一名凫茈，一名乌芋，一名地栗
补中，泻热，消食
甘微寒滑。益气安中，开胃消食（饭后宜食之），除胸中实热。治五种噎膈（五膈，忧
膈、恚膈、气膈、热膈、寒膈。噎亦五种，气噎、食噎、劳噎、忧噎、思噎），消渴黄胆，
血证蛊毒（末服辟蛊），能毁铜（汪机曰∶食铜钱，食之则钱化。可见为消坚削积之物，故
能开五膈，消宿食，治误吞铜也）。
俗名菱角，一名芰
泻，解暑，止渴
甘寒。安中消暑，止渴解酒。有两角、三角、四角、老嫩之殊（《武陵记》以三角、四
角者为芰，两角者为菱。菱花随月而转，犹葵花之向日）。
泻暑
甘寒。解暑除烦，利便醒酒，名天生白虎汤（西瓜、甜瓜，皆属生冷，多食伤脾助湿。
《卫生歌》云∶瓜、桃生冷宜少食，免致成疟痢。瓜性寒，曝之尤寒。《稽食赋》云∶
瓜、曝则寒，油煎则冷，物性之异也）。
粳，硬也
补脾清肺
甘凉。得天地中和之气，和胃补中，色白入肺。除烦清热，煮汁止渴（仲景白虎汤、桃
花汤、竹叶石膏汤，并用之以清热、补不足。张文潜《粥记》∶粥能畅胃气，生津液，每晨
空腹食之，所补不细。昂按∶今人终日食粥，不知其妙。迨病中食之，觉与脏腑相宜，迥非
他物之所能及也）。粳，乃稻之总名，有早、中、晚三收。晚者得金气多，性凉，尤能清热
（北粳凉，南粳温，白粳凉，红粳温，新米食之动气）。
陈廪米冲淡可以养胃，煮汁煎药，亦取其调肠胃、利小便、去湿热，除烦渴之功（《集
成》云∶陈米饭扎作团，火 存性，麻油，腻粉调，敷一切恶疮、百药不效者）。
荸荠，又名凫茈，又名乌芋，又名地栗。
具有补益中气、泻除热邪、消食化积的功效。
其性味甘、微寒、滑利。能益气安中，开胃消食（饭后适宜食用），清除胸中的实热。
治疗五种噎膈病证（五膈，指忧膈、恚膈、气膈、热膈、寒膈；噎也有五种，即气噎、食噎、劳噎、忧噎、思噎），以及消渴病、黄疸病、血证和蛊毒（将荸荠研末服用可辟除蛊毒），甚至能溶解铜器（汪机说：吃了铜钱后，再吃荸荠，铜钱就会化解。由此可见它是能够消坚散结、消除积滞的药物，所以能开通五种膈证，消除隔宿饮食，治疗误吞铜器的情况）。
菱角，俗称菱角，又名芰。
具有泻暑热、解暑邪、止口渴的功效。
其性味甘、寒。能安和中焦、消暑散热，止渴并解除酒醉。分为两角、三角、四角以及老嫩等不同种类（《武陵记》记载，三角和四角的称为芰，两角的称为菱。菱花会随着月亮转动，就像葵花朝向太阳一样）。
西瓜，具有泻暑热的功效。
其性味甘、寒。能解暑除烦，通利小便并醒酒，被称为“天生白虎汤”（西瓜、甜瓜都属于生冷之物，多吃会损伤脾胃并助长湿气。《卫生歌》说：瓜果、桃子等生冷食物应当少吃，以免导致疟疾或痢疾。瓜类性质寒凉，经过日晒后更加寒凉。《稽食赋》说：瓜果经日晒则变寒，经油煎则变冷，这是物性的差异）。
粳米，名称来源于其质地坚硬。
具有补益脾脏、清泄肺热的功效。
其性味甘、凉。禀受天地中和之气，能调和胃气、补益中焦，颜色白色入肺经。能除烦清热，煮成汁液可以止渴（张仲景的白虎汤、桃花汤、竹叶石膏汤，都使用它来清热、补充不足。张文潜《粥记》说：粥能舒畅胃气，生津液，每天早晨空腹食用，滋补作用不小。我按语：现在的人整天吃粥，不知道其中的奥妙。等到生病时食用，感觉与脏腑相适宜，完全不是其他食物所能比及的）。粳米是稻米的总称，有早、中、晚三个收获季节。晚稻获得的金气较多，性质偏凉，尤其能清热（北方粳米性凉，南方粳米性温；白粳米性凉，红粳米性温；新米食用容易动气）。
陈年仓廪中的米，味道冲淡可以养胃，煮汁煎药，也是利用它调理肠胃、通利小便、去除湿热、消除烦渴的功效（《集验方》说：将陈年米饭扎成团，用火存性，再用麻油和腻粉调匀，敷治一切恶疮，即使是百药无效的情况也有效）。
Water Chestnut, also known as Fuzi (Wild Water Caltrop), Wuyu (Black Taro), and Dili (Earth Chestnut).
