（《别录》下品）
【释名】黑丑（《纲目》）、草金铃（《炮炙论
弘景曰∶此药始出田野人牵牛谢药，故以名之。
时珍曰∶近人隐其名为黑丑，白者为白丑，盖以丑属牛也。金铃象子形，盆甑、狗耳象
叶形。段成式《酉阳杂俎》云∶盆甑草蔓如薯蓣，结实后断之，状如盆甑是矣。
【集解】弘景曰∶牵牛作藤生花，状如扁豆，黄色。子作小房，实黑色，形如 子核。
恭曰∶此花似旋花，作碧色，不黄，亦不似扁豆。
颂曰∶处处有之。二月种子，三月生苗，作藤蔓绕篱墙，高者或二、三丈。其叶青，有
三尖角。七月生花，微红带
碧色，似鼓子花而大。八月结实，外有白皮裹作球。每球内有子四、五枚，大如荞麦，有三
棱，有黑白二种，九月后收
宗 曰∶花朵如鼓子花，但碧色，日出开，日西萎。其核如木猴梨子而色黑，谓子似荞
麦非也。
时珍曰∶牵牛有黑、白二种∶黑者处处野生尤多。其蔓有白毛，断之有白汁。叶有三尖，
如枫叶。花不作瓣，如旋花而大。其实有蒂裹之，生青枯白。其核与棠 子核一样，但色深
霍尔。白者人多种之。其蔓微红，无毛有柔刺，断之有浓汁，叶团有斜尖，并如山药茎叶。
其花小于黑牵牛花，浅碧带红色。其实蒂长寸许，生青枯白。其核白色，稍粗。人亦采嫩实
蜜煎为果食，呼为天茄，因其蒂似茄也。
子
【修治】 曰∶凡采得子，晒干，水淘去浮者，再晒，拌酒蒸，从巳至未，晒干收之。
临用舂去黑皮。
时珍曰∶今多只碾取头末，去皮麸不用。亦有半生半熟用者。
【气味】苦，寒，有毒。权曰∶甘，有小毒。
诜曰∶多食稍冷。
杲曰∶辛热雄烈，泄人元气。
大明曰∶味 。得青木香、干姜良。
【主治】下气，疗脚满水肿，除风毒，利小便（《别录》）。治 癖气块，利大小便，除
虚肿，落胎（甄权）。取腰痛，下冷脓，泻蛊毒药，并一切气壅滞（大明）。和山茱萸服，去
水
病（孟诜）。
珍）。
【发明】宗 曰∶牵牛丸服，治大肠风秘壅结。不可久服，亦行脾肾气故也。
好古曰∶牵牛以气药引则入气；以大黄引则入血。利大肠，下水积。色白者，泻气分湿
热上攻喘满，破血中之气。
震亨曰∶牵牛属火善走，黑者属水，白者属金。若非病形与证俱实，不胀满、不大便秘
者，不可轻用。驱逐致虚，先哲深戒。
杲曰∶牵牛非神农药也。《名医续注》云∶味苦寒，能除湿气，利小便，治下注香港脚。
此说气味主治俱误矣
辣，久嚼猛烈雄壮，所谓苦寒安在哉？夫湿者水之别称，有形者也。若肺先受湿，湿气不得
施化，致大小便不通，则宜用之。盖牵牛感南方热火之化所生，火能平金而泄肺，湿去则气
得周流。所谓五脏有邪，更相平也。今不问有湿无湿，但伤食或有热证，俱用牵牛克化之药，
岂不误哉？况牵牛止能泄气中之湿热，不能除血中之湿热。湿从下受之，下焦主血，血中之
湿，宜苦寒之味，反以辛药泄之，伤人元气。且牵牛辛烈，比之诸辛药，泄气尤甚，其伤人
必矣。《经》云∶辛泄气，辛走气，辛泄肺，气病者无多食辛。况饮食失节，劳役所伤，是
胃气不行，心火乘之。肠胃受火邪，名曰热中。脾胃主血，当血中泄火。以黄芩之苦寒泄火，
当归身之辛温和血，生地黄之苦寒凉血益血，少加红花之辛温以泄血络，桃仁之辛温除燥润
肠。仍不可专用，须于补中益气泄阴火之药内加而用之。何则？上焦元气已自虚弱，若反用
牵牛大辛热，气味俱阳之药
