（唐本草）
【气味】咸平，无毒。
【主治】主鼻衄，汤火灼疮，传尸，肺痿。
【核】曰∶滓淀为 ，人溺澄结所成也。岁久之器，有浓寸余者，取置瓷盘内，露高
洁处，越一二载，中外皆白，绝无气臭者乃可用。研极细，水飞数过，再研万匝，如仍有恶
臭，随泡随飞，约数百遍，以无臭为度。 淬者，精粹尽失，转增火毒，不堪用也。
【 】曰∶溺白曰 ，藉尘埃没溺所集也。故物入阴中，色剥为白，阴中之阴矣。入手
太阴肺，足太阴脾。缘精与气，原从脾肺气化之中，游溢转输，是以仍归脾肺尔。力倍于溺
者，白作润下咸，还可水济火； 集尘埃土，复可土承水。亢则害，承乃制，制则化生矣。
（唐本草）
【气味】咸苦辛温，有毒。
【主治】主积聚，破结血，止痛，下气，疗咳嗽，宿冷，去恶肉，生好肌，烂胎。亦入
驴马药用。
【核】曰∶出西戎，今西凉夏国，及河东、陕西，近边州郡亦有。然西戎来者，颗块光
明，大者如拳，重三、五两，小者如指面，入药最紧。边界者，杂碎如麻豆粒，颇夹砂石，
虽可水飞澄去，入药则无力矣。修事∶水飞去尘秽，入瓷器中，重汤煮干，以杀其毒。或用
黄丹锻石作柜， 赤使用，亦无毒矣。 云∶ 遇赤须， 留金鼎。权云∶柔五金，消八石，
可
卷柏、羊蹄、商陆、冬瓜、羊踯躅、苍耳、乌梅，皆可伏 。设中 毒，生绿豆研汁，饮一
、二升可立解。畏酸，及浆水，忌羊血。
缪仲淳先生云∶ 砂禀阴毒之气，阳毒之精，腐人肠胃，化人心血，其毒之猛烈如此，
诚可畏也。
【 】曰∶ 从囟石声，取通气以为量。一名气砂，其为性至透，湿即水化渗泄而走矣。
一名透骨将军，张匡邺行程记云∶高昌北庭山，尝有烟涌，而无云雾，夕则光焰若炬火，照
见禽鼠尽赤，谓之火焰山。中有 砂，土人乘屐采之，若屐底为皮革者，即焦败矣。一名火
砂，故性秉火毒，对待宿冷，糜化有形者也。时珍云∶ 砂亦硝石之类，乃卤液所结，出于
青海，与月华相射而生，附盐而成质者。故可投诸藏阴之属，若止痛下气，疗咳嗽，谓其气
结则痛，积聚则气不下矣。经云∶咳逆上气，有积气在胸中也。倘属虚无，为害弥笃，慎勿
以药试病耳。
【唐本草】
【气味】味咸，性平，无毒。
【主治】主治鼻出血，汤火烫伤之疮，传尸（指具有传染性的虚劳病证），肺痿（肺叶枯萎不荣的病证）。
【核】曰：沉淀物称为“溺白”，是由人尿澄清后凝结而成的。经过多年陈放的容器底部，有厚达一寸多的沉积物，将其取出置于瓷盘中，放置在洁净高处，经过一两年，内外皆变白，且完全没有臭气，这才可以使用。研磨至极细，用水飞法（加水搅拌沉淀）多次过筛，再研磨上万次，如果仍有恶臭，就随着浸泡和水飞的过程反复操作，大约数百遍，以没有臭味为标准。所谓的“淬”者，是指精华尽失，反而增加了火毒，不堪入药。
【 】曰：尿液中的白色沉淀称为“溺白”，是借助尘埃落入尿中聚集而成。所以物体进入阴分之中，颜色剥落变为白色，属于阴中之阴。它入手太阴肺经和足太阴脾经。因为精与气，原本是从脾肺的气化过程中游溢转输而来的，所以最终仍回归于脾肺。其效力比尿液强百倍，白色对应润下之咸味，还可以用水来济助火；溺白聚集了尘埃泥土，又可以以土来制约水。亢盛则有害，有所承制才能平衡，平衡后才能生化万物。
【唐本草】
【气味】味咸、苦、辛，性温，有毒。
【主治】主治积聚（腹内结块），破散瘀血，止痛，降气，治疗咳嗽，宿冷（久治不愈的寒证），去除恶肉（坏死的腐肉），生肌长肉，堕胎。也用于驴马等牲畜的药物中。
【核】曰：产于西戎地区，如今西凉夏国，以及河东、陕西靠近边境的州郡也有出产。然而来自西戎的硇砂，颗粒块状光亮，大的如拳头，重三、五两，小的如手指面，入药最为珍贵。边境产的，杂质碎屑如麻豆粒大小，颇夹杂砂石，虽然可以用水飞法澄清除去，但入药则药效无力了。炮制方法：用水飞法除去灰尘污秽，放入瓷器中，用隔水加热的方法煮干，以消除其毒性。或者使用黄丹、锻石制作柜子，煅烧至红色使用，也就没有毒了。某云：硇砂遇到赤须（一种矿物或植物），需留在金鼎中。权云：能软化五金，消解八石，可与卷柏、羊蹄、商陆、冬瓜、羊踯躅、苍耳、乌梅等同用，皆可伏制硇砂。如果误服硇砂中毒，取生绿豆研磨成汁，饮用一、二升即可立即解毒。畏酸及浆水，忌食羊血。
