（见外治）
味甘，性平，无毒。入脾、胃、大肠三经胃牡蛎、白薇、茯苓。绢包，置沸汤中，至冷
取出
，悬井中一夜，勿着水，曝干。新瓦上 去壳。
润五脏，通大肠。宣风利关节，催生疗产难。
滑利下行，走而不守。陈士良云∶“多食损血脉，滑精气，痿阳事。妇人多食，即发带
疾”。
味苦，性寒，无毒。入肺、胃、大肠三经。
胸中痹痛，古有良方，伍薤白白酒，加半夏尤良。伤寒误下结胸，则用小陷胸汤。除
上焦之
热，使痰气下降。利咽喉，通大肠。
此物能通大便，与浙贝母同行，其效更着。小儿痰滞重者，虽大便仍通，加用于清化方
中，
颇有良效。
栝蒌皮∶宽中利气，清热化痰。
栝蒌仁∶润燥涤痰，滑肠通便。
味酸，性平，无毒。入脾、大肠二经。汤浸去皮，研如膏。
润达幽门，而关格有转输之妙。宣通水腑，而肿胀无壅遏之嗟。
性专降下，善导大肠燥结，利周身水气，然下后令人津液亏损，燥结愈甚，乃治标救急
之药
服。
（见食疗）
味辛，性温，无毒。入肺、胃、大肠三经。
下气定喘，消食除膨。降浊通便，以靖中宫。生研堪吐风痰，醋调能消毒肿。
丹溪云∶“莱菔子，治痰有推墙倒壁之功，表其性烈也”。按虚弱人服之，气浅难布息。
（此条目见外治法章节）
味甘，性平，无毒。入脾、胃、大肠三经。【白薇】：绢布包裹，置于沸水中，至冷却后取出，悬挂于井中一夜，注意不要沾水，然后晒干。新瓦上【去壳】。润五脏，通大肠。宣散风邪，利关节，催生并治疗难产。滑利下行，走而不守。陈士良说：“多食损伤血脉，滑泄精气，导致阳痿。妇女多食，会引发带下病”。
味苦，性寒，无毒。入肺、胃、大肠三经。胸中痹痛，古有良方，配伍薤白和白酒，加入半夏尤其好。伤寒误用下法导致结胸证，则使用小陷胸汤。清除上焦的热邪，使痰气下降。利咽喉，通大肠。此物能通大便，与浙贝母同用，疗效更显著。小儿痰滞严重者，即使大便仍通畅，加用于清化方中，颇有良效。栝蒌皮：宽中理气，清热化痰。栝蒌仁：润燥涤痰，滑肠通便。
味酸，性平，无毒。入脾、大肠二经。汤浸去皮，研如膏。润达幽门，而关格有转输之妙。宣通水腑，而肿胀无壅遏之嗟。性专降下，善导大肠燥结，利周身水气，然下后令人津液亏损，燥结愈甚，乃治标救急之药服。
（此条目见食疗章节）
味辛，性温，无毒。入肺、胃、大肠三经。下气定喘，消食除膨。降浊通便，以靖中宫。生研堪吐风痰，醋调能消毒肿。丹溪云∶“莱菔子，治痰有推墙倒壁之功，表其性烈也”。按虚弱人服之，气浅难布息。
(See External Treatment section)
Sweet in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Enters the Spleen, Stomach, and Large Intestine meridians. [Baiwei (Cynanchum Atratum Root)]: Wrapped in silk cloth, placed in boiling water until cool, then taken out and hung in a well overnight, ensuring it does not touch water, then dried in the sun. On a new tile [remove shell]. Moistens the five Zang organs, unblocks the Large Intestine. Disperses wind, benefits joints, induces labor, and treats difficult childbirth. Slippery and descending, moving without staying. Chen Shiliang said: "Excessive consumption damages blood vessels, causes slippery essence loss, and leads to impotence. Women who consume too much may develop leukorrhea."
Bitter in taste, cold in nature, non-toxic. Enters the Lung, Stomach, and Large Intestine meridians. For chest bi pain, there are ancient good prescriptions; combining with Xiebai (Allium Macrostemon Bulb) and white wine, adding Banxia (Pinellia Rhizome) is especially effective. For shanghan (cold damage) misused purgation leading to jie xiong (chest binding syndrome), use Xiao Xian Xiong Tang (Minor Inverted Chest Decoction). Clears heat from the Upper Jiao, causing phlegm-qi to descend. Benefits the throat, unblocks the Large Intestine. This substance can unblock bowel movements; when used together with Zhe Bei Mu (Fritillaria Thunbergii Bulb), its effect is more pronounced. For children with severe phlegm stagnation, even if bowel movements remain normal, adding it to clearing and transforming formulas yields good results. Gualou Pi (Trichosanthes Peel): Broadens the middle, regulates qi, clears heat, and transforms phlegm. Gualou Ren (Trichosanthes Seed): Moistens dryness, washes away phlegm, lubricates the intestines, and unblocks bowels.
Sour in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Enters the Spleen and Large Intestine meridians. Soaked in decoction, skin removed, ground into paste. Reaches the pylorus smoothly, offering miraculous transfer for guan ge (obstruction syndrome). Promotes circulation of the Water Fu organs, eliminating complaints of swelling and stagnation. Its nature is specifically descending, skilled at guiding dry constipation in the Large Intestine, benefiting water qi throughout the body. However, after purgation, it causes fluid depletion, making dry constipation worse; thus, it is a medicine for treating symptoms and saving emergencies.
(See Food Therapy section)
Pungent in taste, warm in nature, non-toxic. Enters the Lung, Stomach, and Large Intestine meridians. Descends qi, calms wheezing, eliminates food stagnation, and reduces distension. Lowers turbidity, unblocks bowels, to pacify the Middle Palace. Raw and ground can induce vomiting of wind-phlegm; mixed with vinegar can dissipate toxic swellings. Danxi said: "Laifuzi (Radish Seed) has the merit of pushing down walls and toppling battlements in treating phlegm, indicating its fierce nature." Note that for weak individuals taking it, qi is shallow and breathing becomes difficult.