轻则夭人。故张文懿云∶牵
快一时。药过仍痞，随服随效，效后复痞。以致久服脱人元气，犹不知悔也。张仲景治七种
湿热，小便不利，无一药犯牵牛者。仲景岂不知牵牛能泄湿利小便乎？为湿病之根在下焦，
是血分中气病。不可用辛辣之药，泄上焦太阴之气。是血病泻气，使气血俱损也。《经》云∶
毋盛盛，毋虚虚，毋绝人长命，此之谓也，用者戒之。白牵牛亦同。
时珍曰∶牵牛自宋以后，北人常用取快。及刘守真、张子和出，又倡为通用下药。李明
之目击其事，故着此说极力辟之。然东汉时此药未入本草，故仲景不知。假使知之，必有用
法，不应捐弃。况仲景未用之药亦多矣。执此而论，盖矫枉过中矣。牵牛治水气在肺，喘满
肿胀，下焦郁遏，腰背胀肿，及大肠风秘气秘，卓有殊功。但病在血分，及脾胃虚弱而痞满
者，则不可取快一时，及常服暗伤元气也。一宗室夫人，年几六十。平生苦肠结病，旬日一
行，甚于生产。服养血润燥药则泥膈不快，服硝黄通利药则若罔知，如此三十余年矣。时珍
诊其人体肥膏粱而多忧郁，日吐酸痰碗许乃宽，又多火病。此乃三焦之气壅滞，有升无降，
津液皆化为痰饮，不能下滋肠腑，非血燥比也。润剂留滞，硝黄徒入血分，不能通气，俱为
痰阻，故无效也。乃用牵牛末皂荚膏丸与服，即便通
食，且复精爽。盖牵牛能走气分，通三焦。气顺则痰逐饮消，上下通快矣。外甥柳乔，素多
酒色。病下极胀痛，二便不通，不能坐卧，立哭呻吟者七昼夜。医用通利药不效。遣人叩予。
予思此乃湿热之邪在精道，壅胀隧路，病在二阴之间，故前阻小便，后阻大便，病不在大肠、
膀胱也。乃用楝实、茴香、穿山甲诸药，入牵牛加倍，水煎服。一服而减，三服而平。牵牛
能达右肾命门，走精隧。人所不知，惟东垣李明之知之。故明之治下焦阳虚天真丹，用牵牛
以盐水炒黑，入佐沉香、杜仲、破故纸、官桂诸药，深得补泻兼施之妙。方见《医学发明》。
又东垣治脾湿太过，通身浮肿，喘不得卧，腹如鼓，海金沙散，亦以牵牛为君。则东垣未尽
弃牵牛不用，但贵施之得道耳。
【附方】旧八，新三十三。搜风通滞，风气所攻，脏腑积滞∶用牵牛子以童尿浸一宿，
长流水上洗半日，生绢袋盛，挂当风处令干。每日盐汤下三十粒。极能搜风，亦消虚肿。久
服令人体清瘦。（《斗门方》）
丸∶用牵牛子四两（半生半炒），不蛀皂荚（酥炙）二两，为末，生姜自然汁煮糊，丸梧子
大。每服二十丸，荆芥汤下。（王衮《博济方》）
一切积气，宿食不消∶黑牵牛（头为末）四两，用萝卜剜空，安末盖定，纸
入白豆蔻末一钱，捣丸梧子大。每服一、二十丸，白汤下。名顺气丸。（《普济方》）
男妇五积，五般积气成聚∶用黑牵牛一斤，生捣末八两，余滓以新瓦炒香，再捣取四两，
炼
蜜丸梧子大。至重者三、五十丸，陈橘皮、生姜煎汤，卧时服。半夜未动，再服三十丸，当
下积聚之物。寻常行气，每服十丸甚妙。（《经验方》）
胸膈食积∶
伤物汤下。（《儒门事亲》）
气筑奔冲，不可忍∶牛郎丸∶用黑牵牛半两（炒），槟榔二钱半。为末。每服一钱，紫
苏汤下。（《普济方》）
追虫取积∶方同上，用酒下。亦消水肿。
肾气作痛∶黑、白牵牛等分，炒为末。每服三钱，用猪腰子切，缝入茴香百粒，川椒五
十粒，掺牵牛末入内扎定，纸包煨熟。空心食之，酒下。取出恶物效。（杨仁斋《直指方》）
