即野鸭。补气。
甘凉。补中益气。（孟诜曰∶九月以后、立春以前、即中食、大益病患、全胜家者、虽
寒不
动气。）平胃消食。治水肿及热毒风。疗恶疮疖。（孟诜曰∶身上有诸小热疮、年久不愈者、
但多食之、即痊。）杀脏腑一切虫。日华曰。不可合胡桃、木耳、豆豉食。
音甓梯、俗名油鸭。补气。
甘平。补中益气。一名刁鸭。似野鸭而小，苍白文。多脂。冬月取之。五味炙食。甚美。
膏
、滴耳治聋。
补气。
咸平。益脾补气，治虚瘦。一名白鹭。（时珍曰∶鹭、水鸟也、林栖水食、群飞成序、
洁白
如雪、颈细脚青、顶有长毛十数茎如丝、炙食良。）以上水禽类。
补气。
甘平益气。助阴阳。明目愈噎。（范汪东阳方治目、有斑鸠丸、总录治目、有锦鸠丸、
倪惟
贤氏谓斑鸠补肾、故能明目、窃谓鸠能益气、则能明目。不独补肾已也。）性悫孝。而拙于
为巢。血、热饮治蛊。
泻热通淋。
甘寒。消结热。治消渴。通淋去风。及大小肠涩。并四肢烦热。胸膈痰结。入药用雄。
（其
翼左复右者是雄、又烧毛作屑、纳水中浮者是雄。）以上林禽类。
肉、补肉。
水畜。咸寒。疗肾气虚竭。狂病久不愈。其味隽永。食之润肠胃。生精液。丰肌体。泽
皮肤
。其性阴寒。阳事弱者勿食。能生湿痰。易招风热。伤风寒及病初起人。尤为大
忌。（其皮有毒、头肉尤甚、伤风寒忌之者、以其补肌固表、油腻缠粘、外邪不能解散也、
病初愈忌之者、以肠胃久枯、难受肥浓浓味也。按猪肉生痰、惟风痰湿痰寒痰忌之、如老
人燥痰干咳、正宜肥浓以滋润之、不可执泥也。）心血、用作补心药之向导。盖取以心归心
。以血导血之意。肝、入肝。诸血药用为向导。（肝主藏血、延寿丹书云∶猪临杀惊气入心
、绝气归肝、皆不可多食、士材曰∶肝大损人。雄猪肝同夜明砂作丸、治雀目、雀目者、
夜不能视、湿痰及肝火盛也。自心血至脬、皆用作诸药引经。）肚、入胃健脾。肺、补肺
。
治肺虚咳嗽。（咳血者、蘸薏仁末食。）肾、咸冷而通肾。治腰痛耳聋。（古今补腰肾药、用
之颇多。）肠、入大肠。治肠风血痔。胆汁、苦入心。寒胜热。滑润燥。泻肝胆之火。明目
疗疳。醋和灌谷道。治大便不通。（仲景治阳明证内无热者、便虽秘勿攻、故用胆汁外导之
法、不欲以苦寒伤胃腑也、无己曰∶仲景治厥逆无脉、用白通汤加猪胆汁、盖阳气大虚、阴
气内胜、纯与阳药、恐阴气格拒不得入、故加猪胆汁、苦入心而通脉、寒补肝而和阴、不致
格拒也、 庵曰∶此亦热因寒用之义。）脑、治头风。损男子阳道。（脬、亦作胞。）治遗溺
疝气。（卫生宝鉴云∶一妓病转脬、小便不通、腹胀如鼓、一医令用猪脬吹胀、以翎管安上
、插入尿孔、捻脬气吹入、即大尿而愈。）脂膏、润燥利肠。散风解毒。杀虫滑产。（蜡月炼
净收用。）脊髓、补虚劳之脊痛。益骨髓以除蒸。蹄、煮汤通乳汁。（加通草一两、佳。）洗
败疮。悬蹄甲、治寒热痰喘。痘疮入目。五痔肠痈。尾血、和龙脑香。治痘疮倒 。（能发
之
亦有用心血者。自蹄至此、皆用母猪。）猪肉。反乌梅、桔梗
、黄连。（时珍曰∶方有脏连丸、黄连猪肚丸、岂忌肉而不忌脏腑乎。打伤青肿、炙猪肉
拓之。误吞铁钉、多食猪脂、令饱、自然裹出。）
即野鸭。具有补气作用。
味甘性凉。能补益中气。（孟诜说：九月以后、立春以前，如果饮食正常，对病人非常有益，胜过家鸭，虽然性寒但不扰动气机。）能平胃消食。治疗水肿及热毒风邪。疗治恶疮疖肿。（孟诜说：身上有各种小热疮，多年不愈的，只要多吃它，就能痊愈。）能杀灭脏腑内的一切寄生虫。日华子说：不可与胡桃、木耳、豆豉同食。
