（宋《开宝》）
【释名】仙枣。
志曰∶北齐时有仙人仲思得此枣种之，因以为名。
【集解】志曰∶仲思枣形如大枣，长一、二寸，正紫色，细纹小核，味甘。今亦少有。
时珍曰∶按∶杜宝《大业拾遗记》云∶隋时信都郡献仲思枣，长四寸，围五寸，肉肥核
小有味，胜于青州枣，亦名仙枣。观此，则《广志》之西王母枣、谷城紫枣，皆此类也。
【气味】甘，温，无毒。
【主治】补虚益气，润五脏，去痰嗽冷气。久服令人肥健，好颜色，神仙不饥（《开宝》）。
（《食性》）
【释名】蹶泄（《尔雅》。名义未详）。
【集解】士良曰∶苦枣处处有之。色青而小，味苦不堪，人多不食。
实
【气味】苦，大寒，无毒。
【主治】伤寒热伏在脏腑，狂荡烦满，大小便闭涩。取肉煮研，和蜜丸服（士良）。
（山果类三十四种）
（《别录》下品）
【释名】快果、果宗、玉乳、蜜父。
震亨曰∶梨者，利也。其性下行流利也。
弘景曰∶梨种殊多，并皆冷利，多食损人，故俗人谓之快果，不入药用。
【集解】颂曰∶梨，处处皆有，而种类殊别。医方相承，用乳梨、鹅梨。乳梨，出宣城
，皮浓而肉实，其味极长；鹅梨，河之南北州郡皆有之，皮薄而浆多，味差短，其香则过之
。其余水梨、消梨、紫糜梨、赤梨、青梨、茅梨、甘棠梨、御儿梨之类甚多，俱不入药也。
一种桑梨，惟堪蜜煮食之，止口干，生食不益人，冷中。又有紫花梨，疗心热。唐武宗有此
疾，百药不效。青城山邢道人以此梨绞汁进之，帝疾遂愈。复求之，不可得。常山郡忽有一
株，因缄封以进。帝多食之，解烦燥殊效。岁久木枯，不复有种，今人不得而用之矣。
时珍曰∶梨树高二、三丈，尖叶光腻有细齿，二月开白花如雪六出。上巳无风则结实必
佳。故古语云∶上巳有风梨有蠹，中秋无月蚌无胎。贾思勰言∶梨核每颗有十余子，种之惟
一、二子生梨，余皆生杜，此亦一异也。杜，即棠梨也。梨品甚多，必须棠梨、桑树接过者
，则结子早而佳。梨有青、黄、红、紫四色。乳梨，即悉尼；鹅梨，即绵梨；消梨，即香水
梨也。俱为上品，可以治病。御儿梨，即玉乳梨之讹。或云御儿一作语儿，地名也，在苏州
嘉兴县，见《汉书注》。
其他青皮、早谷、半斤、沙糜诸梨，皆粗涩不堪，只可蒸煮及切烘为脯尔。一种醋梨，
易水煮熟，则甜美不损人也。昔人言梨，皆以常山真定、山阳钜野、梁国睢阳、齐国临淄、
巨鹿、弘农、京兆、邺都、洛阳为称。盖好梨多产于北土，南方惟宣城者为胜。故司马迁《
史记》云∶淮北、荥南、河济之间，千株梨其人与千户侯等也。又魏文帝诏云∶真定御梨大
如拳，甘如蜜，脆如菱，可以解烦释 。辛氏《三秦记》云∶含消梨大如五升器，坠地则破
，须以囊承取之。汉武帝尝种于上苑。此又梨之奇品也。《物类相感志》言∶梨与萝卜相间
收藏，或削梨
实
【气味】甘、微酸，寒，无毒。多食令人寒中萎困。金疮、乳妇、血虚者，尤
不可
志曰∶《别本》云∶梨，甘寒，多食成冷痢。桑梨∶生食冷中，不益人。
【主治】热嗽，止渴。切片贴烫火伤，止痛不烂（苏恭）。治客热，中风不语，治伤寒
热
发，解丹石热气、惊邪，利大小便（《开宝》）。除贼风，止心烦气喘热狂。作浆，吐风痰（
大明）。猝喑风不语者，生捣汁频服。胸中痞塞热结者，宜多食之（孟诜）。润肺凉心，消痰
降火，解疮毒、酒毒（时珍）。
【发明】宗 曰∶梨，多食动脾，少则不及病，用梨者当斟酌之。惟病酒烦渴人食之甚
佳，终不能却疾。
慎微曰∶孙光宪《北梦琐言》云∶有一朝士见奉御梁新诊之，曰∶风疾已深，请速归去
。复见 州马医赵鄂诊之，言与梁同，但请多吃消梨，咀 不及，绞汁而饮。到家旬日，唯
吃消梨，顿爽也。
时珍曰∶《别录》着梨，只言其害，不着其功。陶隐居言梨不入药。盖古人论病多主风
