（见脾部）
〔害〕苦涩性温，却又泄气，病患气虚，咳痢初起者勿服。凡咳嗽因于肺经实热，泄泻
因于
湿热所致，气喘因于火逆冲上，带下因于虚热，而不因于虚寒，及肠 初发，湿热正盛，小
便不禁，因于肾家虚火，法并忌之。至于带下本于湿热，喘嗽实由肺火，用之立致杀人，宜
当深戒其弊。
〔利〕酸涩苦温，敛肺金而止咳喘，固大肠而已泄利，利咽喉而通津液，下食积而除满
膨。
〔修治〕岭南皆有，而广州最盛。七八月采子，六棱者佳。波斯舶上来者，六棱黑色，
肉浓
者良，酒浸后蒸一伏时，刀削去皮肉，锉焙用，用核则去肉，生用清金，煨熟固肠。
（见心部）
〔害〕甘能满中，中满者勿服。多食助热损齿，生长虫，发疳 ，如出斑疹，误食腻膈
壅气
，毒不能出，遂致气逆闷迷。沙糖与鲫鱼同食，则成疳虫，与葵子同食，生流 ，与笋同食
，不消成症，身重不能行。今医家用作汤下小儿丸散，殊为未当。赤糖其性较白糖更温，生
胃火、助湿、损齿、生虫，多食令人心痛。
〔利〕白沙糖甘温，蔗寒，糖经煎炼则变温，补脾缓肝，润肺和中，消痰治嗽，凝结作
饼块
如石者，为石蜜。轻白如霜者，为糖霜。坚白如冰者，为冰糖。赤砂糖，功用相仿，和中独
长。甘蔗汁甘寒和中，而下逆气，助脾而利大肠，亦能除热消渴，治噎膈酒毒，稍通小便。
（相关内容见脾部章节）
〔危害〕冰糖味道苦涩，性质温燥，且具有耗散元气的副作用。患有气虚病症的患者，以及咳嗽、痢疾初起阶段的人，禁止服用。凡是因肺经实热引起的咳嗽，因湿热导致的泄泻，因火气上逆冲撞引起的气喘，因虚热而非虚寒引起的带下病，以及肠道疾病初发、湿热正盛时，还有因肾中虚火导致的小便失禁等情况，均应当禁忌使用。至于那些带下病源于湿热、喘嗽确实由肺火引起者，若误用冰糖，会立即导致死亡，应当深刻警惕其弊端。
〔功效〕冰糖味酸、涩、苦，性温，能够收敛肺气以止咳平喘，固摄大肠以止泻痢，利咽喉并促进津液生成，消除食积并缓解腹部胀满。
〔炮制与产地〕岭南地区均有出产，其中广州最为兴盛。在七八月份采集种子，以有六个棱角的为佳。从波斯经海路运来的，呈六棱黑色，肉质厚实的品质优良。将其用酒浸泡后蒸一个时辰（约两小时），用刀削去外皮和果肉，切碎后焙干备用；如果使用果核则去掉果肉。生用可清润肺金，煨熟后可固护大肠。
（相关内容见心部章节）
〔危害〕甜味容易导致中焦（脾胃）气机壅滞，中焦胀满者禁止服用。多吃冰糖会助长内热、损伤牙齿、滋生寄生虫、引发疳积病。如果出斑疹时误食，会导致腻膈壅气，毒素无法排出，进而引起气逆、胸闷昏迷。红糖与鲫鱼同食，会形成疳虫；与葵子（冬葵子）同食，会产生流注（一种流窜性的疮疡）；与笋同食，难以消化而成症瘕积聚，导致身体沉重无法行走。现在的医生常将糖作为药引送服小儿丸散，这种做法非常不当。红糖的性质比白糖更温燥，易生胃火、助湿、损齿、生虫，多吃会引起心痛。
〔功效〕白沙糖味甘性温，甘蔗性寒，但糖经过煎炼加工后变为温性。它能补益脾气、舒缓肝急、滋润肺脏、调和脾胃，消除痰液、治疗咳嗽。凝结成饼块状如石头般的，称为石蜜。轻白如霜状的，称为糖霜。坚硬洁白如冰状的，称为冰糖。红糖的功效相似，但在调和脾胃方面尤为擅长。甘蔗汁味甘性寒，能调和脾胃、降逆气，帮助脾脏功能并通利大肠，也能清除热邪、缓解口渴，治疗噎膈和酒毒，并能稍微通利小便。
(See the section on the Spleen)
[Harm] It has a bitter and astringent taste, is warm in nature, yet it dissipates Qi. Patients with Qi deficiency, as well as those in the early stages of cough or dysentery, should avoid taking it. It is contraindicated for: coughs caused by excess heat in the Lung meridian; diarrhea caused by damp-heat; wheezing due to rebellious Fire rushing upward; leukorrhea due to deficient heat rather than deficient cold; intestinal diseases in their initial stage when damp-heat is abundant; and urinary incontinence due to deficient fire in the Kidney. Specifically, if leukorrhea originates from damp-heat, or wheezing and coughing are truly caused by Lung Fire, using this substance can lead to immediate death; one must deeply beware of its detrimental effects.
[Benefits] With sour, astringent, and bitter tastes and a warm nature, it astringes Lung Metal to stop cough and wheezing, consolidates the Large Intestine to arrest diarrhea and dysentery, benefits the throat and promotes fluid production, eliminates food stagnation, and relieves abdominal distension.
