重，涩固下
甘平性涩。手、足阳明（大肠、胃）血分重剂。治咳逆下痢，血闭（症瘕）血崩，能固
下（李先知云∶下焦有病患难会，须用余粮、赤石脂），又能催生。石中黄粉，生于池泽。
无砂者良。牡丹为使。
一名海石
泻火，软坚
咸润下，寒降火。色白体轻，入肺清其上源（肺为水之上源）。止渴止嗽，通淋软坚，
除上焦痰热，消瘿瘤结核（顽痰所结，咸能软坚。俞琰《席上腐谈》云∶肝属木，当浮而反
沉；肺属金，当沉而反浮何也？以肝实而肺虚也。故石入水则沉，而南海有沉水之香，虚实
之反如此）。水沫日久结成，海中者味咸更良。
润，生津，去痰热
甘微咸凉。色白质轻，故除上焦胸膈之痰热，生津止嗽。治喉痹、口齿诸病（初觉喉中
肿痛，含化咽津，则不成痹）。能金而去垢腻，故治噎膈积块，结核 肉，目翳骨哽（碱
能软坚，含之咽汁）。出西番者，白如明矾，出南番者，黄如桃胶。能制汞、哑铜（硼砂、
砂，并可作金银焊）。
泻，消肉积
咸苦辛热，有毒。消食破瘀。治噎膈症瘕，去目翳 肉，暖子宫，助阳道（性大热，能
烂五金。《本草》称其能化人心为血，亦甚言不可多服耳。凡煮硬肉，投少许即易烂，故治
噎膈、症瘕、肉积有殊功。《鸡峰方》云∶人之脏腑，多因触冒成病，而脾胃最易受触。饮
食过多，则停滞难化。冷热不调，则呕吐泻痢，而膏梁者为尤甚。口腹不节，须用消化药。
或言饮食既伤于前，难以毒药反攻其后，不使 砂、巴豆等，只用曲、柏之类。不知古今立
方用药，各有主对。曲、柏只能消化米谷，如伤肉食，则非 砂、阿魏不能治也；如伤鱼、
蟹，须用橘叶、紫苏、生姜；伤菜果，须用丁香、桂心；伤水饮，须用牵牛、芫花，必审所
伤之因，对用其药，则无不愈。其间多少，则随患人气血以增损之而已。又有虚人沉积，不
可直取，当以蜡匮其药，盖蜡能久留肠胃，又不伤气，能消磨至尽也。又有脾虚饮食迟化者
，正宜助养脾胃，自能消磨，更不须用消导药耳。病久积而成症瘕者，须用三棱、鳖甲之类
。寒冷成积者，轻则附子、浓朴；重则矾石、硫黄。瘀血结块者，则用大黄、桃仁之类，用
者详之）。出西戎。乃卤液结成，状如盐块，置冷湿处即化。白净者良。水飞过，醋煮，干
如霜用（畏醋）。忌羊血。
禹余粮：质地沉重，具有涩性，能固摄下焦。味甘、性平，味涩。归属于手阳明大肠经和足阳明胃经的血分，属于重镇之剂。治疗咳嗽气逆、腹泻痢疾、经血闭阻（症瘕）、崩漏下血，能够固摄下焦（李先知说：下焦患病难以治愈，必须使用禹余粮、赤石脂），又能促进分娩。石中黄粉，生长于池塘沼泽之中。不含砂粒的质地优良。以牡丹皮为引药。
海浮石：又名海石。功效为泻火、软坚散结。味咸、质润、下行，性寒，能降火。颜色白、体质轻，入肺经以清肃上源（肺为水之上源）。止渴止咳，通淋窍、软坚散结，清除上焦痰热，消除瘿瘤结核（顽痰凝结而成，咸味能软坚。俞琰《席上腐谈》说：肝属木，应当浮却反而沉；肺属金，应当沉却反而浮，为什么呢？因为肝实而肺虚。所以石头入水则沉，而南海有沉水香，虚实相反如此）。由水沫日久结成，产于海中的味道更咸，品质更佳。
硼砂：功效为润燥、生津液、去除痰热。味甘、微咸、性凉。颜色白、质地轻，因此能清除上焦胸膈部位的痰热，生津液、止咳。治疗喉痹、口腔牙齿各种疾病（刚觉得喉咙肿痛时，含服化咽津液，就不会形成喉痹）。能洁净金属并去除污垢油腻，因此治疗噎膈积块、结核赘肉、眼中翳膜、骨头卡刺（碱性能软坚，含服化汁咽下）。产自西番的，白如明矾；产自南番的，黄如桃胶。能炼制汞、哑铜（硼砂、砂均可用于金银焊接）。
硇砂：功效为泻下、消化肉食积滞。味咸、苦、辛，性大热，有毒。能消食、破瘀血。治疗噎膈、症瘕，去除眼翳赘肉，温暖子宫，助阳道（性质大热，能腐蚀五金。《本草》称其能将人心化为血，也是夸张说法，不可多服。凡是煮硬肉，投入少许即容易烂，因此治疗噎膈、症瘕、肉积有奇效。《鸡峰方》说：人的脏腑，多因触犯外邪致病，而脾胃最容易受触。饮食过多，则停滞难消化。冷热不调，则呕吐腹泻痢疾，而吃膏粱厚味的人尤其严重。口腹不节制，必须使用消化药。有人说饮食既然在前受伤，难以用毒药反攻其后，不使用硇砂、巴豆等，只用神曲、柏子仁之类。不知道古今立方法度用药，各有主治对应。神曲、柏子仁只能消化米谷，如果伤了肉食，非硇砂、阿魏不能治疗；如果伤了鱼、蟹，必须用橘叶、紫苏、生姜；伤了菜果，必须用丁香、桂心；伤了水饮，必须用牵牛、芫花，必须审察所伤的原因，对症用药，则没有不愈的。其中用量多少，则根据病人的气血状况增减。又有虚人沉积，不可直接攻取，应当用蜡包裹药物，因为蜡能在肠胃久留，又不伤正气，能消磨至尽。又有脾虚饮食消化迟缓者，正宜辅助滋养脾胃，自然能消磨，更不需要用消导药了。病久积而成症瘕的，必须用三棱、鳖甲之类。寒冷成积的，轻则用附子、浓朴；重则用矾石、硫黄。瘀血结块的，则用大黄、桃仁之类，使用者要详细斟酌）。产自西戎。是卤水凝结而成，形状像盐块，放在冷湿处就会融化。白色干净的质地优良。水飞处理，醋煮，干燥后如霜状使用（畏忌醋）。忌食羊血。
Yu Yuliang (Hematitum): Heavy in texture, astringent, and capable of securing the lower jiao. Sweet in taste, neutral in nature, and astringent. It is a heavy agent entering the blood level of the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Meridian and Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian. It treats cough with inverted qi, dysentery, blood stasis (masses), and metrorrhagia, capable of securing the lower jiao (Li Xianzhi stated: "Diseases of the lower jiao are difficult to treat; one must use Yu Yuliang and Chishizhi"), and can also induce labor. The yellow powder within the stone grows in ponds and marshes. Those without sand particles are superior. Peony Root Bark (Mudanpi) serves as the guiding herb.
