（《别录》上品）
【释名】沉水香（《纲目》）、蜜香。
时珍曰∶木之心节置水则沉，故名沉水，亦曰水沉。半沉者为栈香，不沉者为黄熟香。
《南越志》言∶交州人称为蜜香，谓其气如蜜脾也。梵书名阿迦 香。
【集解】恭曰∶沉香、青桂、鸡骨、马蹄、煎香，同是一树，出天竺诸国。木似榉柳，
树皮青色。叶似橘叶，经冬不凋。夏生花，白而圆。秋结实似槟榔，大如桑椹，紫而味辛。
藏器曰∶沉香，枝、叶并似椿。云似橘者，恐未是也。其枝节不朽，沉水者为沉香；其
肌理有黑脉，浮者为煎香。鸡骨、马蹄皆是煎香，并无别功，止可熏衣去臭。
颂曰∶沉香、青桂等香，出海南诸国及交、广、崖州。沈怀远《南越志》云∶交趾蜜香
树，彼人取之，先断其积年老木根，经年其外皮干俱朽烂，木心与枝节不坏，坚黑沉水者，
即沉香也。半浮半沉与水面平者，为鸡骨香。细枝紧实未烂者，为青桂香。其干为栈香。其
根为黄熟香。其根节轻而大者，为马蹄香。此六物同出一树，有精粗之异尔，并采无时。刘
恂《岭表录异》云∶广管罗州多栈香树，身似柜柳，其花白而繁，其叶如橘。其皮堪作纸，
名香皮纸，灰白色，有纹如鱼子，沾水即烂，不及楮纸，亦无香气。沉香、鸡骨、黄熟、栈
香虽是一树，而根、干、枝、节，各有分别也。又丁谓《天香传》云∶此香奇品最多。四香
凡四名十二状，出于一本。木体如白杨，叶如冬青而小。海北窦、化、高、雷皆出香之地，
比海南者优劣不侔。既所禀不同，复售者多而取者速，其香不待稍成，乃趋利戕贼之深也。
非同琼管黎人，非时不妄剪伐，故木无夭札之患，得必异香焉。宗 曰∶岭南诸郡悉有，傍
海处尤多。交干连枝，冈岭相接，千里不绝。叶如冬青，大者数抱，木性虚柔。山民以构茅
庐，或为桥梁，为饭甑，为狗槽，有香者百无一、二。盖木得水方结，多在折枝枯干中，或
为沉，或为煎，或为黄熟。自枯死者，谓之水盘香。南恩、高、窦等州，惟产生结香。盖山
民入山，以刀斫曲干斜枝成坎，经年得雨水浸渍，遂结成香。乃锯取之，刮去白木，其香结
为斑点，名鹧鸪斑，燔之极清烈。香之良者，惟在琼、崖等州，俗谓之角沉、黄沉，乃枯木
得者，宜入药用。依木皮而结者，谓之青桂，气尤清。在土中岁久，不待 剔而成薄片者，
谓之龙鳞。削之自卷，咀之柔韧者，谓之黄蜡沉，尤难得也。承曰∶诸品之外，又有龙鳞、
麻叶、竹叶之类，不止一、二十品。要之入药惟取中实沉水者。或沉水而有中心空者，则是
鸡骨。谓中有朽路，如鸡骨中血眼也。时珍曰∶沉香品类，诸说颇详。今考杨亿《谈苑》、
蔡绦《丛谈》、范成大《桂海志》、张师正《倦游录》、洪驹父《香谱》、叶廷 《香录》诸书，
撮其未尽者补之云。香之等凡三∶曰沉，曰栈，曰黄熟是也。沉香入水即沉，其品凡四∶曰
熟结，乃膏脉凝结自朽出者；曰生结，乃刀斧伐仆，膏脉结聚者；曰脱落，乃因水朽而结者；
曰虫漏，乃因蠹隙而结者。生结为上，熟脱次之。坚黑为上，黄色次之。角沉黑润，黄沉黄
润，蜡沉柔韧，革沉纹横，皆上品也。海岛所出，有如石杵，如肘如拳，如凤雀龟蛇，云气
人物。及海南马蹄、牛头、燕口、茧栗、竹叶、芝菌、梭子、附子等香，皆因形命名尔。其
栈香入水半浮半沉，即沉香之半结连木者，或作煎香，番名婆木香，亦曰弄水香。其类有
刺香、鸡骨香、叶子香，皆因形而名。有大如笠者，为蓬莱香。有如山石枯槎者，为光香。
入药皆次于沉香。其黄熟香，即香之轻虚者，俗讹为速香是矣。有生速，斫伐而取者。有熟
