泻热解毒。
辛苦而寒。治痈疽发背。疔疮瘰 。无名肿毒。叶似柳而细。夏开紫花、结角。生平地
者起
茎。生沟壑者起蔓。（乾坤秘药、治稻芒粘咽不得出、地丁草嚼咽下。）
泻热解毒。
苦下泄，咸软坚，寒胜热。入胃大肠。通肺小肠。散热解毒。通经下乳。排脓止血。生
肌杀
虫。治遗精尿血。痈疽发背。（古方以漏卢汤为首称。）出闽中。茎如油麻。枯黑如漆者真。
甘草拌蒸。连翘为使。
一名牛蒡子、一名鼠粘子。泻热解毒。
辛苦而寒。泻热散结除风。宣肺气。清咽喉。理痰嗽。治痘证。消斑疹。利二便。行十
二经
。散诸肿疮疡之毒。利腰膝凝滞之气。性冷而滑。惟血热便闭者宜之。否则禁用。痘证虚寒
泄泻者。切勿妄投。实如葡萄而褐色。酒拌蒸。待有霜。拭去用。根苦寒。竹刀刮净。绞汁
。蜜和服。治中风。汗出乃愈。捣和猪脂。贴疮肿及反花疮。（肉反出如花状。小儿咽肿
、牛蒡根捣汁、细咽之。）
泻、凉血破血。
甘苦凉。皆能破血退热。治吐衄肠痈。小蓟力微。能破瘀生新。不能如大蓟之消痈毒。
（丹
溪曰∶小蓟治下焦之结热血淋、本事方、一人冷气入阴囊、肿满疼痛、煎大蓟汁服、立瘥。
）两蓟相似。花如髻。大蓟茎高而叶皱。小蓟茎低而叶不皱。皆用根。（舌硬出血不止、或
九
窍出血、鲜蓟捣汁、酒服、干者为末、冷水服。）
泻除热邪，解除毒素。
（紫花地丁）味道辛苦且性寒。治疗痈疽、发背疮、疔疮、瘰疬以及无名肿毒。其叶片形状像柳叶但更细。夏季开紫色花朵，结角状果实。生长在平地上的植株茎干直立；生长在沟壑中的植株茎蔓匍匐。（《乾坤秘药》记载：治疗稻芒粘在咽喉无法取出的情况，将地丁草嚼碎咽下。）
泻除热邪，解除毒素。
苦味能向下泄降，咸味能软化坚硬之物，寒性能胜热邪。入胃经和大肠经。通达肺经和小肠经。疏散热邪，解除毒素。疏通经络，促进乳汁分泌。排出脓液，止血。生肌长肉，杀虫。治疗遗精、尿血、痈疽、发背。（古代方剂中以漏卢汤为首要提及。）产于福建地区。茎秆像油麻一样。枯黑如漆色的才是真品。用甘草拌蒸后使用。以连翘为引经药。
又名牛蒡子、鼠粘子。泻除热邪，解除毒素。
味道辛苦且性寒。泻除热邪，消散结聚，祛除风邪。宣通肺气。清利咽喉。调理痰嗽。治疗痘疹病症。消除斑疹。通利大小便。通行十二经脉。消散各种肿胀疮疡的毒气。通利腰膝部位凝滞的气机。性质寒冷而滑利。只有血热导致大便闭结者适宜使用。否则禁止使用。痘疹属虚寒泄泻者，切勿乱投此药。果实形状像葡萄且呈褐色。用酒拌蒸。待表面出现白霜时，擦去后使用。根部味苦性寒。用竹刀刮干净。绞取汁液。与蜂蜜调和服用。治疗中风，出汗后痊愈。捣碎后混合猪脂，贴敷于疮肿及反花疮处。（反花疮指肉质翻出如花状的疮口。小儿咽喉肿痛，将牛蒡根捣汁，细细咽下。）
泻下，凉血，破血。
味甘、苦，性凉。两者都能破血退热。治疗吐血、衄血、肠痈。小蓟的力量较弱，只能破除瘀血、生成新血，不能像大蓟那样消除痈毒。（朱丹溪说：小蓟治疗下焦结热血淋；《本事方》记载：一人冷气侵入阴囊，肿胀满痛，煎服大蓡汁，立刻痊愈。）两种植物相似。花朵像发髻。大蓟茎高且叶片皱缩，小蓟茎低且叶片不皱缩。都使用根部。（舌体僵硬出血不止，或九窍出血，将新鲜蓟草捣汁，用酒送服；干燥者研为粉末，冷水送服。）
Drains heat and resolves toxicity.
