〔害〕无虫积者勿食，凡小儿泄泻，是暑气所伤者，禁与肉果、诃子等涩热药同用。服
使君
子后，亦忌食热物热茶，犯之即作泄泻。
〔利〕甘温，入脾胃二经。杀虫消积，治五疳、便浊、泻痢 疮。为小儿科要药。
〔修治〕出岭南州郡。七月采子壳，生用或蒸熟食，或以壳煎汤咽下，或云七生七煨合
服。
〔害〕燥能耗血，散能损气，有虚火者忌。凡呕吐因于火者禁用。漏下赤白，由阴虚火
炽，
血热所致者勿用。痈疽已溃，宜渐减。
〔利〕辛温，入肺、脾、大肠三经。通窍发汗，除湿散风，皮肤燥痒，风热为病；及血
崩血
闭，肠风痔 ，湿热为病；尤治头风齿痛，目泪眉疼宜之。
〔修治〕二八月采根曝干，以黄泽者为佳。洗刮寸截，以锻石拌匀晒收，为其易蛀并欲
色白
，入药微焙切片用，勿用四条一处生者，名丧公藤，又勿用马兰根。
〔害〕同麦芽。
〔利〕甘平性涩，入脾去烦热，消水谷，通大小肠，治遗溺便数。
〔修治〕剖取，不可落水，去宿食，瓦上炙入药。男用雌，女用雄。
〔害〕气味辛温，能耗真气。凡中气虚，气不归元，忌与耗气药同用。胃虚有火呕吐，
不宜
与温热香燥药同用。阴虚咳嗽生痰，不宜与半夏、南星等同用。
化州陈皮，消伐太峻，不宜滥用。
〔利〕苦辛温，入肺、脾、胃三经。止嗽定呕清痰，理气和中妙品。留白补胃偏宜，去
白疏
通专掌。化州陈皮，苦能泄气，又能燥湿，辛能散气，温能和气，同补气药则补，同泻药则
泻，同升药则升，同降药则降。
橘络辛温，宣气通络，治络用为引经，酒炒用。橘红以皮行皮，兼能治表寒。橘皮性温，柑
柚皮性冷。
〔修治〕广东新会皮为胜，陈久者良，故名陈皮。福建产者名建皮，力薄。浙江衢州出
者名
衢皮，更次矣。去白名橘红，痰嗽童便浸晒，痰积姜汁拌，入下焦盐水炒济，和蜜炙。去红
曰橘白，疏通滞气，盐水炒用。化州陈皮，消痰甚灵，真者绝少，无非柚皮而已。橘皮下气
行痰，橘肉生痰聚气，一物也，而相反如此。橘皮纹细，色红而薄，内多筋络，其味苦辛。
柑
皮纹粗色黄而浓，内多白膜，其味辛甘。柚皮最浓而虚，纹更粗色黄，内多膜无筋，其味甘
多辛少。但以此别之，则不差矣。柑皮犹可用，柚皮则悬绝矣。
【橘皮】
【害处】没有虫积的人不要食用。凡是小儿泄泻，属于暑气所伤的，禁止与肉豆蔻、诃子等收涩热性的药物同用。服用使君子后，也忌讳吃热物和热茶，违反就会引起泄泻。
【好处】味甘性温，归脾、胃二经。能杀虫消积，治疗五疳（五种小儿疳积病）、小便浑浊、痢疾疮疡。是儿科的重要药物。
【修治】产于岭南各州郡。七月采集果皮，生用或蒸熟后使用，或者用果皮煎汤吞服，也有说法是七次生用、七次煨制混合服用。
【害处】燥性能耗伤阴血，散性能损伤正气，有虚火的人忌用。凡是因火邪引起的呕吐禁用。漏下赤白（阴道出血夹杂粘液），由阴虚火旺、血热所致者勿用。痈疽已经溃破，应逐渐减量。
【好处】味辛性温，归肺、脾、大肠三经。能通窍发汗，除湿散风，治疗皮肤干燥瘙痒、风热引起的疾病；以及血崩、经闭，肠风痔漏，湿热引起的疾病；尤其适合治疗头风、齿痛、流泪、眉棱骨疼痛。
【修治】二八月采集根部曝晒干燥，以黄色泽者为佳。洗净刮皮切成寸段，与黄丹拌匀晒干收藏，因为容易蛀虫且希望颜色洁白，入药时微焙切片使用。不要用四条一起生长的，名叫丧公藤，也不要用马兰根。
【好处】味甘平，性质涩，入脾经，能去除烦热，消化水谷，通畅大小肠，治疗遗尿、尿频。
【修治】剖取，不可落入水中，去除宿食，在瓦上炙烤后入药。男性患者用雌株，女性患者用雄株。
【害处】气味辛温，能消耗真气。凡是中气虚弱，气不归元，忌与耗气药同用。胃虚有火引起的呕吐，不宜与温热香燥药同用。阴虚咳嗽生痰，不宜与半夏、天南星等同用。化州陈皮，消伐作用太猛烈，不宜滥用。
【好处】味苦辛性温，入肺、脾、胃三经。是止咳定呕、清化痰浊、理气和中的妙品。保留白瓤补胃较为适宜，去掉白瓤则专门用于疏通气机。化州陈皮，苦能泄气，又能燥湿，辛能散气，温能和气，与补气药同用则能补气，与泻下药同用则能泻下，与升提药同用则能升提，与沉降药同用则能沉降。橘络辛温，宣通气机，通畅经络，治疗络脉病症作为引经药，酒炒后使用。橘红以皮行皮，兼能治疗表寒。橘皮性温，柑皮和柚皮性冷。