速，腐朽而取者。其大而可雕刻者，谓之水盘头。并不堪入药，但可焚 。叶廷 云∶出
渤泥、占城、真腊者，谓之番沉，亦曰舶沉，曰药沉，医家多用之，以真腊为上。蔡绦云∶
占城不若真腊，真腊不若海南黎峒。黎峒又以万安黎母山东峒者，冠绝天下，谓之海南沉，
一片万钱。海北高、化诸州者，皆栈香尔。范成大云∶黎峒出者名土沉香，或曰崖香。虽薄
如纸者，入水亦沉。万安在岛东，钟朝阳之气，故香尤酝藉，土人亦自难得。舶沉香多腥烈，
尾烟必焦。交趾海北之香，聚于钦州，谓之钦香，气尤酷烈。南人不甚重之，惟以入药。
【正误】时珍曰∶按∶李 《海药本草》谓沉者为沉香，浮者为檀香。梁元帝《金楼子》
谓一木五香∶根为檀，节为沉，花为鸡舌，胶为熏陆，叶为藿
并误也。五香各是一种。所谓五香一本者，即前苏恭所言，沉、栈、青桂、马蹄、鸡骨
者是矣。
【修治】 曰∶凡使沉香，须要不枯，如觜角硬重沉于水下者为上，半沉者次之。不可
见火。时珍曰∶欲入丸散，以纸裹置怀中，待燥研之。或入乳钵以水磨粉，晒干亦可。若入
煎
【气味】辛，微温，无毒。 曰∶苦，温。大明曰∶辛，热。元素曰∶阳也。有升有降。
时珍曰∶咀嚼香甜者性平，辛辣者性热。
【主治】风水毒肿，去恶气（《别录》）。主心腹痛，霍乱中恶，邪鬼疰气，清人神，并
宜酒煮服之。诸疮肿，宜入膏中（李 ）。调中，补五脏，益精壮阳，暖腰膝，止转筋、吐
泻冷气，破症癖，冷风麻痹，骨节不任，风湿皮肤瘙痒，气痢（大明）。补右肾命门（元素）。
补脾胃，及痰涎、血出于脾（李杲）。益气和神（刘完素）。治上热下寒，气逆喘急，大肠虚
闭，小
【附方】新七。
诸虚寒热，冷痰虚热∶冷香汤∶用沉香、附子（炮）等分，水一盏，煎七分，露一夜，
空心温服。（王好古《医垒元戎》）
胃冷久呃∶沉香、紫苏、白豆蔻仁各一钱。为末。每柿蒂汤服五、七分。（吴球《活人
心统》）
心神不足，火不降，水不升，健忘惊悸∶朱雀丸∶用沉香五钱，茯神二两，为末，炼蜜
和丸小豆大。每食后人参汤服三十丸，日二服。（王 《百一选方》）
肾虚目黑，暖水脏∶用沉香一两，蜀椒（去目，炒出汗）四两，为末，酒糊丸梧桐子大。
每服三十丸，空心，盐汤下。（《普济方》）
胞转不通∶非小肠、膀胱、厥阴受病，乃强忍房事，或过忍小便所致，当治其气则愈，
非利药可通也。沉香、木香各二钱，为末。白汤空腹服之，以通为度。（《医垒元戎》）
大肠虚闭，因汗多，津液耗涸者∶沉香一两，肉苁蓉（酒浸焙）二两，各研末，以麻
仁研汁作糊，丸梧桐子大。每服一百丸，蜜汤下。（严子礼《济生方》）
檀香、乳香等分， 于盆内。抱儿于上熏之，即起。（鲜于枢《钩玄》）
（被列为《神农本草经》上品）
【名称解释】沉水香（出自《本草纲目》）、蜜香。
李时珍说：树木的心材和节部放入水中会下沉，所以名叫沉水，也叫水沉。半沉入水的叫栈香，完全浮在水面的叫黄熟香。
《南越志》记载：交州人称之为蜜香，说是因为它的气味像蜂蜜的脾脏（指蜂巢）。梵文名字叫做阿迦香。
【集解】苏恭说：沉香、青桂、鸡骨、马蹄、煎香，都来自同一棵树，出产于天竺等各国。树身类似榉柳，树皮呈青色。叶子像橘叶，过冬不凋落。夏天开花，白色且圆。秋天结果实像槟榔，大小如桑葚，紫色且味道辛辣。
藏器说：沉香，枝条和叶子都像椿树。说像橘叶的，恐怕不对。它的枝节不易腐烂，沉入水中的是沉香；木质纹理中有黑色脉纹，浮在水面的是煎香。鸡骨、马蹄都是煎香，没有别的功效，只可以用来熏衣服去除异味。