寒，用药皆是桂、附，故不知梨有治风热、润肺凉心、消痰降火、解毒之功也。今人痰病、
火病，十居六、七。梨之有益，盖不为少，但不宜过食尔。按∶《类编》云∶一士人状若有
疾，厌厌无聊，往谒杨吉老诊之。杨曰∶君热症已极，气血消铄，此去三年，当以疽死。士
人不乐而去。闻茅山有道士医术通神，而不欲自鸣。乃衣仆衣，诣山拜之，愿执薪水之役。
道士留置弟子中。久之以实白道士。道士诊之，笑曰∶汝便下山，但日日吃好梨一颗。如生
梨已尽，则取干者泡汤，食滓饮汁，疾自当平。士人如其戒，经一岁复见吉老。见其颜貌腴
泽，脉息和平，惊曰∶君必遇异人，不然岂有痊理？士人备告吉老。吉老具衣冠望茅山设拜
，自咎其学之未至。此与琐言之说仿佛。观夫二条，则梨之功岂小补哉？然惟乳梨、鹅梨、
消梨可食，余梨则亦不能去病也。
【附方】旧八，新四。
消渴饮水∶用香水梨、或鹅梨、或江南悉尼皆可，取汁以蜜汤熬成瓶收。无时以热水或
冷水调服，愈乃止。（《普济方》）
猝得咳嗽∶颂曰∶崔元亮《海上方》∶用好梨去核，捣汁一碗，入椒四十粒，煎一沸去
滓，纳黑饧一大两，消讫，细细含咽立定。诜曰∶用梨一颗，刺五十孔，每孔纳椒一粒，面
裹灰火煨熟，停冷去椒食之。又方∶去核纳酥、蜜，面裹烧熟，冷食。又方∶切片，酥煎食
之。又方∶捣汁一升，入酥、蜜各一两，地黄汁一升，煎成含咽。凡治嗽，须喘急定时冷食
之。若热食反伤肺，令嗽更剧，不可救也。若反，可作羊肉汤饼饱食之，便卧少时，即佳。
痰喘气急∶梨剜空，纳小黑豆令满，留盖合住系定，糠火煨熟，捣作饼。每日食之，至
效。（《摘玄》）
喑风失音∶生梨，捣汁一盏饮之，日再服。（《食疗本草》）
小儿风热，昏懵躁闷，不能食∶用消梨三枚切破，以水二升，煮取汁一升，入粳米一合，
煮粥食之。（《圣惠方》）
赤目弩肉，日夜痛者∶取好梨一颗捣绞汁，以绵裹黄连片一钱浸汁。仰卧点之。（
赤眼肿痛∶鹅梨一枚捣汁，黄连末半两，腻粉一字，和匀绵裹浸梨汁中，日日点之。（
《圣惠》）
反胃转食，药物不下∶用大悉尼一个，以丁香十五粒刺入梨内，湿纸包四、五重，煨熟
食
花
【主治】去面黑粉滓（时珍。方见李花下）。
叶
【主治】霍乱吐利不止，煮汁服。作煎，治风（苏恭）。治小儿寒疝（苏颂）。捣汁服，
解中菌毒（吴瑞）。
【附方】旧三，新一。
小儿寒疝腹痛，大汗出∶用梨叶，浓煎七合，分作数服，饮之大良。此徐玉经验方也。
（《图经本草》）
中水毒病初起，头痛恶寒，拘急心烦∶用梨叶一把捣烂，以酒一盏搅饮。（《箧中方》）
蠼 尿疮出黄水∶用梨叶汁涂之，干即易。（《箧中方》）
食梨过伤∶梨叶煎汁，解之。（黄记）
木皮
【主治】解伤寒时气（时珍）。
【附方】新四。
伤寒温疫已发未发。用梨木皮、大甘草各一两，黄秫谷一合（为末），锅底煤一钱。每
服三钱，白汤下，日二服，取愈。此蔡医博方也。（黎居士《简易方》）
霍乱吐利∶梨枝，煮汁饮。（《圣惠》）
气积郁冒，人有气从脐左右起上冲，胸满气促，郁冒厥者。用梨木灰、伏出鸡卵壳中白
皮、紫菀、麻黄（去节），等分为末，糊丸梧桐子大。每服十丸，酒下。亦可为末服方寸匕，
或煮汤服。（《总录》）
结气咳逆三十年者，服之亦瘥。方同上。
（宋《开宝本草》）
【释名】仙枣。
陶弘景说：北齐时期有位仙人叫仲思，得到了这种枣的种子并种植它，因此得名。
【集解】陶弘景说：仲思枣的形状像大枣，长一至二寸，呈正紫色，有细纹和小核，味道甘甜。现在也很少见了。
李时珍说：据杜宝《大业拾遗记》记载：隋朝时信都郡进贡仲思枣，长达四寸，周长五寸，果肉肥厚，核小且有滋味，胜过青州枣，也被称为仙枣。看这些记载，那么《广志》中提到的西王母枣、谷城紫枣，都属于这一类。
