一名天鼠矢
泻，散血，明目
辛寒。肝经血分药。活血消积，治目盲障翳（加石决明猪肝煎，名决明夜灵散，治鸡盲
眼）疟 （音奇。小儿鬼）惊疳（蝙蝠及矢，并治惊、疳、疟、痫、厥阴之病），血气腹痛
（《经疏》曰∶辛能散内外滞气，寒能除血热气壅，明目之外，余皆可略。吴鹤皋曰∶古人
每用虻虫、水蛭治血积，以其善吮血耳。若天鼠矢，乃食蚊而化者也，当亦可以攻血积，《本
草》称其下死胎，则其能攻血块也何疑）。同鳖甲烧烟辟蚊。蝙蝠矢也，食蚊，砂皆蚊眼，
故治目疾。淘净焙用。恶白薇、白蔹。
脏腑引经
水畜，咸寒。
心血，用作补心药之向导，盖取以心归心、以血导血之意（《延寿丹书》曰∶猪临杀，
惊气入心，绝气入肝，皆不可多食）。
尾血，和龙脑（冰片），治痘疮倒 （能发之，时珍曰∶取其动而不息，亦有用心血者）。
肝，主藏血，补血药用之，入肝明目（雄者良。同夜明砂作丸，治雀目。雀目者，夜不
能睹，湿痰及肝火盛也）。
肺，补肺，治肺虚咳嗽（咳血者，蘸薏仁末食）。
肚，入胃健脾（仲景治消渴，有黄连猪肚丸。用雄猪肚一枚，入黄连末五两，栝蒌根、
白粱米各四两，知母三两，麦冬二两，缝定蒸熟，丸如梧子大，每服三十丸，米饮下。《直
指方》∶治小儿疳热，黄连五两，入猪肝蒸烂，饭丸，米饮下，仍服调血清心药佐之。且曰
∶小儿之病，非疳即热，常须识此）。
肾，咸冷而通肾。治腰痛耳聋（日华曰∶补水脏，暖腰膝。又曰∶久食令人少子。孟诜
曰∶久食令人肾虚。李时珍韪之，谓其咸冷能泻肾气也。昂按∶枸杞、玄参、知母、黄柏，
性皆寒而能补肾。猪肾乃肉食，何独泻肾若斯之酷也？古今补腰肾药，用猪肾者颇多，未见
作害。大抵诸家食忌，不可尽信。《琐碎录》∶猪肾一对，童便二分，酒一分，瓦罐煨，五
更食之，治劳瘵，一月愈。《经验后方》∶猪肾、枸杞叶、豉汁，入葱、椒、盐作羹，治阴
痿羸瘦）。
肠，入大肠，治肠风血痢（《奇效方》∶治脏毒，有脏连丸）。
胆汁，苦入心、寒胜热、滑润燥。泻肝胆之疳，沐发光泽。醋和，灌谷道，治大便不通
（仲景治阳明证内无热者，便虽秘，勿攻。故用胆汁外导之法，不欲以苦寒伤胃腑也。成无
已曰∶仲景治厥逆无脉，用白通汤加猪胆汁。盖阳气大虚，阴气内胜，纯与阳药，恐阴气格
拒不得入。故加猪胆汁，苦入心而通脉，寒补肝而和阴，不致格拒也。昂按∶此即热因寒用
之义）。浴初生小儿，永无疮疥。
猪脬（亦作胞），治遗溺疝气，用作引经。
猪脂，甘寒。凉血润燥，行水散风，解毒（《千金方》∶凡中恶及牛肉毒、百兽肝毒，
服猪脂一斤，佳）杀虫（故疮药多用之），利肠（能通大便，退诸黄）滑产。煎膏药，主诸
疮（腊
月者佳。古方用之最多，治咳嗽亦用之）。
猪蹄，煮汤，通乳汁（加通草二两，佳），洗败疮。
悬蹄甲，治寒热痰喘，痘疮入目，五痔肠痈（古人有用左甲者，有用后甲者）。
猪肉反黄连、乌梅、桔梗，犯之泻痢（时珍曰∶方有脏连丸、黄连猪肚丸，岂忌肉而不
忌脏腑乎？昂按∶《别录》云，猪肉闭血脉，弱筋骨，虚人肌，不可久食。陶弘景曰∶猪为
用最多，唯肉不可食。孙思邈曰∶久食令人少子，发宿病、筋骨碎痛之气。孟诜曰∶久食杀
药、动风、发疾。韩 曰∶凡肉皆补，惟猪肉无补。李时珍曰∶南猪味浓汁浓，其毒尤甚，
若将为大禁者然。然今人终日食肉，内滋外腴，子孙蕃衍，未见为害若斯之甚也。又云∶合
黄豆、荞麦、葵菜、生姜、胡荽、吴茱、牛肉、羊肝、龟、鳖、鲫鱼、鸡子食之，皆有忌。
然肴馔中合食者多，未见丝毫作害也。大抵肉能补肉，其味隽永，食之润肠胃，生精液，
丰肌体，泽皮肤，固其所也。惟多食，则助热生痰、动风作湿，伤风寒及病初愈人为大忌耳。
先王教民，畜牧养彘为先，岂故为是以厉民欤？明太祖释家字之义，亦曰无豕不成家。诸家
之说，稽之于古则无征，试之于人则不验，徒令食忌不足取信于后世而已。伤寒忌之者，以
其补肌固表，油腻缠粘，风邪不能解散也。病初愈忌之者，以肠胃久枯，难受肥浓浓味也。
又按∶猪肉生痰，惟风痰、湿痰、寒痰忌之。如老人燥痰干咳，更须肥浓以滋润之，不
可执泥于猪肉生痰之说也）。