苏颂说：沉香、青桂等香料，出产于海南诸国以及交州、广州、崖州。沈怀远在《南越志》中说：交趾的蜜香树，当地人采集它，先砍断积累多年的老木根，经过多年外皮干枯全部腐烂，但木心和枝节不坏，坚硬黑润沉入水中的，就是沉香。半浮半沉与水面平齐的，叫鸡骨香。细小的枝条紧密结实未腐烂的，叫青桂香。树干部分叫栈香。树根部分叫黄熟香。树根节部轻而大的，叫马蹄香。这六种物品同出一棵树，只是有精华和粗劣的区别罢了，采集没有固定时间。刘恂在《岭表录异》中说：广管罗州多产栈香树，树身像柜柳，花白而繁茂，叶子像橘子。树皮可以做纸，名叫香皮纸，灰白色，纹理像鱼子，沾水就烂，不如楮纸，也没有香气。沉香、鸡骨、黄熟、栈香虽然是一棵树，但根、干、枝、节，各有分别。又丁谓在《天香传》中说：这种香的奇特品种最多。四香共有四种名称十二种形态，出于同一棵树。木质体像白杨，叶子像冬青但较小。海北窦州、化州、高州、雷州都是出香之地，比海南产的优劣不可同日而语。既然禀受的自然条件不同，加上贩卖的人多而索取者急，香气来不及稍微形成，这是趋利而严重伤害树木啊。不像琼州黎族人，不到时候不随意砍伐，所以树木没有早夭之患，得到的必定是奇异的香气。宗 说：岭南各郡都有，海边处尤其多。树干交错树枝相连，山冈岭脊相接，千里不绝。叶子像冬青，大的要几抱粗，木质性质虚柔。山民用它搭建茅草屋，或者做桥梁，做蒸饭的甑，做狗槽，有香气的百无一二。大概木头遇到水才结香，多在折断的树枝和枯死的树干中，有的结成沉香，有的结成煎香，有的结成黄熟香。自然枯死的，叫水盘香。南恩州、高州、窦州等地，只产生结香。大概是山民进山，用刀砍弯曲的树干和斜生的枝条成坑状，经过一年被雨水浸渍，于是结成香。然后锯下来，刮去白色木质，香气结为斑点，名叫鹧鸪斑，燃烧起来气味极其清烈。品质好的沉香，只在琼州、崖州等地，俗称角沉、黄沉，是从枯木中取得的，适宜入药。依附在木皮上结成的，叫青桂，气味特别清香。在土中年代久远，不用剔除就自然成片状的，叫龙鳞。削下来自己卷曲，咀嚼柔韧的，叫黄蜡沉，尤其难得。承说：除了上述品种外，还有龙鳞、麻叶、竹叶之类，不止一二十种。总之入药只取中间实心且沉入水中的。如果沉水但中心空的，那就是鸡骨。说是中间有腐朽的路径，像鸡骨头中的血眼一样。李时珍说：沉香的品类，各种说法都很详细。现在考证杨亿《谈苑》、蔡绦《丛谈》、范成大《桂海志》、张师正《倦游录》、洪驹父《香谱》、叶廷珪《香录》等书，补充其中未尽的内容。香的等级凡三种：叫沉、叫栈、叫黄熟。沉香入水即沉，其品类凡四种：叫熟结，是膏脉凝结自然朽坏后形成的；叫生结，是用刀斧砍倒树木，膏脉结聚形成的；叫脱落，是因水浸朽坏而形成的；叫虫漏，是因蛀虫孔洞而形成的。生结为上品，熟结和脱落次之。坚硬黑色为上品，黄色次之。角沉黑润，黄沉黄润，蜡沉柔韧，革沉纹理横向，都是上品。海岛所出的，有如石杵，如肘如拳，如凤雀龟蛇，云气人物形状。以及海南的马蹄、牛头、燕口、茧栗、竹叶、芝菌、梭子、附子等香，都是因形状命名的。栈香入水半浮半沉，就是沉香半结连木的部分，或者做成煎香，番名婆木香，也叫弄水香。其类有刺香、鸡骨香、叶子香，都是因形命名。有大如斗笠的，叫蓬莱香。有如山石枯枝的，叫光香。入药都次于沉香。黄熟香，就是香气轻虚的，俗误称为速香。有生速，砍伐而取的。有熟速，腐朽而取的。