【气味】味甘，性温，无毒。
【主治】补虚益气，滋润五脏，去除痰嗽和冷气。长期服用使人身体肥壮强健，面色红润，神仙般不感到饥饿（《开宝本草》）。
（《食性本草》）
【释名】蹶泄（出自《尔雅》，名称含义不详）。
【集解】孟士良说：苦枣到处都有。颜色青绿且小，味道苦涩难以下咽，人们大多不吃。
【气味】味苦，性大寒，无毒。
【主治】治疗伤寒热邪潜伏在脏腑，狂乱躁动烦闷，大小便闭塞不通。取果肉煮研，与蜂蜜混合制成丸剂服用（孟士良）。
（山果类第三十四种）
（《名医别录》下品）
【释名】快果、果宗、玉乳、蜜父。
朱震亨说：梨，意为“利”。它的性质下行且流利。
陶弘景说：梨的品种很多，都属冷利之性，多吃损伤人体，所以俗人称之为快果，不入药用。
【集解】苏颂说：梨到处都有，但种类不同。医方传承中，多用乳梨、鹅梨。乳梨，出产于宣城，皮厚肉实，味道持久；鹅梨，黄河南北各州郡都有，皮薄汁多，味道稍短促，但香气超过乳梨。其余如水梨、消梨、紫糜梨、赤梨、青梨、茅梨、甘棠梨、御儿梨等很多，都不入药。
有一种桑梨，只能蜜煮食用，能止口干，生吃无益于人，伤脾胃阳气。又有紫花梨，能治疗心热。唐武宗有此病，各种药物无效。青城山邢道人用此梨榨汁进献，皇帝病随即痊愈。后来再求此梨，却找不到了。常山郡忽然有一株，于是密封进贡。皇帝多吃后，解除烦躁效果显著。时间久了树木枯死，不再繁殖，如今人们无法使用了。
李时珍说：梨树高二三丈，叶尖光滑有细齿，二月开白花如雪六瓣。上巳节若无风，结出的果实一定很好。所以古语说：“上巳有风梨有蠹，中秋无月蚌无胎。”贾思勰说：梨核每颗有十余粒种子，种下去只有一两棵长出梨树，其余都长出杜梨，这也是一个奇异之处。杜，就是棠梨。梨的品种很多，必须用棠梨、桑树嫁接过的，则结果早且好。梨有青、黄、红、紫四种颜色。乳梨，即悉尼；鹅梨，即绵梨；消梨，即香水梨。都是上品，可以治病。御儿梨，是玉乳梨的讹误。有人说御儿一作语儿，是地名，在苏州嘉兴县，见《汉书注》。
其他青皮、早谷、半斤、沙糜等梨，都粗糙涩口不堪食用，只能蒸煮或切片烘干做成果脯。有一种醋梨，用水煮熟，则甜美且不伤身。古人评价梨，都以常山真定、山阳钜野、梁国睢阳、齐国临淄、巨鹿、弘农、京兆、邺都、洛阳为著名产地。大概好梨多产于北方，南方只有宣城的最好。所以司马迁《史记》说：“淮北、荥南、河济之间，千株梨树的主人其财富相当于千户侯。”又魏文帝诏书说：“真定御梨大如拳头，甜如蜜，脆如菱角，可以解烦释渴。”辛氏《三秦记》说：“含消梨大如五升容器，落地就破，需要用袋子承接收集。汉武帝曾种植在上林苑。这又是梨中的奇特品种。”《物类相感志》说：梨与萝卜相间收藏，或者削梨……（原文此处似有缺漏，依文意推测为保存方法）
【气味】味甘、微酸，性寒，无毒。多吃使人脾胃受寒而萎困。金疮（金属利器造成的创伤）、哺乳期妇女、血虚者，尤其不可食用。
陶弘景说：《别本》说：梨，甘寒，多吃成冷痢。桑梨：生吃伤脾胃阳气，无益于人。
【主治】热嗽，止渴。切片贴烫火伤处，止痛且不溃烂（苏恭）。治疗客热，中风不语，治疗伤寒热盛发作，解丹石热气、惊邪，通利大小便（《开宝本草》）。祛除贼风，止心烦气喘热狂。制成浆液，吐出风痰（大明）。突然失音风痹不语者，生捣汁频频服用。胸中痞塞热结者，宜多吃（孟诜）。润肺凉心，消痰降火，解疮毒、酒毒（李时珍）。
【发明】张元素说：梨，多吃动脾，少吃不及病，使用梨者应当斟酌。只有饮酒后烦渴的人吃它很好，终究不能治愈疾病。
