风为六淫之长。而寒亦居其次。故汉仲景专以伤寒立论。凡风寒由于背俞而入。次第传
变。
则为传经。伤寒其邪止在于表。而不在里。若不由经传变。直入三阴。有寒无热者。则为直
中伤寒。其邪在里。而不在表。且有表症全无。厥气内生。寒战不已者。则为火衰。内虚真
寒而表。切禁。更有火热内闭。火不得泄。外显种种厥象者。则为假寒症见。又非温药表药
可治。是以寒初在表。邪未深入。或止偶尔感伤轻寒薄冷。用以紫苏桔梗葱白生姜。一药
可愈。如其次第传变。在太阳膀胱。则当用以麻黄。在阳明。则当用以升葛。在少阳。则当
用以柴胡。此治表寒（寒邪在三阳。）之大概也。（经曰。以辛润之。）至有中气素虚。其寒
或
兼有痰有气有湿。（寒兼诸邪。）则当用以荜茇白蔻姜黄红豆蔻干姜薰香川椒冬花百部紫白二
英马兜铃等类以治。寒兼有风。则当用以杏仁淫羊藿等药以治。寒兼风湿。则当用以五加皮
天雄蔓荆子僵蚕蚕沙细辛以治。寒兼痰壅。则当用以生姜以治。然亦不失散药之类。若使内
寒之极。（真寒内见。）在胃则有草豆蔻草果白檀香益智丁香可逐。但丁香则合肺肾而皆治。
在肾则有仙茅胡巴肉桂川椒补骨脂阳起石可入。在肝则有吴茱萸艾叶大小茴可进。在大肠则
有巴豆可通。在心则有桂心可投。（经曰。寒淫于内。治以甘热。佐以苦辛。）若更兼有痰湿
。则又无若附子胡椒。此逐寒之大概也。若使寒止假见。则为内热灰伏。（假寒外见。）有非
燥药可愈。在表宜以轻剂疏散。使热外发。在里宜以苦咸下降。如三黄石膏知母黄柏朴硝。
（经曰。以咸泻之。以苦坚之。）使热除而寒自不见矣！但世仅知以寒治寒。而不知寒有真
伪
。则治又当变活。而不可仅以寒拘耳。
经曰。寒淫于内。治以甘热。佐以苦辛。以咸泻之。以辛润之。以苦坚之。（土能制水。
热能
胜寒。故治以甘热。苦而辛。亦热品也。伤寒内热者。以咸泻之。内燥者。以辛润之。苦能
泻热而坚肾。泻中有补也。）五运。（太阳司天、辰戌、太阳在泉、丑未。）
〔散寒〕
桔梗（肺） 紫苏（肺） 葱白（肺） 紫石英（肺） 白豆蔻（肺） 马兜铃（肺） 党
参
（肺） 白石英（肺） 红豆蔻（肺） 冬花（肺） 百部（肺） 麻黄（膀胱） 荜茇（胸
腹） 良姜（
胃） 薰香（肺心） 干姜（脾胃）
〔散寒风〕
杏仁（肺） 淫羊藿（肾） 荷叶（胆）
〔散寒风湿〕
五加皮（肝肾） 天雄（肾） 细辛（肾） 蔓荆子（筋骨血脉） 僵蚕（肝肺胃）
蚕沙（肝肺胃）
〔散寒痰〕
生姜（肺）
〔逐血寒〕
肉桂（肝肾） 桂心（心）
〔逐寒〕
阳起石（肾） 胡巴（肾） 仙茅（肾） 补骨脂（肾） 川椒（肾） 巴豆（肾） 吴
茱萸
（肝） 大茴香（肝） 小茴香（肝） 艾叶（脾肝肾） 草果（胃） 白檀香（胃） 益
智（胃） 丁香
（肺胃肾） 大蒜（诸窍） 草豆蔻（胃口上）
〔逐寒痰〕
胡椒（胃肾） 附子（肾） 砒石（肠胃）
风是六淫（风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种外感病邪）之首。而寒邪也位居其次。所以汉代张仲景专门以伤寒立论。凡是风寒之邪从背部腧穴侵入，按次序传变，就称为传经伤寒。伤寒的病邪只停留在体表，而不深入体内。如果不通过经络传变，直接侵入三阴经，只有寒象而没有热象的，就称为直中伤寒。这种病的病邪在体内，而不在体表。并且如果完全没有表证，而是厥逆之气内生，寒战不止的，则是阳气衰微，属于内虚真寒证，应当严禁使用发表药。更有甚者，火热之邪闭郁于内，火气无法宣泄，外部显现出各种厥逆假象的，则属于假寒证，这又不是温里药和发表药所能治疗的。因此，当寒邪初在体表，病邪尚未深入，或者只是偶尔感受轻微的寒冷时，可以使用紫苏、桔梗、葱白、生姜，单味药即可治愈。如果病邪按次序传变，在太阳膀胱经，则应当使用麻黄；在阳明经，则应当使用升麻、葛根；在少阳经，则应当使用柴胡。这是治疗表寒（寒邪在三阳经）的大致原则。（《内经》说：用辛味来润养它。）至于那些中气素来虚弱的人，其寒邪可能兼夹痰、气滞或湿邪。（寒邪兼夹其他病邪。）则应当使用荜茇、白豆蔻、姜黄、红豆蔻、干姜、薰香、川椒、冬花、百部、紫菀、白前、马兜铃等类药物来治疗。寒邪兼夹风邪，则应当使用杏仁、淫羊藿等药物来治疗。寒邪兼夹风湿，则应当使用五加皮、天雄、蔓荆子、僵蚕、蚕沙、细辛来治疗。寒邪兼夹痰壅，则应当使用生姜来治疗。但也不离发散药类的范畴。如果是内寒至极的情况。（真寒在内部显现。）在胃部的，可以用草豆蔻、草果、白檀香、益智仁、丁香来驱散。其中丁香能同时调理肺和肾。在肾脏的，可以用仙茅、胡芦巴、肉桂、川椒、补骨脂、阳起石来入药。在肝脏的，可以用吴茱萸、艾叶、大茴香、小茴香来进服。在大肠的，可以用巴豆来通下。在心部的，可以用桂心来投用。（《内经》说：寒邪侵袭体内，用甘热药治疗，辅以苦辛药。）如果再兼夹有痰湿，那么没有比附子、胡椒更好的了。这是驱除寒邪的大致原则。如果寒象只是假象出现，则是内热深伏。（假寒在外显现。）这就不是燥烈药物可以治愈的了。在体表的宜用轻剂疏散，使热邪向外发散；在体内的宜用苦咸药下降，如黄连、黄芩、石膏、知母、黄柏、朴硝。（《内经》说：用咸味来泻下，用苦味来坚阴。）使热邪去除，寒象自然就不见了！但是世人只知道用寒凉药治寒证，却不知道寒证有真假之分，那么治疗方法又应当灵活变化，而不能仅仅拘泥于寒凉药罢了。
《内经》说：寒邪侵袭体内，用甘热药治疗，辅以苦辛药。用咸味来泻下，用辛味来润养，用苦味来坚阴。（土能制约水，热能战胜寒，所以用甘热药治疗。苦味和辛味，也是热性品。伤寒导致内热的，用咸味来泻下；内燥的，用辛味来润养。苦味能泻热并坚固肾气，泻中有补益作用。）五运六气。（太阳司天之年为辰年、戌年；太阳在泉之年为丑年、未年。）
〔散寒〕
桔梗（归肺经） 紫苏（归肺经） 葱白（归肺经） 紫石英（归肺经） 白豆蔻（归肺经） 马兜铃（归肺经） 党参（归肺经） 白石英（归肺经） 红豆蔻（归肺经） 款冬花（归肺经） 百部（归肺经） 麻黄（归膀胱经） 荜茇（归胸腹部） 高良姜（归胃经） 薰香（归肺、心经） 干姜（归脾、胃经）
〔散寒风湿〕
五加皮（归肝、肾经） 天雄（归肾经） 细辛（归肾经） 蔓荆子（归筋骨血脉） 僵蚕（归肝、肺、胃经） 蚕沙（归肝、肺、胃经）
〔逐寒〕
阳起石（归肾经） 胡芦巴（归肾经） 仙茅（归肾经） 补骨脂（归肾经） 川椒（归肾经） 巴豆（归肾经） 吴茱萸（归肝经） 大茴香（归肝经） 小茴香（归肝经） 艾叶（归脾、肝、肾经） 草果（归胃经） 白檀香（归胃经） 益智仁（归胃经） 丁香（归肺、胃、肾经） 大蒜（归诸窍） 草豆蔻（归胃口上部）