大而可以雕刻的，叫水盘头。都不堪入药，只可焚烧。叶廷珪说：出产自渤泥、占城、真腊的，叫番沉，也叫舶沉，叫药沉，医家多用，以真腊产的为上品。蔡绦说：占城的不如真腊，真腊的不如海南黎峒。黎峒又以万安黎母山东峒的，冠绝天下，叫海南沉，一片价值万钱。海北高州、化州等地的，都是栈香。范成大说：黎峒出产的叫土沉香，或者说崖香。虽然薄如纸，入水也沉。万安在岛东，汇聚朝阳之气，所以香气更加蕴藉，本地人也很难得到。舶沉香多有腥烈味，尾烟必焦。交趾海北的香，聚集在钦州，叫钦香，气味特别酷烈。南方人不很看重它，只用它入药。
【正误】李时珍说：按：李珣《海药本草》说沉入水的是沉香，浮在水面的是檀香。梁元帝《金楼子》说一木五香：根为檀，节为沉，花为鸡舌，胶为熏陆，叶为藿。这都是错误的。五种香各是一种。所谓五香一本的，就是前面苏恭所说的，沉、栈、青桂、马蹄、鸡骨这些就是了。
【修治】 说：凡是使用沉香，必须要求不枯死，如嘴角般坚硬沉重沉于水下的为上乘，半沉的次之。不可见火。李时珍说：想要入丸散，用纸包裹放在怀中，待干燥后研磨。或者放入乳钵用水磨成粉，晒干也可以。如果入煎剂……（原文此处似有缺漏，依文意补全逻辑）
【气味】辛，微温，无毒。 说：苦，温。大明说：辛，热。元素说：属阳。有升有降。李时珍说：咀嚼香甜的性平，辛辣的性热。
【主治】风水毒肿，去除恶气（出自《别录》）。主治心腹痛，霍乱中恶，邪鬼疰气，使人神志清明，都适宜用酒煮服用。各种疮肿，适宜加入膏药中（李珣）。调理中焦，补益五脏，益精壮阳，温暖腰膝，止转筋、吐泻冷气，破除症癖，治疗冷风麻痹，骨节无力，风湿皮肤瘙痒，气痢（大明）。补右肾命门（元素）。补脾胃，以及痰涎、血出于脾（李杲）。益气安神（刘完素）。治疗上热下寒，气逆喘急，大肠虚闭，小……（原文此处截断）
【附方】新列七方。
各种虚寒热，冷痰虚热：冷香汤：用沉香、附子（炮制）等分，水一盏，煎至七分，露置一夜，空腹温服。（王好古《医垒元戎》）
胃冷久呃逆：沉香、紫苏、白豆蔻仁各一钱。研为末。每次用柿蒂汤送服五、七分。（吴球《活人心统》）
心神不足，火不降，水不升，健忘惊悸：朱雀丸：用沉香五钱，茯神二两，研为末，炼蜜和丸如小豆大。每次饭后用人参汤送服三十丸，每日两次。（王 《百一选方》）
肾虚目黑，暖水脏：用沉香一两，蜀椒（去目，炒出汗）四两，研为末，酒糊丸如梧桐子大。每次服三十丸，空腹，盐汤送下。（《普济方》）
胞转不通：如果不是小肠、膀胱、厥阴受病，而是强忍房事，或过度忍小便所致，应当治其气则愈，不是利尿药能通开的。沉香、木香各二钱，研为末。白开水空腹服用，以通畅为度。（《医垒元戎》）
大肠虚闭，因汗多，津液耗竭者：沉香一两，肉苁蓉（酒浸焙）二两，各研末，以麻仁研汁作糊，丸如梧桐子大。每次服一百丸，蜜汤送下。（严子礼《济生方》）
檀香、乳香等分，置于盆内。抱着孩子在上面熏，即可起效。（鲜于枢《钩玄》）
(Designated as a Superior Grade in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
[Names] Chen Shui Xiang (Agarwood sinking in water) (from *Bencao Gangmu*); Mi Xiang (Honey Fragrance).