寇宗奭说：孙光宪《北梦琐言》记载：有一位朝臣见到奉御梁新诊治，梁新说：风疾已深，请速回家。又见到亳州马医赵鄂诊治，说法与梁新相同，只是让他多吃消梨，嚼不完，就榨汁饮用。回家后十天，只吃消梨，顿时清爽了。
李时珍说：《名医别录》记载梨，只说其害，不说其功。陶隐居说梨不入药。大概古人论病多主风寒，用药皆是桂枝、附子，所以不知道梨有治风热、润肺凉心、消痰降火、解毒的功效。如今人的痰病、火病，十占六七。梨的益处，确实不少，只是不宜过量食用罢了。按：《类编》记载：一位士人状若患病，萎靡不振，去拜见杨吉老诊治。杨吉老说：您的热症已极，气血消铄，从此三年后，将因疽病而死。士人不高兴离去。听说茅山有道士医术通神，但不想自鸣得意。于是穿仆人的衣服，到山中拜见，愿意承担打柴挑水的劳役。道士把他留在弟子中。久了以后如实告诉道士。道士诊治后，笑着说：你便下山吧，只要每天吃好梨一颗。如果生梨吃完了，就取干梨泡汤，吃渣喝汁，疾病自然平复。士人遵照戒律，经过一年再见杨吉老。见他容颜丰润光泽，脉息平和，惊讶地说：您必定遇到了异人，不然怎么会有痊愈的道理？士人详细告诉杨吉老。杨吉老整衣冠望茅山设拜，自责学问未至。这与《北梦琐言》的说法相似。看这两条记载，梨的功效难道不是小小的补充吗？然而只有乳梨、鹅梨、消梨可食用，其他梨也不能去病。
【附方】旧方八首，新方四首。
消渴饮水：用香水梨、或鹅梨、或江南悉尼皆可，取汁以蜂蜜水熬成瓶装收存。随时用热水或冷水调服，好了就停止。（《普济方》）
猝得咳嗽：苏颂说：崔元亮《海上方》：用好梨去核，捣汁一碗，放入花椒四十粒，煎一沸去渣，加入黑饴糖一大两，溶化后，细细含咽立即安定。孟诜说：用梨一颗，刺五十个孔，每孔纳一粒花椒，面粉包裹在灰火中煨熟，冷却后去掉花椒食用。又一方：去核纳入酥油、蜂蜜，面粉包裹烧熟，冷食。又一方：切片，用酥油煎食。又一方：捣汁一升，加入酥油、蜂蜜各一两，地黄汁一升，煎成含咽。凡是治咳嗽，必须在喘急定时冷食之。如果热食反而伤肺，令咳嗽更剧烈，不可救也。如果反胃，可作羊肉汤饼饱食之，然后躺卧少时，就好。
痰喘气急：梨剜空，纳入小黑豆令满，留盖合住系定，糠火煨熟，捣作饼。每日食之，见效。（《摘玄方》）
喑风失音：生梨，捣汁一盏饮之，日服两次。（《食疗本草》）
小儿风热，昏懵躁闷，不能食：用消梨三枚切破，以水二升，煮取汁一升，入粳米一合，煮粥食之。（《圣惠方》）
赤目弩肉，日夜痛者：取好梨一颗捣绞汁，以绵裹黄连片一钱浸汁。仰卧点之。（《圣惠方》）
赤眼肿痛：鹅梨一枚捣汁，黄连末半两，腻粉一字，和匀绵裹浸梨汁中，日日点之。（《圣惠方》）
反胃转食，药物不下：用大悉尼一个，以丁香十五粒刺入梨内，湿纸包四、五重，煨熟食之。（《普济方》）
花
【主治】去面黑粉滓（李时珍。方见李花下）。
叶
【主治】霍乱吐利不止，煮汁服。制成煎剂，治风（苏恭）。治疗小儿寒疝（苏颂）。捣汁服，解中菌毒（吴瑞）。
【附方】旧方三首，新方一首。
小儿寒疝腹痛，大汗出：用梨叶，浓煎七合，分作数服，饮之大良。这是徐玉的经验方。（《图经本草》）
中水毒病初起，头痛恶寒，拘急心烦：用梨叶一把捣烂，以酒一盏搅饮。（《箧中方》）
蠼螋尿疮出黄水：用梨叶汁涂之，干了就换。（《箧中方》）
食梨过伤：梨叶煎汁，解之。（黄记）
木皮
【主治】解伤寒时气（李时珍）。
【附方】新方四首。
伤寒温疫已发未发。用梨木皮、大甘草各一两，黄秫谷一合（为末），锅底煤一钱。每服三钱，白开水送下，日服两次，取愈。这是蔡医博的方子。（黎居士《简易方》）
霍乱吐利：梨枝，煮汁饮。（《圣惠方》）