伤寒结胸，心腹硬痛∶用牵牛头末一钱，白糖化汤调下。（郑氏《家传方》）
《简
要济众方》∶用牵牛子半生半熟，为末。每服二钱，姜汤下。未通，再以茶服。一方∶加大
黄等分。一方∶加生槟榔等分。
大肠风秘结涩∶牵牛子（微炒，捣头末）一两，桃仁（去皮尖，麸炒）半两。为末
蜜丸梧子大。每汤服三十丸。（寇氏《衍义》）
水蛊胀满∶白牵牛、黑牵牛（各取头末）二钱，大麦面四两，和作烧饼，卧时烙熟食之，
以茶
诸水饮病，张子和云∶病水之人，如长川泛溢，非杯杓可取，必以神禹决水之法治之，
故名禹功散。用黑牵牛（头末）四两，茴香一两（炒）。为末。每服一、二钱，以生姜自然
汁调下，当转下气也。（《儒门事亲》）
阴水阳水∶黑牵牛头末三两，大黄末三两，陈米饭锅糕一两。为末。糊丸梧子大。每服
五十
水肿尿涩∶牵牛末，每服方寸匕，以小便利为度。（《千金方》）
小便
不利，气急咳嗽∶黑牵牛末一两，浓朴（制）半两。为末。每服二钱，姜汤下。或临时水丸，
每枣汤下三十丸。（《普济方》）
牛尿一升浸一宿，平旦入葱白一握，煎十余沸。空心分二服，水从小便中出。（《圣惠方》）
脾湿肿满∶方见海金沙下。风毒香港脚，捻之没指者∶牵牛子捣末，蜜丸小豆大。每服五
丸，生姜汤下，取小便利乃止。亦可吞之。其子黑色，正如 子核。（《肘后方》）
小儿肿病，大小便不利∶黑牵牛、白牵牛各二两，炒取头末，井华水和丸绿豆大。每服
二十
丸，萝卜子煎汤下。（《圣济总录》）小儿腹胀，水气流肿，膀胱实热，小便赤涩∶牵牛（生
研）一钱，青皮汤空心下。一加木香减半，丸服。（《郑氏小儿方》）
疳气浮肿，常服自消∶黑牵牛、白牵牛（各半生半炒，取末）、陈皮、青皮等分，为末，
糊丸绿豆大。每服，三岁儿服二十丸，米汤下。（《郑氏小儿方》）
疳气耳聋，疳气攻肾，耳聋阴肿∶牵牛末一钱，猪腰子半个，去膜薄切，掺入内，加少
盐，湿纸包煨。空心服。（《郑氏方》）
小儿雀目∶牵牛子末，每以一钱用羊肝一片，同面作角子二个，炙熟食，米饮下。（《普
济方》）
风热赤眼∶白牵牛末，以葱白煮研丸绿豆大。每服五丸，葱汤下。服讫睡半时。（《卫生
家宝方》）
面上风刺∶黑牵牛酒浸三宿，为末。先以姜汁擦面，后用药涂之。（《摘玄方》）
面上粉刺∶ 子如米粉。黑牵牛末对入面脂药中，日日洗之。（《圣惠方》）
面上雀斑∶黑牵牛末，鸡子清调，夜敷日洗。（《摘玄方》）
马脾风病，小儿急惊，肺胀喘满，胸高气急，肾缩鼻张，闷乱咳嗽，烦渴，痰潮声嗄，
俗名
马脾风，不急治，死在旦夕∶白牵牛（半生半炒）、黑牵牛（半生半炒）、大黄（煨）、槟榔，
各
取末一钱。每用五分，蜜汤调下。痰盛加轻粉一字。名牛黄夺命散。（
小儿夜啼∶黑牵牛末一钱。水调，敷脐上，即止。（《生生编》）
临月滑胎∶牵牛子一两，赤土少许，研末。觉胎转痛时，白榆皮煎汤下一钱。（王衮《博
济方》）
小便血淋∶牵牛子二两（半生半炒）。为末。每服二钱，姜汤下。良久，热茶服之。（《经
验良方》）
肠风泻血∶牵牛五两，牙皂三两，水浸三日，去皂，以酒一升煮干，焙研末，蜜丸梧子
大。
每服七丸，空心酒下，日三服。下出黄物，不妨。病减后，日服五丸，米饮下。（《本事方》）