Haifushi (Pumice): Also known as Haishi. Its functions are to drain fire and soften hardness. Salty in taste, moistening, descending, and cold in nature, it drains fire. White in color and light in weight, it enters the Lung Meridian to clear its upper source (the Lung is the upper source of water). It stops thirst and cough, unblocks stranguria, softens hardness, eliminates phlegm-heat in the upper jiao, and resolves goiter and scrofula masses (formed by stubborn phlegm; salty flavors can soften hardness. Yu Yan's *Xishang Futan* states: "The Liver belongs to Wood and should float but sinks instead; the Lung belongs to Metal and should sink but floats instead. Why? Because the Liver is excess and the Lung is deficient. Thus stones sink in water, yet there is sinking-water incense in the South Sea, showing such reversal of deficiency and excess"). It forms from aged sea foam; those from the sea with a saltier taste are better.
Pengsha (Borax): Functions include moistening, generating fluids, and removing phlegm-heat. Sweet and slightly salty, cool in nature. White in color and light in texture, thus it clears phlegm-heat in the upper jiao chest and diaphragm, generates fluids, and stops cough. It treats throat bi, oral and dental diseases (if one feels swelling and pain in the throat initially, holding it in the mouth to dissolve and swallow the saliva prevents the formation of bi). It cleans metals and removes grease, thus treating dysphagia, accumulations, scrofula-like growths, corneal opacities, and bone splinters (alkaline properties soften hardness; hold in mouth, dissolve, and swallow juice). Those from Western regions are white like alum; those from Southern regions are yellow like peach gum. It can refine mercury and "dumb copper" (Borax and Sand can both be used for gold and silver soldering).
Naosha (Sal Ammoniac): Functions include purging and digesting meat accumulations. Salty, bitter, pungent, hot in nature, and toxic. It digests food and breaks blood stasis. It treats dysphagia and abdominal masses, removes eye opacities and growths, warms the uterus, and assists yang function (its nature is very hot and can corrode metals. *Bencao* claims it can turn human heart into blood, which is an exaggeration; it should not be taken in large doses. When boiling hard meat, adding a small amount makes it tender easily, hence it has special efficacy for dysphagia, masses, and meat accumulations. *Jifeng Fang* states: "Human viscera often fall ill due to external pathogens, and the Spleen and Stomach are most susceptible. Excessive eating leads to stagnation and indigestion. Imbalance of cold and heat leads to vomiting, diarrhea, and dysentery, especially among those consuming rich foods. Lack of dietary restraint requires digestive herbs. Some say that since food injury occurred previously, it cannot be counterattacked with toxic drugs; they avoid Naosha and Croton Seed, using only Medicated Leaven and Biota Seed instead. They do not understand that ancient and modern prescriptions have specific indications. Medicated Leaven and Biota Seed only digest grains; if meat is injured, only Naosha and Ferula can treat it. If fish or crab is injured, Citrus Peel, Perilla Leaf, and Ginger are required; if vegetables or fruits are injured, Clove and Cinnamon Heart are needed; if water retention is injured, Morning Glory Seed and Genkwa Flower are necessary. One must examine the cause of injury and prescribe accordingly for cure. Dosage varies according to the patient's qi and blood. For deficient patients with chronic accumulation, direct purging is contraindicated; herbs should be wax-coated, as wax stays long in the intestines and stomach without damaging qi, allowing gradual digestion. For those with Spleen deficiency and slow digestion, nourishing the Spleen and Stomach is appropriate, as natural digestion will resume, eliminating the need for digestive herbs. For long-standing accumulations forming masses, Sparganium and Turtle Shell are required. For cold-induced accumulations, Aconite and Magnolia Bark are used for mild cases; Alum and Sulfur for severe cases. For blood stasis masses, Rhubarb and Peach Kernel are used. Users must deliberate carefully"). It originates from Western Regions. It forms from brine crystallization, resembling salt blocks, and dissolves when placed in cold, damp environments. White and clean ones are superior. Processed by water levigation, boiled in vinegar, and dried until frost-like (avoids vinegar). Contraindicated with sheep blood.