气积郁冒，人有气从脐左右起上冲，胸满气促，郁冒厥者。用梨木灰、伏出鸡卵壳中白皮、紫菀、麻黄（去节），等分为末，糊丸梧桐子大。每服十丸，酒送下。也可以为末服方寸匕，或煮汤服。（《总录》）
结气咳逆三十年者，服之亦瘥。方同上。
(Song Dynasty *Kaibao Bencao*)
[Names] Immortal Jujube.
Tao Hongjing stated: During the Northern Qi dynasty, an immortal named Zhongsi obtained seeds of this jujube and planted them, hence the name.
[Collected Explanations] Tao Hongjing stated: The Zhongsi jujube resembles the large jujube (*Ziziphus jujuba*), is one to two cun long, has a pure purple color, fine grain, small core, and sweet taste. It is rarely seen nowadays.
Li Shizhen stated: According to Du Bao's *Daye Shiyiji*: In the Sui dynasty, Xindu Commandate presented Zhongsi jujubes, which were four cun long and five cun in circumference, with thick flesh, small cores, and good flavor, surpassing Qingzhou jujubes. They are also called Immortal Jujubes. From this, it can be seen that the West Queen Mother jujube and Gucheng purple jujube mentioned in *Guangzhi* belong to this category.
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, warm, non-toxic.
[Indications] Tonifies deficiency and benefits qi, moistens the five zang organs, removes phlegm-cough and cold qi. Long-term consumption makes one robust and healthy, improves complexion, and prevents hunger like immortals (*Kaibao Bencao*).
(*Shixing Bencao*)
[Names] Jue Xie (from *Erya*, meaning of the name unknown).
[Meng] Shiliang stated: Bitter jujubes grow everywhere. They are green and small, bitter and unpalatable, so people mostly do not eat them.