缪仲淳先生云：硇砂禀受阴毒之气，又含阳毒之精，腐蚀人的肠胃，化耗人心血，其毒性猛烈如此，确实令人畏惧。
【 】曰：“硇”字从囟、石声，取通气作为衡量标准。一名气砂，它的性质极其通透，遇湿即化为水渗透排泄而运行。一名透骨将军，张匡邺《行程记》云：高昌北庭山，曾经有烟雾涌出，而没有云雾，傍晚时光焰如同炬火，照亮禽鼠都变成红色，称之为火焰山。山中有硇砂，当地人穿着木屐采集，如果木屐底像皮革一样焦败，说明那里有毒热。一名火砂，所以其性质秉受火毒，用来对待宿冷，能够糜化有形之物。李时珍云：硇砂也是硝石之类，是卤液凝结而成，出于青海，与月光照射而生，依附盐分而成质。所以可以投入藏阴的病症中，如止痛降气，治疗咳嗽，说是气结则痛，积聚则气不下行。经文云：咳逆上气，是有积气在胸中。如果属于虚无之证，危害更加严重，千万不要拿药物去试探病情。
(Tang Bencao)
[Flavor and Nature] Salty, neutral in nature, non-toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats epistaxis (nosebleed), burns and scalds, Chuanshen (infectious consumption disease), and Feiwai (withering of the lung lobes).
[Analysis] It is stated that: The sediment is called "Niaobai" (Urine Sediment), formed by the clarification and condensation of human urine. In vessels aged for many years, there may be deposits over an inch thick. Take these and place them in a porcelain dish, exposing them to a clean and high place. After one or two years, when both inside and outside turn white and completely lose any foul odor, it can be used. Grind it to an extremely fine powder, pass it through water levigation (water flying) several times, then grind it ten thousand times more. If a foul odor remains, repeat soaking and levigation until done approximately hundreds of times, stopping only when the odor is gone. The so-called "Cui" (quenching/refining improperly) results in the loss of all essence and an increase in fire toxicity, making it unsuitable for use.