【修治】广东新会产的皮最好，陈久的良，所以叫陈皮。福建产的叫建皮，药力薄弱。浙江衢州出产的叫衢皮，更差一些。去掉白瓤叫橘红，痰嗽者用童便浸泡晒干，痰积者用姜汁拌，入下焦药用盐水炒济，配合蜂蜜炙烤。去掉红皮叫橘白，用于疏通滞气，用盐水炒后使用。化州陈皮，消痰非常灵验，真正的很少，无非是柚皮罢了。橘皮下气行痰，橘肉生痰聚气，同一物却相反如此。橘皮纹理细，色红而薄，内部多筋络，味道苦辛。柑皮纹理粗，色黄而浓，内部多白膜，味道辛甘。柚皮最厚而虚，纹理更粗色黄，内部多膜无筋，味道甘多辛少。只要以此辨别，就不会出错。柑皮还可以用，柚皮则相差悬殊了。
[Translation of the provided text regarding Citrus Peel and related substances]
**[Harm]** Do not consume if there is no accumulation of parasites. For children with diarrhea caused by summerheat, it is forbidden to use together with astringent and hot medicines such as Myristicae Semen (Rou Dou Kou) and Terminalia Chebulae Fructus (He Zi). After consuming Quisqualis Indica Fruit (Shi Jun Zi), one must also avoid eating hot foods and drinking hot tea; violating this will cause diarrhea.
**[Benefit]** Sweet and warm, enters the Spleen and Stomach meridians. Kills parasites and resolves accumulations, treats the five types of infantile malnutrition (Wu Gan), turbid urine, and dysentery sores. It is an essential medicine in pediatrics.
**[Preparation]** Produced in various prefectures of Lingnan. The peel is harvested in the seventh lunar month, used raw or steamed, or decocted in water for swallowing. Some say it should be taken mixed from seven parts raw and seven parts roasted.
**[Harm]** Dryness consumes blood, dispersing damages Qi. Those with deficient fire should avoid it. It is strictly prohibited for vomiting caused by fire. It should not be used for leukorrhea or uterine bleeding with blood and mucus caused by yin deficiency with blazing fire and blood heat. For carbuncles and sores that have already ulcerated, dosage should be gradually reduced.