Wind is the leader of the Six Excesses (the six external pathogenic factors: wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire). Cold also ranks second. Therefore, Zhang Zhongjing of the Han Dynasty specifically established his theories based on Shanghan (Cold Damage). When Wind-Cold pathogens enter through the Back-Shu points on the back and transmit sequentially, it is called "transmission via meridians" (Chuan Jing). In Shanghan, the pathogen remains only at the exterior and does not reach the interior. If it does not transmit via meridians but directly invades the Three Yin meridians, presenting with cold symptoms but no heat, it is called "Direct Invasion Cold Damage" (Zhi Zhong Shanghan). Here, the pathogen is in the interior, not the exterior. Furthermore, if there are completely no exterior symptoms, but instead Jue Qi (rebellious qi) arises internally, causing incessant chills and shivering, this indicates Yang deficiency, representing a true internal cold syndrome; the use of exterior-releasing drugs is strictly prohibited. Moreover, if Fire-Heat is closed within, preventing the release of fire, yet various signs of Jue (extremity cold/reversal) appear externally, this presents as a False Cold syndrome, which cannot be treated with warming or exterior-releasing medicines. Thus, when cold is initially at the exterior and has not deeply penetrated, or if one merely suffers from occasional exposure to mild cold, Zisu (Perilla Leaf), Jiegeng (Platycodon Root), Congbai (Scallion White), and Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger) can cure it singly. If the disease transmits sequentially and involves the Taiyang Bladder meridian, Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba) should be used; if it involves the Yangming, Shengma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma) and Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix) should be used; if it involves the Shaoyang, Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) should be used. This outlines the general treatment for Exterior Cold (Cold pathogens in the Three Yang meridians). (The Classic states: Use acrid flavors to moisten.) For those with constitutionally weak Middle Qi, their cold may be complicated by Phlegm, Qi stagnation, or Dampness. (Cold combined with other pathogens.) In such cases, Bibo (Long Pepper Fruit), Baikou (Cardamomi Rotundi Fructus), Jianghuang (Curcumae Longae Rhizoma), Hongdoukou (Myristicae Semen), Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma), Xunxiang (Olibanum), Chuanjiao (Sichuan Pepper), Donghua (Adenophorae Radix), Baibu (Stemonae Radix), Ziying (Asteris Radix), Baiying (Bupleuri Radix - *Note: Context implies Asteris/Bupleuri distinction or specific local usage, usually refers to