夜明砂，又名天鼠矢。具有泻热、散血、明目的功效。其性味辛寒，归属于肝经血分药物。能够活血消积，治疗目盲障翳（若加入石决明和猪肝煎煮，名为决明夜灵散，用于治疗鸡盲眼）。治疗疟疾（音奇，指小儿鬼疰）、惊风、疳积（蝙蝠及其粪便，均可治疗惊风、疳积、疟疾、痫证及厥阴经病症），以及血气腹痛（《本草经疏》记载：辛味能疏散内外滞气，寒性能清除血热气壅，除明目外，其余功效皆可略过。吴鹤皋说：古人常用虻虫、水蛭治疗血积，因为它们善于吮吸血瘀。而天鼠矢是食用蚊子后形成的，应当也能攻逐血积，《本草》称其能下死胎，那么它攻逐血块的效力有何可疑呢？）。与鳖甲同烧成烟可驱避蚊虫。它是蝙蝠的粪便，因蝙蝠食蚊，粪便中皆含蚊眼，故能治疗眼疾。使用时需淘洗干净并焙干。忌与白薇、白蔹同用。
脏腑引经（猪肉各部位的功效）：
猪肉属水畜，性味咸寒。
猪心血，用作补心药的向导，这是取“以心归心、以血导血”之意（《延寿丹书》记载：猪临死时，惊气入心，绝命之气入肝，因此不可多食）。
猪尾血，与龙脑（冰片）配合，治疗痘疮倒陷（痘疮能透发，李时珍说：取其动而不止的特性，也有使用猪心血的）。
猪肝，主藏血，补血药中使用它，可入肝明目（雄猪较好。与夜明砂制成丸剂，治疗雀目。雀目即夜间不能视物，由湿痰及肝火旺盛引起）。
猪肺，补肺，治疗肺虚咳嗽（咳血者，可将猪肺蘸薏仁末食用）。
猪肚，入胃健脾（张仲景治疗消渴症，有黄连猪肚丸。用一枚雄猪肚，放入五两黄连末，栝蒌根、白粱米各四两，知母三两，麦冬二两，缝合后蒸熟，制成梧桐子大小的丸剂，每次服用三十丸，米汤送服。《直指方》记载：治疗小儿疳热，用五两黄连，放入猪肝蒸烂，制成饭丸，米汤送服，同时服用调血清心药辅助。并且说：小儿的疾病，非疳即热，必须认识到这一点）。
猪肾，性咸冷，通补肾经。治疗腰痛耳聋（日华子说：补水脏，暖腰膝。又说：久食使人少子嗣。孟诜说：久食令人肾虚。李时珍赞同此观点，认为其咸冷之性能泻肾气。汪昂按语：枸杞、玄参、知母、黄柏，性质皆寒却能补肾。猪肾乃是肉食，为何唯独如此猛烈地泻肾呢？古今补腰肾的药方中，使用猪肾的很多，未见造成伤害。大抵各家关于饮食禁忌的说法，不可全信。《琐碎录》记载：一对猪肾，二分童便，一分酒，在瓦罐中煨熟，五更时分食用，治疗劳瘵，一个月痊愈。《经验后方》记载：猪肾、枸杞叶、豉汁，加入葱、椒、盐做成羹，治疗阳痿羸瘦）。
猪大肠，入大肠，治疗肠风血痢（《奇效方》记载：治疗脏毒，有脏连丸）。
猪胆汁，苦味入心，寒性胜热，滑润燥结。泻肝胆之疳积，洗头可使头发光泽。醋调和后灌入肛门，治疗大便不通（张仲景治疗阳明证内部无热者，即使便秘也不攻下。所以采用胆汁外导的方法，是不想用苦寒之药损伤胃腑。成无己说：张仲景治疗厥逆无脉，用白通汤加猪胆汁。这是因为阳气大虚，阴气内盛，纯用阳药，恐怕阴气格拒导致药力无法进入。所以加入猪胆汁，苦味入心而通脉，寒性补肝而和阴，不至于产生格拒。汪昂按语：这就是“热因寒用”的道理）。洗浴初生婴儿，可永远不生疮疥。
猪膀胱（亦作胞），治疗遗尿疝气，用作引经药。
猪脂，性味甘寒。凉血润燥，行水散风，解毒（《千金方》记载：凡是中恶及牛肉毒、百兽肝毒，服用一斤猪脂，效果佳）。杀虫（所以疮疡药多用它），利肠（能通大便，退黄疸），滑产。煎制膏药，主治各种疮疡（腊月制作的为佳。古方中使用最多，治疗咳嗽也使用它）。
猪蹄，煮汤，通乳汁（加入二两通草，效果更佳），清洗溃败的疮口。
悬蹄甲，治疗寒热痰喘，痘疮入目，五种痔疮及肠痈（古人有用左边的蹄甲的，也有用后腿蹄甲的）。
猪肉反畏黄连、乌梅、桔梗，若同食会导致泻痢（李时珍说：既然有脏连丸、黄连猪肚丸等方剂，难道是忌讳猪肉却不忌讳脏腑吗？汪昂按语：《名医别录》说，猪肉闭塞血脉，削弱筋骨，使虚弱之人肌肉松弛，不可久食。陶弘景说：猪的用途最多，唯独猪肉不可吃。孙思邈说：久食使人少子嗣，引发宿病、筋骨碎痛之气。孟诜说：久食杀药性，动风，引发疾病。韩的说：凡肉皆有补益，唯独猪肉无补益。李时珍说：南方猪味道浓、汁液浓，毒性尤其严重，几乎要成为大禁之物。然而如今人们终日吃肉，体内滋养、外表丰腴，子孙繁衍，未见造成如此严重的危害。又说：猪肉与黄豆、荞麦、葵菜、生姜、胡荽、吴茱萸、牛肉、羊肝、龟、鳖、鲫鱼、鸡蛋同食，都有禁忌。然而菜肴中合食的情况很多，未见丝毫伤害。大抵肉类能补益人体，味道鲜美，食用它能滋润肠胃，生成精液，丰满肌体，润泽皮肤，这是理所当然的。只是多食，则会助热生痰、动风生湿，对于伤风寒及病初愈的人是最大的禁忌。先王教导百姓，以畜牧养猪为先，难道故意这样做来虐待百姓吗？明太祖解释“家”字的含义，也说“无豕不成家”。诸家的说法，考证于古代没有依据，试验于人类没有验证，只会让饮食禁忌在后世不足为信。伤寒病患者忌食猪肉，是因为它能补肌固表，油腻粘滞，使风邪不能解散。病初愈者忌食，是因为肠胃长期枯槁，难以承受肥厚浓味的食物。又按：猪肉生痰，只有风痰、湿痰、寒痰患者忌食。如老人燥痰干咳，更需要肥厚浓味来滋润，不可固执于猪肉生痰的说法）。