Li Shizhen stated: When the heartwood and nodes of the tree are placed in water, they sink; hence it is named Chen Shui (Agarwood sinking), also called Shui Chen. Those that are half-sinking are called Zhan Xiang (Stacked Agarwood), and those that do not sink at all are called Huang Shu Xiang (Yellow Ripe Agarwood).
*Nan Yue Zhi* records: People in Jiaozhou call it Mi Xiang (Honey Fragrance), saying its aroma resembles honeycomb. Its Sanskrit name is Ajaguru.
[Collection and Explanation] Su Gong said: Chen Xiang (Agarwood), Qing Gui (Green Cinnamon), Ji Gu (Chicken Bone), Ma Ti (Horse Hoof), and Jian Xiang (Boiled Incense) all come from the same tree, produced in Tianzhu (India) and other countries. The trunk resembles Zelkova or Willow; the bark is green. The leaves resemble orange leaves and do not fall in winter. It flowers in summer, white and round. It bears fruit in autumn resembling Areca nut, size like mulberry, purple in color and pungent in taste.
Zang Qi said: For Chen Xiang, both branches and leaves resemble Toona. The claim that they resemble orange leaves is likely incorrect. Its branches and nodes do not rot easily; those that sink in water are Chen Xiang; those with black veins in the texture that float are Jian Xiang. Ji Gu and Ma Ti are both types of Jian Xiang, possessing no other efficacy, and can only be used to fumigate clothes to remove odors.
Su Song said: Chen Xiang, Qing Gui, and other incenses are produced in the southern sea countries as well as Jiaozhou, Guangzhou, and Yazhou. Shen Huaiyuan in *Nan Yue Zhi* states: Regarding the Mi Xiang tree in Jiaozhou, locals harvest it by first cutting off the old roots accumulated over years. After many years, the outer bark dries and rots completely, but the heartwood and nodes remain intact, hard, black, and sinking in water; this is Chen Xiang. Those that are half-floating and level with the water surface are called Ji Gu Xiang. Fine branches that are tight and solid without rotting are called Qing Gui Xiang. The trunk part is called Zhan Xiang. The root part is called Huang Shu Xiang. The light and large root nodes are called Ma Ti Xiang. These six items originate from the same tree, differing only in refinement and coarseness, and can be harvested at any time. Liu Xun in *Ling Biao Lu Yi* states: Luozhou in the Guang administration produces much Zhan Xiang tree. The trunk resembles Guiliu, flowers are white and abundant, leaves resemble oranges. The bark can be made into paper, named Xiang Pi Zhi (Incense Bark Paper), grayish-white, with patterns like fish roe, which disintegrates upon contact with water, inferior to Zhi paper, and lacking fragrance. Although Chen Xiang, Ji Gu, Huang Shu, and Zhan Xiang come from one tree, the roots, trunks, branches, and nodes are distinct. Ding Wei in *Tian Xiang Zhuan* states: This incense has many rare varieties. The four incenses have four names and twelve forms, originating from one tree. The wood body resembles Poplar, leaves resemble Ilex but smaller. Haibei Dou, Hua, Gao, and Lei prefectures are places producing incense, inferior to those from Hainan. Since their natural endowments differ, and merchants sell quickly while collectors gather hastily, the incense does not have time to mature slightly; this is deep harm caused by greed for profit. Unlike the Li people in Qiong Prefecture who do not arbitrarily cut trees out of season, causing no premature death of trees, the result is necessarily rare incense. Zong [Name missing] said: All commanderies in Lingnan have them, especially near the sea. Trunks interlock and branches connect, covering hills and ridges continuously for thousands of li. Leaves resemble Ilex, large ones requiring several embraces, with a void and soft wood nature. Mountain people use it to build thatched huts, or make bridges, rice steamers, and dog troughs; only one or two percent have fragrance. Generally, wood forms incense only when encountering water, mostly in broken branches and dead trunks, forming either Chen Xiang, Jian Xiang, or Huang Shu Xiang. Naturally dead ones are called Shui Pan Xiang. In Nan'en, Gao, and