通、行血，消水
苦泄热，甘和血，辛散郁，香舒脾。入足太阴、厥阴（脾、肝）。通九窍，利关节，养
血气，长肌肉，破宿血，调月经，消症瘕，散水肿（防己为使）。
治产后血沥腰痛（瘀行未尽），吐血鼻血，目痛头风，痈毒扑损。补而不滞，行而不峻，
为女科要药（古方泽兰丸甚多）。
时珍曰∶兰草、泽兰，一类二种，俱生下湿。紫茎素枝，赤节绿叶，叶对节生，有细齿
。但以茎圆节长、叶光有歧者为兰草；茎微方节短、叶有毛者为泽兰。嫩时并可 （音那）
而佩之，《楚辞》所谓纫秋兰以为佩是也（朱文公《离骚辨证》云∶必花叶俱香，燥湿不变，
方可刈佩。今之兰蕙，花虽香而叶无气，质弱易萎，不可刈佩），吴人呼为香草，俗名孩儿
菊（夏日采，置发中，则发不 ，浸油涂发，去垢香泽，故名泽兰）。兰草走气分，故能利
水道，除痰癖，杀蛊辟恶，而为消渴良药（经曰∶数食肥甘，传为消渴，治之以兰，除陈气
也）。泽兰走血分，故能消水肿，涂痈毒，破瘀除症，而为妇人要药。以为今之山兰者误矣。
防己为使（寇宗 、朱丹溪并以兰草为山兰之叶，李时珍考众说以讥之。按别本云∶兰叶甘
寒，清肺开胃，消痰利水，解郁调经，闽产者力胜。闽产为胜，则是建兰矣。李士材云∶兰
叶禀金水之气，故入肺脏，东垣方中尝用之。《内经》所谓治之以兰除陈气者是也，余屡验
之。李时珍又谓东垣所用乃兰草也。其集诸家之言曰∶陈遁斋《闲览》云楚骚之兰，或以为
都梁香，或以为泽兰，或以为猗兰，当以泽兰为正，今之所种如麦门冬者名幽兰，非真兰也，
故陈止斋着盗兰说以讥之。既名幽兰，正合骚经矣。方虚谷《订兰说》言古之兰草即今之千
金草，俗名孩儿菊者；今之所谓兰，其叶如茅者，根名土续断，因花馥郁，故得兰名。杨升
庵曰∶世以如蒲萱者为兰，九畹之受诬也久矣。又吴草庐《有兰说》曰∶兰为医经上品，有
根有茎，草之植者也。今所谓兰无枝无茎，因黄山谷称之，世遂谬指为离骚之兰。寇氏本草
溺于流俗，反疑归说为非。夫医经为实用岂可诬哉？今之兰果可以利水杀虫而除痰癖乎？其
种盛于闽，朱子闽人，岂不识其土产而辨析若此。世俗至今，犹以非兰为兰，何其惑之甚也。
昂按∶朱子辨兰，援《离骚》纫 以为证，窃谓纫 亦骚人风致之词耳。如所云饮木兰之坠
露，餐秋菊之落英，岂真露可饮而英可餐乎？又云制芰荷以为衣，集芙蓉以为裳，岂真芰荷
可衣芙蓉可裳乎？宋儒释经执泥，恐未可为定论也。第骚经既言秋兰，则非春兰明矣。本经
既言泽兰，则非山兰明矣。是《离骚》之秋兰，当属本经之泽兰无疑也。然《离骚》不尝曰
春兰兮秋菊乎？不又曰结幽兰而延伫乎？不又曰疏石兰以为芳乎？若秋兰既属之泽兰，将所
谓春兰幽兰石兰者，又不得为山兰，当是何等之兰乎？且山兰为花中最上之品，古今评者，
列之梅、菊之前今反屈，于孩儿菊之下，以为盗袭其名，世间至贱之草皆收入本草，独山兰
清芬佳品，摈弃不录，何其不幸若斯之甚也！本草杀虫之药良多，皆未必有验，至于行水消
痰，固山兰之叶力所优为者也。盖李时珍、陈、方、吴、杨辈，皆泥定陈藏器以泽兰、兰草
为一类二种，遂并骚经而疑之。崇泽兰而黜山兰，遂令兰草无复有用之者。不思若以为一类，
则《本经》兰草一条，已属重出，何以《本经》兰草反列之上品，而泽兰止为中品乎？况一
入气分，一入血分，迥然不同也。又骚经言兰者凡五，除木兰人所共识，其余春兰、秋兰、
幽兰、石兰若皆以为孩儿菊，是不特一类二种，且四种一类矣。而以为九畹之受诬，岂理也
哉？盖《本经》言泽兰，所以别乎山也；言兰草，明用叶而不用其花也；骚经言秋兰，所以
别乎春也；言石兰，所以别乎泽也。愚谓秋兰当属泽兰，而春兰、石兰定是山兰。其曰幽兰，
则山兰之别名，以其生于深山穷谷故也。寇氏、朱氏之论，又安可全非也，姑附愚说，以咨
多识之士）。
【性味归经与机理】苦味能泄热，甘味能和血，辛味能散郁，香气能舒展脾气。入足太阴脾经、足厥阴肝经（脾、肝）。通利九窍，滑利关节，滋养气血，促进肌肉生长，破除陈旧瘀血，调理月经，消除症瘕积聚（以防己为引经药），消散水肿。
【主治与应用】治疗产后恶露不尽引起的腰痛（瘀血未尽）、吐血、鼻出血、目痛、头风病、痈疽毒疮及跌打损伤。其特点是补益而不滞涩，行血而不猛烈，是妇科的重要药物（古代方剂中泽兰丸非常多）。
【李时珍论述】李时珍说：兰草和泽兰，是同一种类下的两个品种，都生长在低湿之地。它们都有紫色的茎、白色的枝条、红色的节、绿色的叶子，叶片对生于节上，边缘有细锯齿。只是通过茎圆节长、叶面光滑且有分叉的来区分兰草；通过茎微方节短、叶面有毛的来区分泽兰。嫩的时候都可以采摘佩戴，《楚辞》所说的“纫秋兰以为佩”就是指的这个（朱熹在《离骚辨证》中说：必须花叶都香，无论干燥湿润都不改变气味，才可以采摘佩戴。现在的兰蕙，花虽然香但叶无气味，质地柔弱容易枯萎，不可采摘佩戴），吴地人称之为香草，俗名叫孩儿菊（夏天采集，放在头发中，头发就不会油腻，浸泡在油中涂抹头发，可以去垢增香，所以叫泽兰）。兰草走气分，所以能利水道，去除痰癖，杀灭蛊毒，辟除邪气，是治疗消渴病的良药（医经说：经常食用肥甘厚味，会转化为消渴病，用兰草治疗，是为了去除体内的陈腐之气）。泽兰走血分，所以能消除水肿，涂抹治疗痈毒，破除瘀血消除症积，是妇女疾病的重要药物。认为现在所谓的山兰是错误的。防己作为引经药（寇宗奭、朱丹溪都把兰草当作山兰的叶子，李时珍考证各种说法来批评他们。按另一种版本说：兰叶味甘性寒，清肺开胃，消痰利水，解郁调经，福建产的效果更好。福建产的为好，那就是建兰了。李士材说：兰叶禀受金水之气，所以入肺脏，东垣的方子中曾经使用过它。《内经》所说的用兰草治疗是为了去除陈腐之气，我多次验证过。李时珍又说东垣所用的是兰草。他汇集各家之言说：陈遁斋《闲览》说楚辞中的兰，有人认为是都梁香，有人认为是泽兰，有人认为是猗兰，应当以泽兰为正统，现在所种植的像麦冬那样的叫幽兰，不是真正的兰，所以陈止斋写盗兰说来讥讽它。既然叫幽兰，正符合骚经的意思。方虚谷《订兰说》说古代的兰草就是现在的千金草，俗名孩儿菊的；现在所谓的兰，叶子像茅草的，根叫土续断，因为花很香，所以得兰的名字。杨升庵说：世人把像蒲草萱草那样的当作兰，九畹之兰被诬蔑已经很久了。又吴草庐《有兰说》说：兰是医经中的上品，有根有茎，是草本植物。现在所谓的兰没有枝没有茎，因为黄山谷称赞过它，世人就错误地指为离骚中的兰。寇氏的本草溺于流俗，反而怀疑归说的观点不对。医经为了实用，怎么可以诬蔑呢？现在的兰果真的可以利水杀虫而去除痰癖吗？