痔漏有虫∶黑、白牵牛各一两。炒为末，以猪肉四两，切碎炒熟，蘸末食尽，以白米饭
三匙
压之。取下白虫为效。又方∶白牵牛（头末）四两，没药一钱，为细末。欲服药时，先日勿
夜
饭。次早空心，将猪肉四两炙切片，蘸末细细嚼食。取下脓血为效。量人加减用。忌酒色油
腻三日。（《儒门事
漏疮水溢，乃肾虚也∶牵牛末二钱半，入切开猪肾中，竹叶包定煨熟。空心食，温酒送
下。借肾入肾，一纵一横，两得其便。恶水既泄，不复淋沥。（《直指方》）
一切痈疽发背，无名肿毒，年少气壮者∶用黑、白牵牛各一合，布包捶碎，以好醋一碗，
熬至八分，露一夜，次日五更温服。以大便出脓血为妙。名济世散。（《张三丰仙方》）
湿热头痛∶黑牵牛七粒，砂仁一粒，研末，井华水调汁，仰灌鼻中，待涎出即愈。（《圣
济录》）
气滞腰痛∶牵牛不拘多少，以新瓦
一两，入硫黄末二钱半，同研匀，分作三分。每分用白面三匙，水和KT 开，切作棋子。
五更初
以水一盏煮熟，连汤温下，痛即已。未住，隔日再作。予常有此疾，每发一服，痛即止。（许
学士《本事方》）
（收录于《名医别录》下品）
【释名】黑丑（出自《本草纲目》）、草金铃（出自《雷公炮炙论》）。
陶弘景说：这种药最初是田野中的人牵着牛来答谢赠药之人，所以以此命名。
李时珍说：近代人隐晦地称其为黑丑，白色的称为白丑，大概是因为在十二地支中“丑”对应生肖牛。金铃形容种子的形状，盆甑、狗耳形容叶片的形状。段成式在《酉阳杂俎》中说：盆甑草的藤蔓像薯蓣，果实成熟后折断，形状像盆和甑，说的就是这个。
【集解】陶弘景说：牵牛藤本植物，开的花形状像扁豆，黄色。种子结在小房子里，呈黑色，形状像菟丝子核。
苏恭说：这种花类似旋花，呈碧绿色，不黄，也不像扁豆。
苏颂说：各地都有生长。二月播种，三月生苗，长成藤蔓缠绕篱笆墙壁，高的有二、三丈长。叶子青色，有三个尖角。七月开花，微红带碧色，比鼓子花大。八月结果，外面有白皮包裹成球状。每个球内有四、五颗种子，大小如荞麦，有三棱，分黑白两种，九月后采收。
陈藏器说：花朵像鼓子花，但呈碧色，日出时开放，日落时枯萎。其核像木猴梨子而颜色黑，说种子像荞麦是不对的。
李时珍说：牵牛有黑、白两种：黑色的到处野生，尤其多。其藤蔓有白色绒毛，折断后有白色汁液。叶子有三个尖，像枫叶。花不分瓣，像旋花但较大。果实有蒂包裹，生时青枯白。其核与棠棣子核一样，只是颜色深褐色。白色的多是人工种植。其藤蔓微红，无毛但有柔刺，折断后有浓汁，叶子圆形有斜尖，茎叶都像山药。其花比黑牵牛花小，浅碧带红色。果实蒂长约一寸，生时青枯白。其核白色，稍粗糙。人们也采集嫩果实蜜煎作为果品食用，称为天茄，因为它的蒂像茄子。
【修治】雷敩说：凡是采得种子，晒干，用水淘洗去掉浮起的，再晒，拌酒蒸，从巳时到未时，晒干收藏。临用时捣去黑皮。
李时珍说：现在大多只碾取最细的头末，去掉皮麸不用。也有半生半熟使用的。
【气味】苦，寒，有毒。
李权说：甘，有小毒。
孟诜说：多吃稍微偏冷。
张杲说：辛热雄烈，耗泄人的元气。
马志说：味咸。配合青木香、干姜效果好。
【主治】下气，治疗脚部胀满水肿，祛除风毒，通利小便（出自《名医别录》）。治疗积聚痞块，通利大小便，消除虚肿，堕胎（甄权）。治疗腰痛，排出冷脓，泻出蛊毒药，以及一切气机壅滞（马志）。与山茱萸同服，去除水饮病（孟诜）。