Pungent, bitter, and cold in nature. Treats carbuncles (deep-seated skin infections), back sores (erysipelas of the back), ding sores (hard, painful nodules), scrofula (tuberculous lymphadenitis), and unnamed swelling toxins. The leaves resemble willow leaves but are finer. It blooms purple flowers in summer and produces pod-like fruits. Plants growing in flat lands have erect stems; those growing in ditches have creeping stems. (*Qiankun Miyao* records: To treat rice awns stuck in the throat that cannot be removed, chew *Viola yedoensis* and swallow.)
Drains heat and resolves toxicity.
Bitterness drains downward, saltiness softens hardness, and coldness overcomes heat. Enters the Stomach and Large Intestine meridians. Unblocks the Lung and Small Intestine meridians. Disperses heat and resolves toxicity. Unblocks collaterals and promotes lactation. Expels pus and stops bleeding. Generates flesh and kills parasites. Treats spermatorrhea, hematuria, carbuncles, and back sores. (In ancient formulas, *Loulou Decoction* is cited as a primary example.) Originates from Fujian. The stems resemble sesame. Those that are withered, black, and lacquer-like are authentic. Processed by steaming with licorice root. Used with *Forsythiae Fructus* (Lianqiao) as an guiding herb.
Also known as *Arctii Fructus* (Niubangzi) or Mouse Burrs. Drains heat and resolves toxicity.
Pungent, bitter, and cold in nature. Drains heat, dissipates nodules, and expels wind. Diffuses Lung Qi. Clears the throat. Regulates phlegm-cough. Treats smallpox/rash conditions. Eliminates macules and papules. Promotes urination and defecation. Circulates through the twelve meridians. Dissipates the toxicity of various swellings and sores. Relieves stagnation of Qi in the waist and knees. Its nature is cold and slippery. It is suitable only for those with blood-heat causing constipation. Otherwise, it is contraindicated. For smallpox cases involving deficiency-cold diarrhea, do not administer recklessly. The fruit resembles grapes and is brownish. Processed by steaming with wine. When a white frost appears on the surface, wipe it off before use. The root is bitter and cold. Scrape clean with a bamboo knife. Extract juice. Mix with honey and take orally. Treats wind-stroke; recovery occurs when sweating ensues. Crush and mix with lard, then apply topically to sores and "flower-reversing" ulcers (ulcers where tissue protrudes like flower petals). For children's swollen throat, crush *Arctii Radix*, extract juice, and swallow slowly.
Drains, cools blood, and breaks blood stasis.
Sweet, bitter, and cool in nature. Both herbs can break blood stasis and reduce fever. Treats hematemesis, epistaxis, and appendicitis/intestinal abscess. *Cirsium japonicum* (Xiaoji) has weaker efficacy; it can break stasis and generate new blood but cannot eliminate toxin-induced sores like *Cirsium setosum* (Daji). (Zhu Danxi stated: *Xiaoji* treats lower-jiao constrained blood-heat and bloody strangury. *Bencao Fang* records: A patient suffered from cold qi invading the scrotum, causing fullness, swelling, and pain; drinking decocted *Daji* juice resulted in immediate recovery.) The two herbs are similar. Flowers resemble hair buns. *Daji* has tall stems and wrinkled leaves; *Xiaoji* has short stems and smooth leaves. Both utilize the roots. (For stiff tongue with unceasing bleeding, or bleeding from the nine orifices, crush fresh *Ji Cao*, extract juice, and take with wine; if dried, powder it and take with cold water.)