[Processing and Origin] It is produced throughout Lingnan, with Guangzhou being the most prolific area. Seeds are harvested in the seventh and eighth lunar months; those with six ridges are considered superior. Those imported by ship from Persia have six black ridges and thick flesh, which indicates good quality. They are soaked in wine, steamed for one *fu* (a traditional time unit, approx. two hours), then the skin and flesh are peeled off with a knife, chopped, and dried over low heat. If using the pit/nut, remove the flesh. Raw use clears and moistens Lung Metal; roasted use consolidates the intestines.
(See the section on the Heart)
[Harm] Sweetness tends to cause fullness in the Middle Jiao (Spleen and Stomach); those with Middle Jiao fullness should not take it. Excessive consumption aids internal heat, damages teeth, breeds parasites, and causes *gan* disease (pediatric malnutrition syndrome). If taken mistakenly during the eruption of macules and papules, it causes greasiness in the chest/diaphragm and Qi obstruction, preventing toxins from exiting, leading to rebellious Qi, chest oppression, and confusion/coma. Consuming brown sugar (*Hongtang*) with crucian carp creates *gan* worms; consuming it with *kuizi* (Malva verticillata seed) generates flowing abscesses (*liuzhu*); consuming it with bamboo shoots leads to indigestion and mass formation (*zheng*), causing heaviness of the body and inability to walk. It is highly inappropriate for modern physicians to use sugar as a vehicle for administering pediatric pills and powders. Brown sugar is warmer in nature than white sugar; it generates Stomach Fire, aids dampness, damages teeth, breeds parasites, and excessive intake causes heart pain.
[Benefits] White sand sugar (*Baishatang*) is sweet and warm. Sugarcane is cold, but sugar becomes warm after boiling and refining. It tonifies the Spleen, soothes the Liver, moistens the Lungs, harmonizes the Middle Jiao, resolves phlegm, and treats coughs. When condensed into cake-like blocks hard as stone, it is called *Shimi* (Stone Honey). When light and white like frost, it is called *Tangshuang* (Sugar Frost). When hard and white like ice, it is called *Bingtang* (Rock Sugar). Brown sugar paste (*Chitangsha*) has similar functions but excels particularly in harmonizing the Middle Jiao. Sugarcane juice is sweet and cold; it harmonizes the Middle Jiao, directs rebellious Qi downward, assists the Spleen, and benefits the Large Intestine. It also clears heat, relieves thirst, treats dysphagia (*yige*) and alcohol toxicity, and slightly promotes urination.