【发明】陈藏器说：牵牛丸剂服用，治疗大肠风秘壅结。不可久服，因为它也会行散脾肾之气。
李东垣说：牵牛以气药为引则入气分；以大黄为引则入血分。能利大肠，下水积。白色的，能泻气分的湿热上攻导致的喘满，破除血中的气滞。
朱震亨说：牵牛属火善于走窜，黑色的属水，白色的属金。如果不是病形与证候都属实，没有胀满、不大便秘结的，不可轻用。驱逐邪气导致正气虚弱，先哲对此深以为戒。
张杲说：牵牛不是神农尝百草时的神药。《名医续注》说：味苦寒，能除湿气，利小便，治疗下注的香港脚（足癣/下肢湿疹）。这种说法关于气味和主治都是错误的。牵牛辛辣，久嚼猛烈雄壮，所谓的苦寒在哪里呢？湿是水的一种别称，是有形的。如果肺先受湿，湿气不能施化，导致大小便不通，则适宜使用。大概牵牛感南方热火之气而生，火能平金而泄肺，湿去则气得周流。所谓五脏有邪，互相制约平衡。现在不问有没有湿，只要是伤食或有热证，都用牵牛克化之药，难道不错误吗？况且牵牛只能泄气中的湿热，不能除血中的湿热。湿从下部受之，下焦主血，血中的湿，宜用苦寒之味，反而用辛药泄之，伤害人的元气。而且牵牛辛烈，比起其他辛药，泄气更甚，伤人必定厉害。《内经》说：辛泄气，辛走气，辛泄肺，气病者不要多吃辛味。况且饮食失节，劳役所伤，这是胃气不行，心火乘袭。肠胃受火邪，名叫热中。脾胃主血，应当在血中泄火。用黄芩的苦寒泄火，当归身的辛温和血，生地黄苦寒凉血益血，少加红花辛温以泄血络，桃仁辛温除燥润肠。仍然不可专用，必须在补中益气泄阴火的药物内加入使用。为什么呢？上焦元气已经虚弱，如果反而用牵牛大辛热，气味俱阳的药物，轻则害人。所以张文懿说：牵牛快一时。药过仍痞，随服随效，效后复痞。以致久服脱人元气，还不知道后悔。张仲景治疗七种湿热，小便不利，没有一个药用到牵牛的。仲景难道不知道牵牛能泄湿利小便吗？因为湿病的根在下焦，是血分中的气病。不可用辛辣之药，泄上焦太阴之气。这是血病泻气，使气血俱损。《内经》说：不要使实证更实，不要使虚证更虚，不要断绝人的寿命，说的就是这个，使用者要警惕。白牵牛也一样。
李时珍说：牵牛自宋代以后，北方人常用以求一时之快。等到刘守真、张子和出现，又提倡作为通用的下药。李明之亲眼目睹此事，所以写这篇文章极力驳斥它。然而东汉时期此药未入本草，所以仲景不知道。假使他知道了，必定有用法，不应被抛弃。况且仲景没用过的药也很多了。执着于此来议论，大概是矫枉过正了。牵牛治疗水气在肺，喘满肿胀，下焦郁遏，腰背胀肿，以及大肠风秘气秘，卓有成效。但病在血分，以及脾胃虚弱而痞满的，则不可求一时之快，以及常服暗伤元气。一位宗室夫人，年近六十。平生苦于肠结病，十天一次排便，比生产还难受。服用养血润燥药则泥膈不快，服用硝黄通利药则若无其事，这样三十多年了。我诊察她身体肥胖膏粱厚味且多忧郁，每天吐酸痰一碗左右才舒服，又多火病。这是三焦之气壅滞，只有升没有降，津液都化为痰饮，不能下滋肠腑，不是血燥可比。润剂留滞，硝黄徒然进入血分，不能通气，都被痰阻，所以无效。于是用牵牛末皂荚膏丸给她服用，立刻通畅进食，并且恢复精神。大概牵牛能走气分，通三焦。