Yeming Sha (Bat Guano), also known as Tianshi Shi. It has the effects of purging heat, dissipating blood stasis, and improving vision. Its nature is pungent and cold, and it belongs to the Blood aspect of the Liver Meridian. It can invigorate blood and resolve accumulations, treating blindness and corneal opacities (when decocted with Shijueming [Haliotidis Concha] and Zhu Gan [Sus Scrofae Hepat], it is named Jueming Yeling San, used for night blindness). It treats malaria (Ji, referring to pediatric ghost disease), convulsions, infantile malnutrition (both bats and their feces treat convulsions, malnutrition, malaria, epilepsy, and diseases of the Jueyin Meridian), and abdominal pain due to Qi and Blood stagnation (Jingshu states: Pungency can disperse internal and external stagnant Qi, coldness can eliminate Heat and Qi/Blood congestion; aside from improving vision, other effects may be overlooked. Wu Hegao said: Ancients often used Mengchong [Asidi Herba] and Shuizhi [Hirudo] to treat blood accumulations because they are adept at sucking blood. Since Yeming Sha is formed after eating mosquitoes, it should also be able to attack blood accumulations. Bencao states it can expel dead fetuses, so there is no doubt about its ability to break blood masses). When burned together with Biejia [Trionycis Carapax] to create smoke, it repels mosquitoes. It is the feces of bats; since bats eat mosquitoes, the feces contain mosquito eyes, thus it treats eye diseases. It must be washed clean and roasted before use. It is incompatible with Baiwei [Cynanchi Atrati Radix] and Bailian [Pleurospermii Radix].
