气味苦寒，无毒。主治消渴、内痹、瘀血、月闭、寒热酸疼，益气，愈聋。
（土瓜《本经》名王瓜，俗名野甜瓜。月令云∶四月王瓜生，即此瓜也。始生鲁地平泽
田野
及人家墙垣篱落间，四月生苗延蔓。其蔓多须叶，如瓜蒌叶，但无叉缺，有毛刺。五月开黄
花，花下结子，熟时赤如弹丸，根如瓜蒌，根之小者，须掘深二三尺，乃得正根。三月采根
，阴干候用。）
愚按∶土瓜非世俗所食之王瓜，又非世俗所食之甜瓜。《本经》虽有其名，今人未之识
也。因仲景《伤寒论》有土瓜
根为导之法，故存之。
（按∶月令所谓王瓜者，蔓延而生，茎叶上皆有细毛，其叶圆而上尖，一叶之下辄有一
须，
遇草木茎叶即能缠绕。六七月开花色黄五瓣，花下蒂长，即其实也。吾杭甚多，凡旷野隙地
遍处有之，民间往往认作瓜蒌，高氏以为今人未之识者，盖以此故耳。）
气味苦温，无毒。主治中风，伤寒，头痛寒热，惊悸，气血痹，死肌，去三虫。
（浓朴取其木质朴而皮浓以命名，一名烈朴，又名赤朴，谓其性辛烈而色紫赤也。洛阳、
陕
西、江淮、河南、川蜀山谷中，往往有之，近以建平、宜都及梓州、龙州者为上。木高三四
丈，径一二尺，肉皮极浓，以色紫油湿润者为佳，春生叶如槲叶，四季不凋，五六月开红花
，结实如冬青子，生青熟赤，实中有核，其味甘美。浓朴之实，别名逐折。《别录》云∶主
疗鼠 ，明目，益气。）
浓朴气味苦温，色赤性烈，花实咸红，冬不落叶，肉浓色紫，盖禀少阳木火之精，而通
会于
肌腠者也。主治中风伤寒头痛寒热者，谓能解肌而发散也。助木火之精气，故能定肝心之惊
悸也。气血痹者，津液随三焦出气以温肌肉，肝主冲任之血，充肤热肉，痹则气血不和于肌
腠。浓朴气温色紫，能解气血之痹而活死肌也。去三虫者，三焦火气内虚，则生虫。浓朴得
少阳之火化，而三虫自去矣。
愚按∶浓朴色赤性烈，生用则解肌而达表，禀木火之气也。炙香则运土而助脾，木生火
而火
朴大黄汤，用浓朴一尺，取象乎脾也。
【气味与主治】
味道苦，性寒，无毒。主要治疗消渴（糖尿病样症状）、内痹（体内气血阻滞）、瘀血、月经闭止、寒热往来及身体酸痛，具有益气、治愈耳聋的功效。
（土瓜在《神农本草经》中名为王瓜，俗称野甜瓜。《礼记·月令》记载：“四月王瓜生”，指的就是这种瓜。它最初生长在鲁地平坦的沼泽田野以及人家墙垣篱笆之间，四月生出藤蔓并蔓延生长。它的藤蔓有很多须，叶子像瓜蒌叶，但没有分叉缺口，表面有毛刺。五月开黄花，花下结籽，成熟时红色如弹丸大小，根部像瓜蒌，较小的根需要挖掘深二三尺才能找到主根。三月采集根部，阴干备用。）
我按语：土瓜不是世俗所吃的王瓜，也不是世俗所吃的甜瓜。《神农本草经》虽然有其名称，但今人已经不认识它了。因为张仲景《伤寒论》中有用土瓜根作为导引（通便）的方法，所以将其保留在此书中。
（按：《月令》所说的王瓜，是蔓延生长的，茎叶上都有细毛，叶子圆形而上端尖，一片叶子下面随即有一根须，遇到草木茎叶就能缠绕。六七月开花，花色黄，五瓣，花蒂长，那就是它的果实。我们在杭州很多地方都有，凡是旷野的空地到处都有，民间往往把它认作瓜蒌，高世栻认为今人不认识它，大概就是因为这个缘故。）
【气味与主治】
味道苦，性温，无毒。主要治疗中风、伤寒、头痛、寒热往来、惊悸、气血痹阻、肌肉坏死，能去除三虫（寄生虫）。
（浓朴因其木质朴实且树皮厚实而得名，又名烈朴，又因性质辛烈而颜色紫赤，故又名赤朴。洛阳、陕西、江淮、河南、川蜀的山谷中，往往有生长，近来以建平、宜都以及梓州、龙州出产的为上品。树高三四丈，直径一二尺，肉皮极厚，以颜色紫黑油润者为佳。春天生的叶子像槲树叶，四季不凋落，五六月开红花，结出的果实像冬青子，生时青色熟时红色，果实中有核，味道甘美。浓朴的果实别名逐折。《名医别录》记载：主治鼠瘘（淋巴结核），明目，益气。）
浓朴的味道苦，性温，颜色赤红，性质猛烈，花和果实都是咸红色，冬天不落叶，肉质皮厚颜色紫黑，这大概是禀受了少阳木火之精气，而通达于肌腠之间的药物。主治中风、伤寒、头痛、寒热，是说它能解除肌表之邪而发散外邪。辅助木火的精气，所以能安定肝心引起的惊悸。所谓气血痹，是指津液随着三焦出气来温暖肌肉，肝主管冲任之血，充盈皮肤、温热肌肉，发生痹证则是气血在肌腠间不和。浓朴气温色紫，能解除气血的痹阻而使死肌复活。去除三虫，是因为三焦火气内虚，则生虫。浓朴得少阳之火化，三虫自然就去除了。
我按语：浓朴颜色赤红，性质猛烈，生用时能解肌达表，是禀受木火之气的作用。炙香后能运化土气而助脾，这是木生火而火生土的五行相生关系。大黄硝石汤（注：原文此处似有误或为特定方剂名，依文意推测可能指代含大黄、朴黄的方剂，但原文写作“朴大黄汤”，此处直译）中，使用一尺长的浓朴，是取象于脾脏。
[Flavor, Nature, and Indications]
Flavor: Bitter. Nature: Cold. Non-toxic. Mainly treats Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome), internal Bi obstruction (blockage of Qi and blood within the body), blood stasis, amenorrhea, alternating chills and fever, and bodily soreness/pain. It benefits Qi and cures deafness.