Dou prefectures, only formed incense is produced. Probably mountain people enter mountains, chop curved trunks and slanting branches into pits, let rainwater soak them for a year, thus forming incense. Then they saw them off, scrape away the white wood; the incense forms spots named Zhegu Ban (Partridge Spots), burning with an extremely clear and intense aroma. The best quality incense is found only in Qiong and Yazhou, commonly called Jiao Chen (Horn Agarwood) and Huang Chen (Yellow Agarwood), obtained from dead wood, suitable for medicinal use. Those formed adhering to the bark are called Qing Gui, with an exceptionally clear aroma. Those aged long in soil, forming thin slices without removal, are called Long Lin (Dragon Scales). Those that curl naturally when shaved and are tough when chewed are called Huang La Chen (Yellow Wax Agarwood), particularly rare. Cheng said: Besides these varieties, there are Long Lin, Ma Ye (Hemp Leaf), Zhu Ye (Bamboo Leaf), etc., numbering more than ten or twenty kinds. Essentially, for medicinal use, only the solid center that sinks in water is taken. If it sinks but has a hollow center, it is Ji Gu (Chicken Bone), meaning there is a rotten path inside, like the blood eye in chicken bones. Li Shizhen said: Various descriptions of Chen Xiang categories are quite detailed. Now, consulting Yang Yi's *Tan Yan*, Cai Tao's *Cong Tan*, Fan Chengda's *Gui Hai Zhi*, Zhang Shizheng's *Juan You Lu*, Hong Jufu's *Xiang Pu*, and Ye Tinggui's *Xiang Lu*, I supplement what was left out. There are three grades of incense: Chen, Zhan, and Huang Shu. Chen Xiang sinks immediately in water; its categories are four: Shu Jie (Ripe Knot), formed by resin condensation after natural decay; Sheng Jie (Raw Knot), formed by resin aggregation after being felled by axes; Tuo Luo (Fallen Off), formed due to water-induced decay; Chou Lou (Insect Leak), formed due to insect holes. Sheng Jie is superior, Shu and Tuo Luo are secondary. Hard and black is superior, yellow is secondary. Jiao Chen is black and lustrous, Huang Chen is yellow and lustrous, La Chen is tough, Ge Wen has horizontal grain; all are superior grade. Those from islands resemble stone pestles, elbows, fists, phoenixes, turtles, snakes, clouds, and figures. Also, Hainan's Ma Ti, Niu Tou (Ox Head), Yan Kou (Swallow Mouth), Jian Li, Zhu Ye, Zhi Jun, Suo Zi, Fu Zi, etc., are all named after their shapes. Zhan Xiang is half-floating and half-sinking in water, being half-formed connected to the wood of Chen Xiang, or made into Jian Xiang, known in foreign names as Po Mu Xiang, also called Nong Shui Xiang. Its types include Ci Xiang, Ji Gu Xiang, Ye Zi Xiang, all named by shape. Large ones like a hat are called Peng Lai Xiang. Those resembling dry rocks and stumps are called Guang Xiang. Both are inferior to Chen Xiang for medicinal use. Huang Shu Xiang is the light and void incense, vulgarly misnamed Su Xiang. There is Sheng Su, taken by felling; there is Shu Su, taken by decay. Large ones suitable for carving are called Shui Pan Tou. None are suitable for medicine, only for burning. Ye Tinggui said: Those from Brunei, Champa, and Zhenla are called Fan Chen (Foreign Agarwood), also Bo Chen (Ship Agarwood) or Yao Chen (Medicinal Agarwood), widely used by physicians, with Zhenla being superior. Cai Tao said: Champa is inferior to Zhenla, Zhenla is inferior to Hainan Li Dong. Among Li Dong, those from the East Peak of Limu Mountain in Wan'an are supreme under heaven, called Hainan Chen, worth ten thousand coins per piece. Those from Gaohua in Haibei are all Zhan Xiang. Fan Chengda said: Those from Li Dong are named Tu Chen Xiang (Local Agarwood) or Ya Xiang. Even if thin as paper, they sink in water. Wan'an is on the east of the island, gathering the qi of the morning sun, so the incense is particularly mellow; locals find it hard to obtain. Ship-borne Chen Xiang often has a fishy intensity, and the tail smoke must be scorched. Incense from Jiaozhou and Haibei gathers in Qinzhou, called Qin Xiang, with an extremely fierce aroma. Southerners do not value it highly, using it only for medicine.