Aster root here*), and Madouling (Aristolochiae Radix) etc., should be used. If Cold combines with Wind, Xingren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum) and Yinyanghuo (Epimedii Folium) should be used. If Cold combines with Wind-Damp, Wujiaopi (Acanthopanacis Cortex), Tianxiong (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata - *specifically large toxic type*), Manjingzi (Viticis Semen), Jiangcan (Bombyx Batryticatus), Canasha (Bombyx Cacoecis), and Xixin (Asari Radix et Rhizoma) should be used. If Cold combines with Phlegm obstruction, Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger) should be used. However, these still fall under the category of dispersing agents. If Internal Cold is extreme (True Cold manifests internally): in the Stomach, Caodoukou (Karwinskiae Fructus), Caoguo (Tsaoko Fructus), Baitanxiang (Santalum Album Lignum), Yizhi (Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus), and Dingxiang (Caryophylli Flos) can dispel it; notably, Dingxiang treats both Lung and Kidney. In the Kidney, Xianmao (Curculiginis Rhizoma), Huba (Trigonellae Foenum-graecum Semen), Rougui (Cinnamomi Cortex), Chuanjiao (Sichuan Pepper), Buguzhi (Psoraleae Fructus), and Yangqishi (Actinolithum) can be employed. In the Liver, Wuzhuyu (Evodiae Fructus), Aye (Artemisiae Argyi Folium), Da Huixiang (Foeniculi Fructus), and Xiao Huixiang (Foeniculi Fructus) can be administered. In the Large Intestine, Badou (Crotonis Fructus) can unblock. In the Heart, Guixin (Cinnamomi Ramulus) can be given. (The Classic states: When Cold invades the interior, treat with Sweet-Hot herbs, assisted by Bitter-Acrid ones.) If additionally complicated by Phlegm-Damp, nothing surpasses Fuzi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata) and Hujiao (Piperis Nigris Fructus). This outlines the general method for driving out Cold. If the Cold appearance is merely false, it indicates Deeply Hidden Internal Heat (False Cold appears externally). This cannot be cured with drying/hot drugs. At the exterior, light agents should be used to disperse, allowing Heat to emerge outward; in the interior, Bitter-Salty descending agents should be used, such as Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum), Zhimu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), Huangbai (Phellodendri Cortex), and Puxiao (Natrii Sulfas). (The Classic states: Use Salty to purge, use Bitter to consolidate.) Once Heat is eliminated, the Cold will naturally disappear! However, people in the world only know to use Cold-natured drugs to treat Cold, failing to realize that Cold syndromes have True and False distinctions. Therefore, treatment methods must be flexible and cannot be rigidly confined to Cold-natured drugs alone.