**[Benefit]** Pungent and warm, enters the Lung, Spleen, and Large Intestine meridians. Opens orifices and induces sweating, removes dampness and dispels wind. Treats skin dryness and itching, diseases caused by wind-heat; as well as metrorrhagia, amenorrhea, intestinal wind, hemorrhoids, and diseases caused by damp-heat. It is particularly suitable for treating cephalalgia, toothache, tearing eyes, and pain in the supraorbital ridge.
**[Preparation]** Harvest the roots in the second and eighth lunar months and sun-dry them. Those with a yellow hue are superior. Wash, scrape, cut into inch-long segments, mix evenly with Yellow Ocher (Huang Dan), and sun-dry for storage, because they are prone to insect damage and to achieve a white color. For medicinal use, lightly roast and slice. Do not use those growing in clusters of four, known as Sang Gong Teng (Sarcandra glabra stem), nor do not use the root of Kalanchoe pinnata (Ma Lan Gen).
**[Harm]** Same as Maltae Fructus (Mai Ya).
**[Benefit]** Sweet and neutral, astringent in nature, enters the Spleen meridian. Removes irritability and heat, digests food and fluids, unblocks the Large and Small Intestines. Treats enuresis and frequent urination.
**[Preparation]** Cut open, do not let fall into water. Remove undigested food, roast on tiles before adding to prescriptions. Use female plants for males and male plants for females.
**[Harm]** The aroma is pungent and warm, capable of depleting True Qi. For those with deficiency of Middle Qi where Qi does not return to its source, it is contraindicated to use with Qi-depleting medicines. For vomiting due to stomach deficiency with fire, it is unsuitable to use with warm, hot, aromatic, and drying medicines. For cough with phlegm production due to Yin deficiency, it is unsuitable to use with Pinelliae Rhizoma (Ban Xia) and Arisaematis Rhizoma (Nan Xing). Huazhou Chenpi (aged tangerine peel from Huazhou) has too harsh a draining effect and should not be abused.
**[Benefit]** Bitter, pungent, and warm, enters the Lung, Spleen, and Stomach meridians. It is an excellent product for stopping cough, relieving vomiting, clearing phlegm, regulating Qi, and harmonizing the Middle Jiao. Retaining the albedo (white pith) favors tonifying the Stomach; removing the albedo specializes in unblocking and circulating. Huazhou Chenpi: bitterness can drain Qi and dry dampness; pungency can disperse Qi; warmth can harmonize Qi. When combined with Qi-tonifying herbs, it tonifies; when combined with purgatives, it purges; when combined with ascending herbs, it ascends; when combined with descending herbs, it descends. Ju Luo (tangerine network) is pungent and warm, promotes Qi circulation and unblocks collaterals, used as a guiding herb for treating collateral diseases, stir-fried with wine. Ju Hong (red tangerine peel) acts on the exterior via the peel, also treating exterior cold. Tangerine peel is warm; kumquat and pomelo peels are cold.
**[Preparation]** The peel from Xinhui, Guangdong, is the best; aged peel is good, hence the name "Chen Pi" (aged peel). Peel from Fujian is called Jian Pi, with weak efficacy. Peel from Quzhou, Zhejiang, is called Qu Pi, which is even inferior. Removing the albedo yields Ju Hong; for phlegm-cough, soak in child's urine and sun-dry; for phlegm accumulation, mix with ginger juice; for lower Jiao disorders, stir-fry with salt water; or honey-roast. Removing the red peel yields Ju Bai (albedo), used to unblock stagnant Qi, stir-fried with salt water. Huazhou Chenpi is very effective in resolving phlegm, but genuine ones are extremely rare, mostly being pomelo peel. Tangerine peel directs Qi downward and moves phlegm; tangerine flesh generates phlegm and gathers Qi. Though from the same plant, their effects are opposite. Tangerine peel has fine texture, red color, is thin, has many internal fibers, and tastes bitter and pungent. Kumquat peel has coarse texture, thick yellow color, many white membranes inside, and tastes pungent and sweet. Pomelo peel is thickest and hollow, coarser texture, yellow color, many membranes without fibers, tastes mostly sweet with little pungency. Distinguishing them by these features ensures accuracy. Kumquat peel is still usable, while pomelo peel is vastly different.