[Flavor and Properties] Bitter, very cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Treats heat from cold damage lurking in the zang-fu organs, mania, restlessness, fullness, and obstruction of urination and defecation. Take the flesh, boil and grind, mix with honey, and form pills for ingestion (Meng Shiliang).
(Category 34 of Mountain Fruits)
(*Mingyi Bielu*, Lower Grade)
[Names] Kuai Guo (Quick Fruit), Guo Zong (Fruit Ancestor), Yu Ru (Jade Milk), Mi Fu (Honey Father).
Zhu Zhenheng stated: "Li" (pear) means "benefit" or "flow". Its nature is descending and flowing.
Tao Hongjing stated: There are many varieties of pears, all having cold and draining properties. Eating too much harms the body, hence commoners call them Kuai Guo, and they are not used in medicine.
[Collected Explanations] Su Song stated: Pears grow everywhere but vary greatly in type. Medical prescriptions traditionally use Ru Li (Milk Pear) and E Li (Goose Pear). Ru Li comes from Xuancheng, has thick skin and firm flesh, and a lasting flavor; E Li grows north and south of the Yellow River, has thin skin and abundant juice, shorter flavor, but superior fragrance. Others such as Shui Li, Xiao Li, Zi Mi Li, Chi Li, Qing Li, Mao Li, Gan Tang Li, Yu'er Li, etc., are numerous but not used in medicine.
There is a variety called Sang Li (Mulberry Pear), which can only be eaten after being boiled with honey; it stops dry mouth, but raw consumption is unbeneficial and damages spleen-stomach yang. There is also Zi Hua Li (Purple Flower Pear), which treats heart-heat. Emperor Wuzong of Tang suffered from this illness, and various medicines were ineffective. Xing Daoist from Qingcheng Mountain squeezed juice from this pear and offered it to the emperor, whose illness was cured. Later requests for this pear failed. Suddenly, one tree appeared in Changshan Commandery, which was sealed and presented. The emperor ate much of it, achieving remarkable relief from irritability. Over time, the tree withered and no longer propagated, so people cannot use it now.
Li Shizhen stated: Pear trees are two to three zhang high, with pointed, smooth leaves with fine teeth, blooming white flowers like snow in the second lunar month. If there is no wind on Shangsi Festival, the fruit will surely be excellent. Hence the old saying: "Wind on Shangsi brings worms in pears; no moon at Mid-Autumn means no embryos in clams." Jia Sixie said: Each pear seed contains over ten kernels; when planted, only one or two grow into pear trees, while the rest grow into wild crabapples (*Pyrus betulaefolia*), which is another peculiarity. Wild crabapple is also called Tang Li. There are many pear varieties; those grafted onto wild crabapple or mulberry trees fruit earlier and better. Pears come in green, yellow, red, and purple colors. Ru Li is Sidney pear; E Li is Mian Li pear; Xiao Li is Perfume Pear. All are top-grade and can treat diseases. Yu'er Li is a misnomer for Yu Ru Li. Some say Yu'er is pronounced Yuer, a place name in Suzhou Jiaxing County, see *Commentary on Book of Han*.
Other varieties like Qing Pi, Zao Gu, Ban Jin, Sha Mi, etc., are rough and astringent, suitable only for boiling, steaming, or slicing and drying into dried fruit. A variety called Cu Li (Vinegar Pear) becomes sweet and harmless when boiled in water. Ancients praised pears from Changshan Zhending, Shanyang Juye, Liangguo Suiyang, Qiguo Linzi, Julu, Hongnong, Jingzhao, Yedu, Luoyang. Good pears mostly grow in the north; in the south, Xuancheng's are best. Thus Sima Qian's *Records of the Grand Historian* says: "Between Huai North, Rong South, and He-Ji, a thousand pear trees make their owner equivalent to a marquis of a thousand households." Emperor Wen of Wei's edict states: "Zhending Imperial Pears are fist-sized, sweet as honey, crisp as water caltrops, capable of relieving vexation and thirst." Xin Shi's *Sanqin Ji* says: "Han Xiao Pear is as large as a five-sheng vessel; if dropped, it breaks, requiring a bag to catch it. Emperor Wu of Han planted them in Shangyuan Garden. These are rare pear varieties." *Wulei Xianggan Zhi* states: Store pears alternately with radishes, or peel pears... (text incomplete).