The Classic states: When Cold invades the interior, treat with Sweet-Hot herbs, assisted by Bitter-Acrid ones. Use Salty to purge, Acrid to moisten, and Bitter to consolidate. (Earth controls Water, Heat overcomes Cold, hence Sweet-Hot is used. Bitter and Acrid are also hot-natured substances. For Shanghan with internal heat, use Salty to purge; for internal dryness, use Acrid to moisten. Bitter clears Heat and consolidates the Kidney, offering tonification amidst purging.) The Five Movements and Six Qi. (Taiyang rules Heaven in Chen and Xu years; Taiyang rules Earth in Chou and Wei years.)
[Dispersing Cold]
Jiegeng (Platycodonis Radix) [Lung] Zisu (Perillae Folium) [Lung] Congbai (Allii Fistulosi Bulbus) [Lung] Zishiyingshi (Quartzum Rubrum) [Lung] Baikou (Cardamomi Rotundi Fructus) [Lung] Madouling (Aristolochiae Radix) [Lung] Dangshen (Codonopsis Radix) [Lung] Baishiyingshi (Quartzum Album) [Lung] Hongdoukou (Myristicae Semen) [Lung] Donghua (Adenophorae Radix) [Lung] Baibu (Stemonae Radix) [Lung] Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba) [Bladder] Bibo (Long Pepper Fruit) [Chest/Abdomen] Liangjiang (Galangal Rhizome) [Stomach] Xunxiang (Frankincense/Olibanum) [Lung/Heart] Ganjiang (Dried Ginger Rhizome) [Spleen/Stomach]
[Dispersing Cold-Wind]
Xingren (Apricot Seed) [Lung] Yinyanghuo (Epimedium Leaf) [Kidney] Heye (Lotus Leaf) [Gallbladder]
[Dispersing Cold-Wind-Damp]
Wujiaopi (Acanthopanax Bark) [Liver/Kidney] Tianxiong (Prepared Aconite Lateral Root) [Kidney] Xixin (Asarum Root) [Kidney] Manjingzi (Vitex Seed) [Sinews/Bones/Vessels] Jiangcan (Silkworm) [Liver/Lung/Stomach] Canasha (Silkworm Excrement) [Liver/Lung/Stomach]
[Dispersing Cold-Phlegm]
Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger) [Lung]
[Expelling Blood-Cold]
Rougui (Cinnamon Bark) [Liver/Kidney] Guixin (Cinnamon Twig) [Heart]
[Expelling Cold]
Yangqishi (Actinolite) [Kidney] Huba (Fenugreek Seed) [Kidney] Xianmao (Curculigo Rhizome) [Kidney] Buguzhi (Psoralea Fruit) [Kidney] Chuanjiao (Sichuan Pepper) [Kidney] Badou (Croton Seed) [Kidney] Wuzhuyu (Evodia Fruit) [Liver] Da Huixiang (Fennel Fruit) [Liver] Xiao Huixiang (Fennel Fruit) [Liver] Aye (Mugwort Leaf) [Spleen/Liver/Kidney] Caoguo (Tsao-ko Fruit) [Stomach] Baitanxiang (Sandalwood) [Stomach] Yizhi (Alpinia Fruit) [Stomach] Dingxiang (Clove) [Lung/Stomach/Kidney] Dasuan (Garlic) [Orifices] Caodoukou (Karwinska Fruit) [Stomach Opening/Upper Part]
[Expelling Cold-Phlegm]
Hujiao (Black Pepper) [Stomach/Kidney] Fuzi (Prepared Aconite Lateral Root) [Kidney] Pisshi (Arsenic Stone) [Intestines/Stomach]