它的种植在福建很盛行，朱子是福建人，难道不认识他的土产却辨析成这样。世俗到现在，还把不是兰的当作兰，多么糊涂啊。汪昂按语：朱子辨析兰，引用《离骚》中“纫”作为证据，我认为“纫”也是骚人风致的词语罢了。如所说的喝木兰坠落的露水，吃秋菊落下的花瓣，难道真的是露水可喝、花瓣可吃吗？又说制作菱荷做衣服，收集芙蓉做下裳，难道真的是菱荷可做衣、芙蓉可做裳吗？宋儒解释经典拘泥固执，恐怕不能定为定论。只是骚经既然说秋兰，那么就不是春兰很明显了。本经既然说泽兰，那么就不是山兰很明显了。因此《离骚》中的秋兰，当属本经的泽兰无疑。然而《离骚》不也曾说“春兰兮秋菊”吗？不也说“结幽兰而延伫”吗？不也说“疏石兰以为芳”吗？如果秋兰属于泽兰，那么所谓的春兰、幽兰、石兰，又不能成为山兰，那又是什么兰呢？况且山兰是花中最上等的品种，古今评论者，把它列在梅、菊之前，现在反而屈居在孩儿菊之下，被认为盗窃其名，世间最贱的草都收入本草，唯独山兰这种清芬佳品，被摒弃不录，是多么不幸啊！本草中杀虫的药很多，都未必有效，至于行水利痰，确实是山兰的叶子力量所能胜任的。大概李时珍、陈、方、吴、杨这些人，都拘泥于陈藏器认为泽兰、兰草是一类两种，于是连骚经也怀疑了。推崇泽兰而贬低山兰，于是让兰草再也没有人使用了。不考虑如果认为是一类，那么《本经》兰草一条，已经是重复，为什么《本经》兰草反而列为上品，而泽兰只列为中品呢？何况一个入气分，一个入血分，截然不同啊。另外骚经提到兰的有五种，除了木兰大家共识，其余春兰、秋兰、幽兰、石兰如果都认为是孩儿菊，这不仅是一类两种，而且是四种一类了。而认为九畹之兰被诬蔑，这合乎道理吗？大概《本经》说泽兰，是用来区别于山兰的；说兰草，是明确用叶而不用花；骚经说秋兰，是用来区别于春的；说石兰，是用来区别于泽的。我认为秋兰当属泽兰，而春兰、石兰一定是山兰。所谓幽兰，则是山兰的别名，因为它生长在深山穷谷的缘故。寇氏、朱氏的观点，又怎么可以完全否定呢？暂且附上我的说法，以供博识之士咨询）。
[Actions] Promotes blood circulation, resolves edema.
[Properties, Flavors, Meridian Tropism & Mechanisms] Bitter flavor drains heat; sweet flavor harmonizes blood; pungent flavor disperses stagnation; fragrance soothes the Spleen Qi. Enters the Foot-Taiyin Splein Meridian and Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian (Spleen, Liver). Opens the nine orifices, benefits the joints, nourishes Qi and Blood, promotes muscle growth, breaks up old blood stasis, regulates menstruation, dissipates masses and accumulations (using *Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix* [Fangji] as a guiding herb), and reduces edema.
[Indications & Applications] Treats lower back pain after childbirth due to incomplete lochia discharge (residual blood stasis), hematemesis, epistaxis, eye pain, wind-headache, carbuncles, sores, and traumatic injuries. Its characteristics are tonifying without causing stagnation, and moving blood without being harsh. It is an essential herb for gynecology (many ancient formulas contain *Eupatorii Herba* [Zelan]).
[Li Shizhen's Discussion] Li Shizhen stated: *Lancao* (Orchid Herb) and *Zelan* (Eupatorium Herb) are two varieties of the same genus, both growing in damp, low-lying areas. They share purple stems, white branches, red nodes, and green leaves, with opposite leaf arrangement at the nodes and serrated margins. They are distinguished by: *Lancao* having round stems, long nodes, smooth leaves with forks; whereas *Zelan* has slightly square stems, short nodes, and hairy leaves. When tender, both can be picked and worn as ornaments, as referred to in the *Chu Ci* ("threading autumn orchids to wear") (Zhuxi, in his *Li Sao Bianzheng*, noted that only those with fragrant flowers and leaves that retain scent regardless of dryness or moisture should be worn. Modern orchids, though