音同“甓梯”，俗名油鸭。具有补气作用。
味甘性平。能补益中气。又名刁鸭。外形像野鸭但体型较小，羽毛苍白带花纹。多脂肪。冬季捕捉食用。用五味调料烤制食用，味道极美。
其膏脂滴耳可治疗耳聋。
具有补气作用。
味咸性平。能健脾补气，治疗身体虚瘦。又名白鹭。（李时珍说：鹭是水鸟，栖息于树林，取食于水中，群飞有序，洁白如雪，颈细脚青，头顶有十几根长毛如丝，烤着吃很好。）以上属于水禽类。
具有补气作用。
味甘性平益气。能辅助阴阳。明目并治愈噎膈。（范汪《东阳方》治疗眼病有用斑鸠丸，《总录》治疗眼病有用锦鸠丸，倪惟贤认为斑鸠补肾所以能明目，我认为鸠鸟能益气所以能明目，不仅仅在于补肾而已。）性情笃孝，但拙于筑巢。其血，热饮可治疗蛊毒。
泻热通淋。
味甘性寒。能消除结聚之热。治疗消渴症。通淋祛风。以及大小肠涩滞。并四肢烦热、胸膈痰结。入药需用雄鸟。（其翅膀左边覆右边的是雄鸟，另外将羽毛烧成灰屑放入水中，漂浮在水面的是雄鸟。）以上属于林禽类。
猪肉，补益肌肉。
属水畜。味咸性寒。治疗肾气虚竭、狂病久治不愈。其味道隽永。食用后能润肠胃。生成精液。丰满肌体。润泽皮肤。其性质阴寒。阳事不举者勿食。能生湿痰。容易招致风热。伤风寒及疾病初起的人，尤其大忌。（其皮有毒，头肉毒性更大，伤风寒者忌食，是因为它能补肌固表，油腻粘腻，使外邪不能解散；病初愈者忌食，是因为肠胃久已枯槁，难以承受肥厚浓味的食物。按：猪肉生痰，只有风痰、湿痰、寒痰者忌食，如老人燥痰干咳，正宜用肥厚浓味来滋润，不可拘泥固执。）猪心血，用作补心药的向导。大概是取“以心归心”、“以血导血”的意思。猪肝，入肝经。诸血药用它作为向导。（肝主藏血，《延寿丹书》说：猪临死时惊气入心，断气时归肝，都不可多吃，士材说：猪肝大损人。雄猪肝同夜明砂制成丸药，治疗雀目，雀目就是夜间不能视物，由湿痰及肝火盛引起。自心血至膀胱，都用作各药的引经药。）猪肚，入胃经健脾。猪肺，补肺。治疗肺虚咳嗽。（咳血者，蘸薏仁末食用。）猪肾，味咸冷而通肾经。治疗腰痛耳聋。（古今补腰肾的药，用它很多。）猪大肠，入大肠经。治疗肠风血痔。猪胆汁，苦味入心。寒胜热。滑润燥。泻肝胆之火。明目疗疳积。醋调和灌入肛门，治疗大便不通。（张仲景治疗阳明证内部无热的情况，大便虽秘结也不攻下，所以用胆汁外导的方法，不想用苦寒药损伤胃腑。无己说：张仲景治疗厥逆无脉，用白通汤加猪胆汁，大概是阳气大虚，阴气内盛，纯用阳药，恐怕阴气格拒不能进入，所以加猪胆汁，苦味入心而通脉，寒性补肝而和阴，不至于格拒。庵曰：这也是热因寒用的道理。）猪脑，治疗头风。损害男子性功能。（猪脬，也写作胞。）治疗遗尿疝气。（《卫生宝鉴》说：一个妓女患转脬病，小便不通，腹胀如鼓，一位医生令用猪脬吹胀，装上翎管，插入尿道，捻动猪脬气吹入，即大量排尿而痊愈。）猪脂膏，润燥利肠。散风解毒。杀虫滑胎。（腊月炼制干净收藏使用。）脊髓，补虚劳引起的脊痛。益骨髓以除骨蒸。猪蹄，煮汤通乳汁。（加通草一两，效果佳。）洗溃烂疮疡。悬挂蹄甲，治疗寒热痰喘。痘疮入目。五痔肠痈。尾血，和龙脑香一起，治疗痘疮倒靥。（也有用心血的。自蹄至此，都用母猪的。）猪肉。反乌梅、桔梗、黄连。（李时珍说：方中有脏连丸、黄连猪肚丸，难道忌讳吃肉却不忌讳脏腑吗？被打伤青肿，炙烤猪肉敷贴。误吞铁钉，多吃猪脂，让肚子饱，自然裹出排出。）
It is the wild duck. It tonifies Qi.