Meridian-Guiding Properties of Pig Organs:
Pork comes from a water animal, with a salty and cold nature.
Zhu Xin Xue (Porcine Heart Blood) serves as a guide for heart-nourishing herbs, taking the meaning of "using the heart to return to the heart, using blood to guide blood" (Yanshou Danshu states: When a pig is about to be slaughtered, fear enters the heart, and dying energy enters the liver; therefore, it should not be consumed in excess).
Zhu Wei Xue (Porcine Tail Blood), combined with Longnao [Borneolum Syntheticum], treats inverted smallpox lesions (promoting eruption; Lizhen stated: utilizing its dynamic, unceasing nature; some also use porcine heart blood).
Zhu Gan (Porcine Liver) governs storing blood; it is used in blood-nourishing formulas to enter the Liver and improve vision (male pigs are superior. Made into pills with Yeming Sha, it treats astigmatism/night blindness. Astigmatism refers to inability to see at night, caused by damp-phlegm and excessive Liver Fire).
Zhu Fei (Porcine Lung) tonifies the Lung and treats cough due to Lung deficiency (for hemoptysis, dip the lung in Coicis Semen powder and consume).
Zhu Du (Porcine Abomasum) enters the Stomach to strengthen Spleen and Stomach function (Zhang Zhongjing treated Xiao Ke [Wasting-Thirst] with Huanglian Zhu Du Wan. Use one male porcine abomasum, add five liang of Huanglian [Coptidis Rhizoma] powder, four liang each of Gualougen [Trichosanthis Radix] and Bailiangmi [Oryza Sativa], three liang of Zhimu [Anemarrhenae Rhizoma], and two liang of Maidong [Ophiopogonis Radix], sew shut, steam until cooked, and form pills the size of wutong seeds. Take thirty pills per dose with rice water. Zhizhi Fang states: To treat pediatric Gan Re [malnutrition-heat], use five liang of Huanglian, steam it with porcine liver until soft, form rice pills, take with rice water, and assist with formulas that regulate blood and clear the heart. It also states: Pediatric diseases are either Gan or Re [heat]; one must recognize this).
Zhu Shen (Porcine Kidney) is salty and cold, connecting to the Kidney Meridian. It treats lower back pain and deafness (Rihua stated: It nourishes the Water organ and warms the waist and knees. Also stated: Long-term consumption reduces fertility. Meng Shen stated: Long-term consumption causes Kidney deficiency. Li Shizhen agreed, stating its salty-cold nature drains Kidney Qi. Wang Ang notes: Gouqi [Lycii Fructus], Xuanshen [Scrophulariae Radix], Zhimu, and Huangbai [Phellodendri Cortex] are all cold in nature yet tonify the Kidney. Porcine kidney is meat; why does it drain the Kidney so severely? Many ancient and modern formulas for tonifying the waist and kidneys use porcine kidney without reported harm. Generally, dietary prohibitions cited by various authors cannot be fully trusted. Suosui Lu states: One pair of porcine kidneys, two parts child's urine, one part wine, simmered in a clay pot, eaten at dawn, treats Lao Zhai [consumption/tuberculosis], cured in one month. Jingyan Houfang states: Porcine kidney, Gouqiye [Lycii Folium], and Chi Jiang [Fermented Soybean Juice], mixed with scallion, pepper, and salt to make a soup, treats impotence and emaciation).
Zhu Chang (Porcine Intestine) enters the Large Intestine and treats Chang Feng Xue Li [blood in stool due to wind-damp]. (Qixiao Fang states: For Zang Du [intestinal abscess/toxicity], there is Zanglian Wan).