fragrant in flowers, lack scent in leaves, are weak, and wither easily, making them unsuitable for wearing). The people of Wu call it "fragrant grass," commonly known as "Child Chrysanthemum" (picked in summer, placed in hair to prevent greasiness; soaked in oil for hair application to remove dirt and add fragrance, hence the name *Zelan*). *Lancao* enters the Qi level, thus benefiting water passages, resolving phlegm retention, killing parasites, dispelling evil qi, and serving as a good remedy for Xiao Ke (Wasting-Thirst syndrome) (Medical classics state: frequent consumption of rich and sweet foods transforms into Xiao Ke; treating it with Orchid removes stale Qi). *Zelan* enters the Blood level, thus resolving edema, applying topically for carbuncles, breaking blood stasis and dissipating masses, and serving as a key herb for women's diseases. Identifying current "Shanlan" (Mountain Orchid) as the correct herb is erroneous. Using *Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix* [Fangji] as a guide (Kou Zongshi and Zhu Danxi identified Lancao as the leaf of Shanlan; Li Shizhen critiqued this based on various sources. Another version states: Orchid leaf is sweet and cold, clears the Lung, opens the stomach, resolves phlegm, benefits water passages, relieves depression, and regulates menstruation; Fujian-produced ones are more potent. If Fujian-produced is superior, it refers to Jianlan. Li Shicai said: Orchid leaf inherits Metal and Water Qi, entering the Lung organ; used in Dongyuan's formulas. This aligns with the *Neijing* statement about using Orchid to remove stale Qi, which I have verified repeatedly. Li Shizhen further claimed Dongyuan used Lancao. He compiled various views: Chen Dunzhai's *Xianlan* suggested the Orchid in Chu Ci might be Duliang Xiang, Zelan, or Yilan, but Zelan is正统 (orthodox). Current cultivation resembling Ophiopogon japonicus is Youlan, not true Orchid, leading Chen Zhizhai to write a critique on "stealing the name." Since named Youlan, it fits the *Sao Jing*. Fang Xugu's *Dinglan Shuo* argued ancient Lancao is modern Qianjincao (Child Chrysanthemum); current "Orchid" with grass-like leaves has roots called Tuxuduan, named for its fragrance. Yang Shengan noted that identifying reed-like plants as Orchid has long slandered the Nine Wan Orchids. Wu Caolu's *Youlan Shuo* stated Orchid is a superior medical herb with roots and stems. Current "Orchid" lacks branches/stems, wrongly attributed to *Li Sao* due to Huang Tingjian's praise. Kou's Materia Medica followed folk custom, doubting Gui's theory. Medical classics serve practical use; how can they be slandered? Can current Orchid really benefit