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, slightly sour, cold, non-toxic. Excessive consumption causes cold in the middle jiao and weakness. Those with metal wounds, lactating women, and blood deficiency should especially avoid eating them.
Tao Hongjing stated: *Bieben* says: Pears are sweet and cold; excessive consumption causes cold dysentery. Sang Li: Raw consumption damages spleen-stomach yang and is unbeneficial.
[Indications] Heat cough, stops thirst. Slice and apply to scalds/burns to stop pain and prevent ulceration (Su Gong). Treats external heat, stroke with aphasia, fever from cold damage, resolves Dan Shi heat, fright/evil, promotes urination and defecation (*Kaibao Bencao*). Expels thief-wind, stops mental restlessness, panting, and manic heat. Made into juice, it vomits out wind-phlegm (Daming). For sudden aphasia due to wind, crush fresh pear and drink juice frequently. For chest oppression and heat accumulation, eat more (Meng Shen). Moistens lungs, cools heart, resolves phlegm, descends fire, resolves toxin from sores and alcohol toxicity (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Zhang Yuansu stated: Pears move the spleen if eaten in excess; insufficient amounts are ineffective for disease. Use with discretion. Only beneficial for those thirsty after drinking alcohol, but ultimately does not cure disease.
Kou Zongshi stated: Sun Guangxian's *Beimeng Suoyan* records: A court official saw Imperial Physician Liang Xin, who said: Wind disease is deep, return home quickly. Then he saw Zhao E, a horse doctor from Bozhou, who agreed but advised eating much Xiao Li pear, chewing incompletely, then drinking the juice. After returning home for ten days, eating only Xiao Li pear, he felt instantly refreshed.
Li Shizhen stated: *Mingyi Bielu* records only the harms of pears, not their merits. Tao Hongjing said pears are not medicinal. Probably because ancients focused on wind-cold in disease etiology, using Cinnamon Twig Decoction (*Guizhi Tang*) and Aconite Root (*Fuzi*), they did not know pears treat wind-heat, moisten lungs, cool heart, resolve phlegm, descend fire, and detoxify. Nowadays, six or seven out of ten cases involve phlegm or fire diseases. Pears are indeed beneficial, just not to be overeaten. According to *Leibian*: A scholar looked ill and listless, visited Yang Jilao. Yang said: Your heat syndrome is extreme, qi and blood are depleted; you will die of carbuncle in three years. The scholar left unhappy. Hearing of a Daoist priest on Maoshan with divine medical skills who kept low profile, he dressed as a servant, bowed to him, and asked to perform chores. The priest kept him among disciples. Later, the scholar confessed. The priest diagnosed him, smiled, and said: Go down the mountain, eat one good pear daily. If fresh pears run out, soak dried ones in water, eat the residue and drink the juice; the illness will subside. The scholar followed this advice. After a year, he met Yang Jilao again. His face was plump and lustrous, pulse peaceful. Yang exclaimed: You must have met a supernatural person; otherwise, how could you recover? The scholar explained everything. Yang put on formal robes, faced Maoshan, bowed, and blamed his own lack of learning. This resembles the story in *Beimeng Suoyan*. From these two accounts, the merit of pears is significant. However, only Ru Li, E Li, and Xiao Li are edible for curing disease; other varieties cannot cure illness.
[Attached Prescriptions] Eight old, four new.
Xiao Ke (Wasting-Thirst) drinking water: Use Perfume Pear, Goose Pear, or Jiangnan Sidney pear, extract juice, boil with honey until concentrated, store in bottles. Mix with hot or cold water as needed, stop when cured (*Puji Fang*).
Sudden Cough: Su Song cites Cui Yuanliang's *Haishang Fang*: Take good pear, remove core, crush to get one bowl of juice, add forty Sichuan peppercorns (*Zanthoxyli Fructus*), boil once, remove dregs, add one liang of dark malt sugar, dissolve, and slowly swallow/suck to settle immediately. Meng Shen says: Take one pear, prick fifty holes, insert one peppercorn per hole, wrap in dough, roast in ash/fire until cooked, cool, remove peppercorns, and eat. Another prescription: Remove core, insert butter and honey, wrap in dough, roast until cooked, eat cold. Another: Slice, fry in butter and eat. Another: Crush juice one sheng, add one liang each of butter and honey, one sheng of Rehmannia Root juice (*Rehmanniae Radix*), boil, suck/swallow. For all cough treatments, eat cold when wheezing is severe. Hot food damages lungs and worsens cough irreparably. If regurgitation occurs, eat mutton soup noodles until full, lie down briefly, then feel better.