[Correction of Errors] Li Shizhen said: According to: Li Xun's *Hai Yao Ben Cao* states that sinking is Chen Xiang, floating is Tan Xiang (Sandalwood). Emperor Yuan of Liang's *Jin Lou Zi* states one tree yields five fragrances: Root is Tan, Node is Chen, Flower is Ji She (Chicken Tongue), Gum is Xun Lu (Frankincense), Leaf is Huo. All are mistaken. The five fragrances are each a different species. What is referred to as "five fragrances from one tree" is exactly what Su Gong mentioned earlier: Chen, Zhan, Qing Gui, Ma Ti, and Ji Gu.
[Processing] [Name missing] said: When using Chen Xiang, it must not be dried out; those hard and heavy like horn tips that sink in water are superior, those half-sinking are secondary. Do not expose to fire. Li Shizhen said: For pills and powders, wrap in paper and place in the bosom to dry before grinding. Or grind into powder in a mortar with water, then dry in the sun. If for decoction...
[Flavor and Toxicity] Pungent, slightly warm, non-toxic. [Name missing] said: Bitter, warm. Da Ming said: Pungent, hot. Yuanyu said: Yang nature. Has ascending and descending properties. Li Shizhen said: Those sweet and fragrant when chewed have a neutral nature; those pungent and spicy have a hot nature.
[Indications] Wind-water toxic swelling, removing evil qi (*Bielu*). Mainly treats heart and abdominal pain, Huoluan (Cholera-like syndrome) with evil invasion, evil ghost Zhu Qi (contagious disease), clears and calms the spirit; all should be taken boiled in wine. Various sores and swellings should be added to plasters (Li Xun). Regulates the middle jiao, tonifies the five zang organs, benefits essence and strengthens yang, warms the waist and knees, stops muscle twitching, vomiting, diarrhea, and cold qi, breaks stagnation and masses, treats cold wind paralysis, inability of bone joints to bear weight, rheumatic skin itching, and Qi Li (Da Ming). Tonifies the Right Kidney Mingmen (Yuanyu). Tonifies the Spleen and Stomach, and treats phlegm-drool and bleeding originating from the Spleen (Li Gao). Benefits qi and calms the spirit (Liu Wansu). Treats upper heat and lower cold, rebellious qi with panting and urgency, deficiency-closure of the Large Intestine, small... (Text cuts off here)
[Attached Prescriptions] Seven new prescriptions.
Various deficiency-cold and heat, cold-phlegm and deficiency-heat: Leng Xiang Tang (Cold Incense Decoction): Use equal parts Chen Xiang and Fu Zi (processed). One cup of water, decoct to seven-tenths, leave exposed overnight, take warm on an empty stomach. (Wang Haogu *Yi Lei Yuan Rong*)
Stomach cold with chronic hiccups: Chen Xiang, Zi Su, Bai Dou Kou Ren each one qian. Grind into powder. Take 5-7 fen each time with Shi Di (Persimmon Calyx) decoction. (Wu Qiu *Huo Ren Xin Tong*)
Heart and spirit insufficiency, fire not descending, water not ascending, forgetfulness and palpitations: Zhu Que Wan (Vermilion Bird Pill): Use Chen Xiang five qian, Fu Shen two liang. Grind into powder, mix with refined honey to form pills the size of azuki beans. Take thirty pills after meals with Ginseng decoction, twice daily. (Wang [Name] *Bai Yi Xuan Fang*)
Kidney deficiency with dark vision, warming the Water Organ: Use Chen Xiang one liang, Shu Jiao (remove eyes, stir-fry until sweat appears) four liang. Grind into powder, make pills with wine paste the size of paulownia seeds. Take thirty pills each time, on an empty stomach, down with salt water. (*Pu Ji Fang*)
Bladder inversion/blockage: If not caused by disease in the Small Intestine, Bladder, or Jueyin, but by forcing sexual intercourse or holding urine too long, treat the qi to cure; diuretics cannot open it. Chen Xiang, Mu Xiang each two qian. Grind into powder. Take with plain water on an empty stomach, stop when unblocked. (*Yi Lei Yuan Rong*)
Large Intestine deficiency closure, due to excessive sweating depleting fluids: Chen Xiang one liang, Rou Cong Rong (soaked in wine and baked) two liang. Grind into powder separately, make paste with juice pressed from Hemp Seed, form pills size of paulownia seeds. Take one hundred pills each time, down with honey water. (Yan Zili *Ji Sheng Fang*)
Tan Xiang (Sandalwood) and Ru Xiang (Frankincense) in equal parts, placed in a basin. Hold the child above to fumigate, effect will arise immediately. (Xianyu Shu *Gou Xuan*)