Zhu Danzhi (Porcine Bile) is bitter entering the Heart, cold overcoming Heat, and slippery moistening dryness. It purges Gan-Dan [Liver-Gallbladder] malnutrition and promotes hair luster when used for washing. Mixed with vinegar and enema-administered, it treats constipation (Zhang Zhongjing treated Yangming syndrome where there was no internal heat; even if constipated, he did not purge. Thus, he used external bile guidance to avoid damaging the Stomach Fu with bitter-cold herbs. Cheng Wuji stated: Zhang Zhongjing treated Jue Ni [cold extremities] with no pulse using Baitong Tang added with porcine bile. This is because Yang Qi is severely deficient and Yin Qi dominates internally. Pure Yang herbs might be rejected by Yin Qi. Thus, porcine bile is added; bitterness enters the Heart to open vessels, coldness tonifies the Liver to harmonize Yin, preventing rejection. Wang Ang notes: This is the principle of "treating heat with cold"). Bathing newborn infants in it prevents sores and scabies forever.
Zhu Pao (Porcine Bladder, also written as Bao) treats enuresis and hernia, serving as a guiding herb.
Zhu Zhi (Porcine Fat) is sweet and cold. It cools blood, moistens dryness, moves water, disperses wind, and resolves toxicity (Qianjin Fang states: For any evil invasion or beef/animal liver poisoning, consuming one jin of porcine fat is excellent). It kills parasites (thus widely used in topical ulcer formulas), benefits the intestines (unblocks bowels, resolves jaundice), and facilitates childbirth. When fried into ointments, it treats various sores (best made in the twelfth lunar month. Used most frequently in ancient formulas; also used for cough).
Zhu Ti (Porcine Trotters) boiled in soup promotes lactation (adding Tongcao [Tetrapanacis Medulla], two liang, is better); washes decaying ulcers.
Xuan Ti Jia (Suspended Hoof Nail) treats chills, fever, phlegm-wheezing, smallpox affecting the eyes, five types of hemorrhoids, and intestinal abscesses (Ancients sometimes used left hoof nails, sometimes rear hoof nails).
Pork is antagonistic to Huanglian [Coptidis Rhizoma], Wumei [Mume Fructus], and Jiegeng [Platycodonis Radix]; consuming them together causes diarrhea and dysentery (Lizhen stated: If there are formulas like Zanglian Wan and Huanglian Zhu Du Wan, do we forbid pork but not organs? Wang Ang notes: Bie Lu states: Pork closes blood vessels, weakens sinews and bones, and makes muscles flabby in weak persons; it should not be eaten long-term. Tao Hongjing stated: Pigs have many uses, but only the meat should not be eaten. Sun Simiao stated: Long-term consumption reduces fertility, triggers chronic diseases, and causes bone/joint pain. Meng Shen stated: Long-term consumption neutralizes medicinal efficacy, generates wind, and triggers illness. Han Hao stated: All meats are tonifying, except pork which is not. Li Shizhen stated: Southern pigs have strong flavor and juice, making their toxicity particularly severe, almost warranting a total ban. However, people today eat meat daily, becoming internally nourished and externally plump, with flourishing offspring, showing no such severe harm. He also stated: Pork should not be eaten with soybeans, buckwheat, sunflower greens, ginger, coriander, Evodia, beef, sheep liver, turtle, soft-shell turtle, crucian carp, or eggs. Yet, these combinations are common in cuisine without apparent harm. Generally, meat tonifies the body, tastes savory, moistens intestines/stomach, generates essence, plumps the body, and beautifies skin; this is natural. However, excessive consumption aids Heat, generates phlegm, moves wind, creates dampness, and is strictly forbidden for those with Wind-Cold or recovering from illness. The Ancient Kings taught people to prioritize pig farming; did they intend to harm the people? Emperor Taizu of Ming explained the character "Jia" [Home] as "without a pig, there is no home." Various theories lack ancient evidence and fail human testing, rendering dietary prohibitions unreliable for posterity. Those with Shang Han [Cold Damage] avoid it because it tonifies muscle and secures the exterior; its grease traps wind-pathogens. Those recovering from illness avoid it because their intestines/stomach are withered and cannot handle rich, fatty foods. Further note: Pork generates phlegm; only patients with Wind-Phlegm, Damp-Phlegm, or Cold-Phlegm should avoid it. For elderly patients with Dry-Phlegm and dry cough, rich/fatty food is needed for moistening; one should not rigidly adhere to the saying that pork generates phlegm).