(Tu Gua [Trichosanthes cucumerina root], known as Wang Gua in the *Shennong Bencao Jing* and commonly called wild melon. The *Liji · Yueling* states: "In the fourth month, Wang Gua grows," referring to this melon. It originally grew in the flat marshy fields of Lu and among the walls and fences of households. In the fourth month, it produces vines that spread and climb. Its vines have many tendrils, and its leaves resemble those of Trichosanthes kirilowii but lack lobes or notches, possessing prickles on the surface. In the fifth month, it bears yellow flowers; seeds form beneath the flowers, turning red like small pellets when ripe. The root resembles that of Trichosanthes kirilowii; smaller roots require digging two to three chi deep to find the main root. Roots are harvested in the third month and dried in the shade for use.)
My commentary: Tu Gua is not the Wang Gua eaten by common people, nor is it the sweet melon. Although mentioned in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*, it is unrecognized by modern practitioners. It is retained here because Zhang Zhongjing’s *Shanghan Lun* mentions using Tu Gua Gen [root] as a guiding agent (for purgation).
(Note: The Wang Gua mentioned in the *Yueling* grows by spreading; its stems and leaves have fine hairs. The leaves are round with pointed tips, and a tendril appears below each leaf, allowing it to cling to other plants. It flowers in the sixth and seventh months with five-petaled yellow flowers; the long pedicel beneath the flower constitutes the fruit. It is abundant in our region of Hangzhou, found everywhere in wastelands. Common people often mistake it for Trichanthes kirilowii. Gao Shishi’s assertion that it is unrecognized today is likely due to this confusion.)
[Flavor, Nature, and Indications]
Flavor: Bitter. Nature: Warm. Non-toxic. Mainly treats wind-stroke, Shang Han [cold damage], headache, alternating chills and fever, palpitations/anxiety, Bi obstruction of Qi and blood, necrotic muscle tissue, and expels three types of parasites.
(Nong Po [Magnolia officinalis bark] is named for its solid wood and thick bark. Also known as Lie Po [intense bark] or Chi Po [red bark], indicating its pungent/intense nature and purple-red color. It is found in the valleys of Luoyang, Shaanxi, Jianghuai, Henan, and Sichuan/Shu regions. Those from Jianping, Yidu, Zizhou, and Longzhou are considered superior. The tree reaches three to four zhang in height and one to two chi in diameter. The inner bark is very thick; specimens with a purple-black, oily, and moist appearance are preferred. Leaves emerge in spring resembling Quercus dentata leaves and remain evergreen. Red flowers bloom in the fifth and sixth months, bearing fruits similar to Ilex cornuta berries, which turn from green to red when ripe. The fruit contains a seed and has a sweet taste. The fruit of Nong Po is also called Zhu Zhe. The *Mingyi Bielu* records: treats shu lou [scrofula/lymphatic tuberculosis], brightens the eyes, and benefits Qi.)
Nong Po has a bitter flavor and warm nature, with a red color and intense property. Its flowers and fruits are salty and red; it does not shed leaves in winter. Its thick, purple-hued bark suggests it inherits the essence of Shaoyang Wood and Fire, penetrating the muscle layers (Ji Cou). Its ability to treat wind-stroke, Shang Han, headache, and alternating chills and fever lies in its capacity to release the muscle layer and disperse exterior pathogens. By assisting the essence of Wood and Fire, it stabilizes palpitations arising from the Liver and Heart. Regarding Bi obstruction of Qi and blood: fluids follow the Qi exhalation of the San Jiao to warm the muscles. The Liver governs the Chong and Ren vessels' blood, filling the skin and warming the flesh. Bi obstruction indicates disharmony of Qi and blood in the muscle layers. Nong Po’s warm nature and purple color resolve Qi and blood Bi obstruction and revive necrotic tissue. Regarding the expulsion of parasites: when the fire Qi of the San Jiao is internally deficient, parasites arise. Nong Po, deriving transformation from Shaoyang Fire, causes these parasites to disappear naturally.
My commentary: Nong Po is red in color and intense in nature. When used raw, it releases the muscle layer and reaches the exterior, acting through the influence of Wood and Fire Qi. When stir-fried until fragrant, it transforms Earth Qi and assists the Spleen, reflecting the generative cycle where Wood generates Fire and Fire generates Earth. In the Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang [Note: Text says "Pu Da Huang Tang", likely a specific formulation context or typo for a formula containing Magnolia and Rhubarb, interpreted literally here], using one chi length of Nong Po symbolically corresponds to the Spleen.]