[Commentary] It is said: The white sediment from urine is called "Niaobai", collected with the help of dust falling into the urine. Thus, objects entering the Yin aspect peel off their color to become white, representing Yin within Yin. It enters the Hand Taiyin Lung Meridian and Foot Taiyin Spleen Meridian. Because Jing (Essence) and Qi (Vital Energy) originally circulate and transform within the Qi transformation of the Spleen and Lung, they ultimately return to the Spleen and Lung. Its potency is a hundred times that of urine; its white color corresponds to the moistening and downward-moving salty flavor, allowing Water to assist Fire; since Niaobai gathers dust and earth, it can also allow Earth to control Water. When excessive, it causes harm; when controlled, balance is achieved, and transformation occurs.
(Tang Bencao)
[Flavor and Nature] Salty, bitter, pungent, warm in nature, toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats accumulations and masses, breaks up blood stasis, relieves pain, directs Qi downward, treats cough, chronic cold conditions, removes necrotic tissue, promotes flesh regeneration, and induces abortion. Also used in veterinary medicine for donkeys and horses.
[Analysis] It is stated that: It originates from the Western Regions (Xirong), currently found in Xiliang Xia Kingdom, as well as Hedong and Shaanxi bordering prefectures. However, Naoshuo (Ammonium Chloride) from the Western Regions comes in bright, lustrous chunks; large ones are fist-sized, weighing three to five taels, and small ones are finger-nail sized, which are most precious for medicinal use. Those from the borders are fragmented like hemp seeds, mixed with sand and gravel. Although impurities can be removed by water levigation, the medicinal efficacy is weak. Processing: Remove dust and filth via water levigation, place in a porcelain vessel, and boil dry using a double-boiler method to reduce its toxicity. Alternatively, use a cabinet made of Minium (Huangdan) and Calcined Oyster Shell (Duanshi), calcine until red, and it becomes non-toxic. Some say: Naoshuo interacts with Chixu, requiring retention in a golden tripod. Quan says: It softens the five metals, dissolves the eight stones, and can be combined with Polypody Rhizome (Juanbai), Greater Yarrow Root (Yangti), Phytolacca Root (Shanglu), Winter Melon (Donggua), Daphne Mezereum (Yangzhizhu), Cocklebur Fruit (Canger), and Smoked Plum (Wumei) to subdue Naoshuo. If poisoned by Naoshuo, crush fresh Mung Bean (Lvdou) to extract juice, drink one to two sheng, and the poison will be instantly resolved. It fears sour substances and Jiangshui (fermented grain liquid), and avoids mutton blood.
Mr. Miu Zhongchun said: Naoshuo inherits Yin toxic qi and Yang toxic essence, corroding the intestines and stomach, consuming heart blood. Its toxicity is so fierce, truly awe-inspiring.
[Commentary] The character "Nao" derives from phonetic components suggesting ventilation, taking "ventilation" as its measure. It is also known as Qisha (Qi Sand); its nature is highly penetrating, turning into water and excreting when wet. It is also called Tongugu Jiangjun (Bone-Penetrating General). Zhang Kuangye's Travel Record states: At Beiting Mountain in Gaochang, smoke once surged without clouds; at dusk, the flames resembled torches, illuminating birds and rodents until they turned red, hence called Huoyanshan (Flaming Mountains). There is Naoshuo there; locals collect it wearing wooden clogs. If the sole of the clog turns leathery and scorched, it indicates intense heat/toxicity. It is also called Huosha (Fire Sand); thus, its nature embodies fire toxicity, countering chronic cold, and able to dissolve solid forms. Li Shizhen said: Naoshuo is similar to Nuxiao (Saltpeter),結ed from brine, originating from Qinghai, generated by interaction with moonlight, and forming quality attached to salt. Therefore, it can be administered for Yin-storage conditions, such as relieving pain, directing Qi downward, and treating cough, because Qi stagnation causes pain, and accumulation prevents Qi descent. The Classic states: Cough with rebellious Qi indicates accumulated Qi in the chest. If this belongs to deficiency emptiness, the harm is even greater; do not test diseases with drugs rashly.