to the hypochondrium, dry retching, and shortness of breath, Shi Zao Tang (Ten Jujube Decoction) is indicated." This formula also contains Gan Sui. Dry retching and hypochondriac pain are indeed disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder, clearly demonstrating that Bai Xiang Wan drains the Liver. Regarding Yu Shu Dan (Jade Pivot Pill), combined with Xu Sui Zi (Spurge Seed) and Shan Ci Gu (Fritillaria Cirrhosa Bulb) to resolve gu poison, its scope extends beyond just the Liver and Gallbladder. If the Spleen, Stomach, Liver, and Kidney are deficient and cold, with flooding of Yin fluids, administration of this herb will lead to immediate death; thus, careful examination is imperative.