Sweet and cool in nature. It tonifies the middle and benefits Qi. (Meng Shen said: From the ninth month until before the Start of Spring, if one eats normally, it is greatly beneficial to patients, surpassing domestic ducks; although cold in nature, it does not disturb Qi.) It soothes the Stomach and aids digestion. It treats edema and heat-toxic wind. It heals malignant sores and boils. (Meng Shen said: For various small hot sores on the body that have persisted for years without healing, consuming much of it will lead to recovery.) It kills all parasites within the Zang-Fu organs. Ri Hua Zi said: Do not consume it with walnuts, wood ear mushrooms, or fermented soybeans.
Pronounced "Pi Ti", commonly known as oil duck. It tonifies Qi.
Sweet and neutral in nature. It tonifies the middle and benefits Qi. Also known as Diao Duck. It resembles the wild duck but is smaller, with pale white feathers marked with patterns. It is fatty. It is caught in winter. Roasted with five flavors, it is very delicious.
Its fat applied to the ear treats deafness.
It tonifies Qi.
Salty and neutral in nature. It benefits the Spleen and tonifies Qi, treating emaciation due to deficiency. Also known as Egret. (Li Shizhen said: The egret is a water bird, dwelling in forests and feeding in water, flying in orderly flocks, pure white like snow, with a slender neck and green legs, having ten or more long thread-like hairs on its crown. Roasted, it is good to eat.) These belong to the category of waterfowl.
It tonifies Qi.
Sweet and neutral in nature, benefiting Qi. It assists Yin and Yang. It brightens the eyes and cures dysphagia. (Fan Wang's *Dongyang Fang* used Spotted Dove Pills for eye diseases; *Zonglu* used Brocade Dove Pills for eye diseases. Ni Weixian believed the spotted dove tonifies the Kidney, thus brightening the eyes. I believe the dove benefits Qi, thus brightening the eyes, not merely by tonifying the Kidney alone.) Its nature is dutiful and filial, yet clumsy at building nests. Its blood, taken warm, treats gu poisoning.
Drains Heat and promotes urination.
Sweet and cold in nature. It dissipates clustered Heat. It treats Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome). It promotes urination and dispels wind. It treats constipation of the Large and Small Intestines. It also treats irritability and heat in the four limbs, and phlegm accumulation in the chest and diaphragm. Only male birds are used medicinally. (The male has the left wing covering the right. Also, when burnt feathers are placed in water, those that float are from males.) These belong to the category of forest birds.
Pork meat tonifies flesh.