Phlegm Asthma and急促 Breathing: Hollow out pear, fill with small black soybeans, replace lid, tie securely, roast in chaff-fire until cooked, crush into cakes. Eat daily until effective (*Zhaixuan Fang*).
Aphasia due to Wind: Fresh pear, crush juice, drink one cup, twice daily (*Shiliao Bencao*).
Pediatric Wind-Heat, Confusion, Restlessness, Anorexia: Cut three Xiao Li pears, boil in two sheng water to obtain one sheng juice, add one he of japonica rice (*Oryza Sativa Japonica Group*), cook porridge and eat (*Shenghui Fang*).
Red Eyes with Pterygium, Day/Night Pain: Take one good pear, crush and squeeze juice, wrap one qian of Coptis Rhizome (*Coptidis Rhizoma*) slice in cotton, soak in pear juice. Instill while lying supine (*Shenghui Fang*).
Red Eye Swelling and Pain: One Goose Pear crushed for juice, half liang of Coptis Rhizome powder (*Coptidis Rhizoma*), one zi of Nacre (*Nacre*), mix evenly, wrap in cotton, soak in pear juice, instill daily (*Shenghui Fang*).
Regurgitation and Food Intolerance, Medicines Not Retained: Take one large Sidney pear, insert fifteen Clove buds (*Eugeniae Caryophyllata Flos*) into the pear, wrap in wet paper four to five layers, roast until cooked, and eat (*Puji Fang*).
Flower
[Indications] Removes facial dark spots and impurities (Li Shizhen. Prescription see under Plum Blossom).
Leaf
[Indications] Cholera with continuous vomiting and diarrhea, boil juice and drink. Make decoction to treat wind (Su Gong). Treat pediatric cold hernia (Su Song). Crush juice and drink to resolve mushroom poisoning (Wu Rui).
[Attached Prescriptions] Three old, one new.
Pediatric Cold Hernia Abdominal Pain with Profuse Sweating: Use pear leaves, decoct strongly to obtain seven he, divide into several doses, drink. Highly effective. This is Xu Yu's experience prescription (*Tujing Bencao*).
Early Stage Water Toxicity Disease, Headache, Aversion to Cold, Stiffness, Mental Restlessness: Crush one handful of pear leaves, mix with one cup of wine and drink (*Qiezhong Fang*).
Earwig Bite Ulcer Discharging Yellow Fluid: Apply pear leaf juice, change when dry (*Qiezhong Fang*).
Injury from Overeating Pears: Decoct pear leaf juice to resolve toxicity (Huang Ji).
Wood Bark
[Indications] Resolves Cold Damage and Seasonal Epidemic Qi (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Prescriptions] Four new.
Cold Damage and Warm Epidemic, Emitted or Not Yet Emitted. Use one liang each of Pear Wood Bark (*Piri Cortex*) and Licorice Root (*Glycyrrhizae Radix*), one he of Yellow Sorghum Grain (*Sorgi Fructus*), one qian of Pot Bottom Coal (*Fodis Carbonis*). Take three qian per dose, wash down with plain water, twice daily, until cured. This is Dr. Cai's prescription (*Jianyi Fang* by Li Jushi).
Cholera Vomiting and Diarrhea: Pear branches, boil juice and drink (*Shenghui Fang*).
Qi Accumulation and Oppression, Qi Rushing Up from Umbilicus, Chest Fullness, Shortness of Breath, Oppression/Fainting. Use equal parts of Pear Wood Ash (*Piri Cinereus*), White Skin of Chicken Egg Shell hatched naturally (*Ovi Oöthecae Periostracum*), Aster Root (*Asteris Radix*), Ephedra Stem (*Ephedrae Herba* [nodes removed]), grind into powder, make pills with paste size of Sophora seeds. Take ten pills per dose with wine. Can also take as powder (one square inch scoop) or decoct and drink (*Zonglu*).
For thirty-year history of Qi Knotting and Cough/Asthma, taking this also heals. Prescription same as above.