It tonifies the Middle Jiao, drains heat, and promotes digestion.
Its nature is sweet, slightly cold, and slippery. It benefits Qi, stabilizes the Middle Jiao, opens the appetite, and aids digestion (suitable for consumption after meals); it clears excess heat in the chest.
It treats five types of Yige (dysphagia with regurgitation) syndromes (the five Ge syndromes refer to Youge [Worry Ge], Huige [Resentment Ge], Qige [Qi Stagnation Ge], Rege [Heat Ge], and Hange [Cold Ge]; the five Ye types refer to Qi Ye, Shi Ye [Food Ye], Lao Ye [Labor Fatigue Ye], You Ye, and Si Ye [Pensive Ye]). It also treats Xiaoke (Wasting-Thirst syndrome), Huangdan (Jaundice), blood disorders, and Gu poison (consuming powdered water chestnut can ward off Gu poison). It is even capable of dissolving copper (Wang Ji stated: "If one has swallowed a copper coin, eating water chestnuts will dissolve the coin." This demonstrates that it is an agent that dissipates hardness and reduces accumulation; thus, it can open the five Ge syndromes, eliminate retained food, and treat accidental swallowing of copper objects).
Water Caltrop, commonly known as Lingjiao, also referred to as Ji.
It drains summer-heat, resolves toxicity, and relieves thirst.
Its nature is sweet and cold. It stabilizes the Middle Jiao, dissipates summer-heat, relieves thirst, and resolves alcohol intoxication. Varieties include those with two, three, or four angles, varying in maturity (old vs. tender) (The *Wuling Ji* records that varieties with three or four angles are called Ji, while those with two angles are called Ling. The flowers of Ling turn following the moon, similar to how sunflowers face the sun).
Watermelon.
It drains summer-heat.
Its nature is sweet and cold. It resolves summer-heat, eliminates vexation, promotes urination, and awakens from alcohol intoxication; it is named "Tiansheng Baihu Tang" (Natural White Tiger Decoction). (Watermelons and muskmelons belong to raw and cold substances; excessive consumption damages the Spleen and assists dampness. The *Weisheng Ge* states: "Melons, peaches, and other raw/cold foods should be eaten sparingly to avoid causing malaria or dysentery." Melons are naturally cold, and exposure to the sun makes them even colder. The *Ji Shi Fu* states: "Melons become cold when sun-dried and cold when fried in oil; this is due to differences in their inherent properties").
Jingmi (Indica Rice / Non-glutinous Rice), named for its firm texture.
It tonifies the Spleen and clears Lung heat.
Its nature is sweet and cool. It acquires the neutral Qi of Heaven and Earth, harmonizes the Stomach, tonifies the Middle, and enters the Lungs due to its white color. It eliminates vexation and clears heat; boiling it into juice relieves thirst (Zhang Zhongjing used Jingmi in Baihu Tang [White Tiger Decoction], Taohua Tang [Peach Blossom Decoction], and Zhuye Shigao Tang [Bamboo Leaf and Gypsum Decoction] to clear heat and supplement deficiencies. Zhang Wenqian's *Zhou Ji* [Record of Porridge] states: "Porridge can smooth Stomach Qi and generate body fluids; consuming it every morning on an empty stomach provides significant nourishment." My commentary: People today eat porridge all day without realizing its wonders. Only when ill do they find it suits their Zang-Fu organs perfectly, far surpassing other foods). Jingmi is the general term for rice, harvested early, mid, or late season. Late-harvest rice absorbs more Metal Qi, making its nature cooler and particularly effective at clearing heat (Northern Jingmi is cooling, Southern Jingmi is warming; White Jingmi is cooling, Red Jingmi is warming; fresh rice may move Qi excessively).
Aged rice stored in granaries, with a bland flavor, can nourish the Stomach. Boiling it for decoctions utilizes its functions of regulating the intestines and stomach, promoting urination, removing damp-heat, and eliminating vexation and thirst (The *Jicheng Fang* states: "Tie aged cooked rice into a ball, preserve its nature using fire, then mix with sesame oil and calamine powder to apply to all kinds of severe sores, even those unresponsive to hundred medicines").