It belongs to water animals. Salty and cold in nature. It treats exhaustion of Kidney Qi and chronic mania that does not heal. Its taste is rich and lasting. Consuming it moistens the intestines and stomach. It generates essence and fluids. It plumps the body and nourishes the skin. Its nature is Yin and cold. Those with impotence should not eat it. It can generate damp-phlegm. It easily attracts wind-heat. It is especially contraindicated for those with wind-cold pathogen or at the onset of illness. (Its skin is toxic, and the head meat is even more so. Those with wind-cold avoid it because it tonifies muscle and consolidates the exterior, and its greasy nature traps pathogens, preventing their dissipation. Those recovering from illness avoid it because their intestines and stomach have been dry for a long time and cannot tolerate rich, heavy flavors. Note: Pork generates phlegm; only those with wind-phlegm, damp-phlegm, or cold-phlegm should avoid it. For example, elderly people with dry-phlegm and dry cough should indeed use rich, heavy foods to moisten; one should not be rigid.) Pig heart blood is used as a guiding herb for formulas that tonify the Heart. This takes the meaning of "using heart to return to heart" and "using blood to guide blood". Pig liver enters the Liver channel. It is used as a guide for blood-tonifying medicines. (The Liver stores blood. *Yanshou Dan Shu* states: When a pig is about to die, shock Qi enters the heart; when breath ceases, Qi returns to the liver. Both should not be eaten in excess. Shi Cai said: Pig liver greatly harms humans. Male pig liver combined with *Ye Ming Sha* (Cicada Slough) made into pills treats Que Mu (night blindness), which is inability to see at night, caused by damp-phlegm and excessive Liver Fire. From heart blood to bladder, all are used as guiding herbs for other medicines.) Pig stomach enters the Stomach channel to strengthen the Spleen. Pig lung tonifies the Lung. It treats cough due to Lung deficiency. (Those with hemoptysis should dip it in Coix Seed powder and eat.) Pig kidney is salty and cold, entering the Kidney channel. It treats lower back pain and deafness. (Many ancient and modern formulas for tonifying waist and kidneys use it.) Pig large intestine enters the Large Intestine channel. It treats intestinal wind and bloody hemorrhoids. Pig bile, bitter entering the Heart. Cold overcomes Heat. Slippery and moistening. It drains Fire from the Liver and Gallbladder. It brightens the eyes and treats malnutrition. Mixed with vinegar and instilled into the anus, it treats constipation. (Zhang Zhongjing treated Yangming syndrome where there was no internal Heat; even if stool was constipated, he did not purge, thus using the external guidance method of bile, wishing not to damage the Stomach Fu with bitter-cold herbs. Wu Ji said: Zhang Zhongjing treated Jue Ni with no pulse using Bai Tong Tang plus pig bile. This is likely because Yang Qi is severely deficient and Yin Qi prevails internally. Using only Yang herbs might cause Yin Qi to reject them, so pig bile is added. Bitter enters the Heart and unblocks vessels; cold tonifies the Liver and harmonizes Yin, preventing rejection. An said: This is also the principle of treating heat with cold.) Pig brain treats Tou Feng (head wind). It damages male sexual function. (Pig bladder, also written as Bao.) Treats enuresis and hernia. (*Weisheng Baojian* says: A courtesan suffered from Zhuan Pao disease, unable to urinate, abdomen distended like a drum. A doctor instructed using an inflated pig bladder, attaching a feather tube, inserting it into the urethra, and blowing air into the bladder by squeezing it. She then urinated profusely and recovered.) Pig lard moistens dryness and lubricates the intestines. Dispels wind and detoxifies. Kills parasites and induces abortion. (Refined cleanly in the twelfth lunar month for storage.) Pig spinal cord tonifies soreness of the spine due to deficiency consumption. It benefits bone marrow to eliminate steaming bone disorder. Pig trotters, boiled in soup, promote lactation. (Adding 1 liang of *Tong Cao* is excellent.) Washes ulcerated sores. Hanging hoof nails treat chills, fever, phlegm-wheezing. Measles invading the eyes. Five types of hemorrhoids and intestinal abscesses. Tail blood mixed with Borneol treats measles that fail to erupt. (Some also use heart blood. From trotters to here, sow's parts are used.) Pork. Incompatible with Smoked Plum, Platycodon Root, and Coptis Rhizome. (Li Shizhen said: Formulas include Zang Lian Wan and Huang Lian Zhu Du Wan. How can it forbid meat but not viscera? For contusions and bruising, roast pork and apply as a poultice. If iron nails are swallowed accidentally, eat much pig lard until full, and they will naturally be wrapped and expelled.)