water, kill insects, and resolve phlegm? It thrives in Fujian; Zhu Xi, a Fujian native, surely knew local produce yet辨析 (analyzed) this way. People still mistake non-Orchid for Orchid, how confused! Wang Ang's Note: Zhu Xi cited *Li Sao*'s "threading" as proof, but I consider "threading" merely poetic imagery. Just as "drinking morning dew from Magnolia" or "eating fallen autumn chrysanthemum petals" are not literal, nor is "making clothes from lotus leaves." Song Confucians were too rigid in interpreting classics, likely not definitive. However, since *Li Sao* mentions Autumn Orchid, it is clearly not Spring Orchid. Since *Benjing* mentions Zelan, it is clearly not Shanlan. Thus, Autumn Orchid in *Li Sao* must correspond to Zelan in *Benjing*. Yet, does *Li Sao* not say "Spring Orchid and Autumn Chrysanthemum"? Does it not say "tying Youlan and waiting"? Does it not say "scattering Shilan for fragrance"? If Autumn Orchid is Zelan, what are Spring Orchid, Youlan, and Shilan? Are they not Shanlan? What kind of Orchid would they be? Moreover, Shanlan is among the finest flowers, ranked before Plum and Chrysanthemum by critics throughout history. Now it is demoted below Child Chrysanthemum and accused of name-stealing. While base herbs are recorded in Materia Medica, why exclude the noble Shanlan? Many insecticides in Materia Medica are unverified, but promoting water flow and resolving phlegm is indeed within the power of Shanlan leaves. Li Shizhen, Chen, Fang, Wu, Yang, etc., stuck to Chen Cangqi's view that Zelan and Lancao are one genus, two species, thereby doubting *Li Sao*. Elevating Zelan while suppressing Shanlan rendered Lancao useless. Did they not consider that if they were one genus, the *Benjing* entry for Lancao would be redundant? Why is Lancao listed in the Superior Grade while Zelan is in the Middle Grade? Furthermore, one enters the Qi level, the other the Blood level, distinctly different. Also, *Li Sao* mentions five types of Orchid. Besides Magnolia, if Spring, Autumn, You, and Shi Orchids are all Child Chrysanthemum, then not only one genus two species, but four types one species. Is it reasonable to claim the Nine Wan Orchid was slandered? *Benjing* mentions Zelan to distinguish from Mountain Orchid; mentions Lancao to specify using leaves, not flowers; *Li Sao* mentions Autumn Orchid to distinguish from Spring; mentions Shilan to distinguish from Zelan. I believe Autumn Orchid belongs to Zelan, while Spring and Shi Orchids are definitely Shanlan. Youlan is an alias for Shanlan, as it grows in deep mountains. How can Kou and Zhu's theories be entirely dismissed? I attach my view here for scholars' consultation.)