气顺则痰逐饮消，上下通快。外甥柳乔，素来多酒色。病下极胀痛，二便不通，不能坐卧，立哭呻吟七天七夜。医生用通利药无效。派人来问我。我想这是湿热之邪在精道，壅胀隧路，病在二阴之间，所以前阻小便，后阻大便，病不在大肠、膀胱。于是用楝实、茴香、穿山甲等药，加入加倍的牵牛，水煎服。一服减轻，三服平复。牵牛能达右肾命门，走精隧。人所不知，只有东垣李明之知道。所以明之治疗下焦阳虚天真丹，用牵牛以盐水炒黑，加入佐沉香、杜仲、破故纸、官桂等药，深得补泻兼施的妙处。方见《医学发明》。另外东垣治疗脾湿太过，通身浮肿，喘不得卧，腹如鼓，海金沙散，也以牵牛为君药。那么东垣并没有完全弃用牵牛，只是贵在施用得当罢了。
【附方】旧方八个，新方三十三个。搜风通滞，风气所攻，脏腑积滞：用牵牛子以童尿浸泡一夜，长流水上洗半天，生绢袋盛装，挂在通风处令干。每日盐汤送下三十粒。极能搜风，也能消虚肿。久服令人体清瘦。（《斗门方》）
丸剂：用牵牛子四两（半生半炒），不蛀皂荚（酥炙）二两，研为末，生姜自然汁煮糊，丸梧子大。每服二十丸，荆芥汤送下。（王衮《博济方》）
一切积气，宿食不消：黑牵牛（头末）四两，用萝卜剜空，安放末盖定，纸包煨熟，加入白豆蔻末一钱，捣丸梧子大。每服一、二十丸，白汤送下。名顺气丸。（《普济方》）
男妇五积，五般积气成聚：用黑牵牛一斤，生捣末八两，余滓以新瓦炒香，再捣取四两，炼蜜丸梧子大。重者三、五十丸，陈橘皮、生姜煎汤，卧时服。半夜未动，再服三十丸，当下积聚之物。寻常行气，每服十丸甚妙。（《经验方》）
胸膈食积：……伤物汤下。（《儒门事亲》）
气筑奔冲，不可忍：牛郎丸：用黑牵牛半两（炒），槟榔二钱半。研为末。每服一钱，紫苏汤送下。（《普济方》）
追虫取积：方同上，用酒送下。也能消水肿。
肾气作痛：黑、白牵牛等分，炒为末。每服三钱，用猪腰子切，缝入茴香百粒，川椒五十粒，掺牵牛末入内扎定，纸包煨熟。空心食之，酒送下。取出恶物有效。（杨仁斋《直指方》）
伤寒结胸，心腹硬痛：用牵牛头末一钱，白糖化汤调下。（郑氏《家传方》）
《简要济众方》：用牵牛子半生半熟，研为末。每服二钱，姜汤送下。未通，再以茶服。一方：加大黄等分。一方：加生槟榔等分。
大肠风秘结涩：牵牛子（微炒，捣头末）一两，桃仁（去皮尖，麸炒）半两。研为末，蜜丸梧子大。每汤服三十丸。（寇氏《衍义》）
水蛊胀满：白牵牛、黑牵牛（各取头末）二钱，大麦面四两，和作烧饼，卧时烙熟食之，以茶……
诸水饮病，张子和说：病水之人，如长川泛溢，非杯杓可取，必以神禹决水之法治疗，故名禹功散。用黑牵牛（头末）四两，茴香一两（炒）。研为末。每服一、二钱，以生姜自然汁调下，当转下气也。（《儒门事亲》）
阴水阳水：黑牵牛头末三两，大黄末三两，陈米饭锅糕一两。研为末。糊丸梧子大。每服五十……
水肿尿涩：牵牛末，每服方寸匕，以小便利为度。（《千金方》）
小便不利，气急咳嗽：黑牵牛末一两，浓朴（制）半两。研为末。每服二钱，姜汤送下。或临时水丸，每枣汤送下三十丸。（《普济方》）
牛尿一升浸一宿，平旦入葱白一握，煎十余沸。空心分二服，水从小便中出。（《圣惠方》）
脾湿肿满：方见海金沙下。风毒香港脚，捻之没指者：牵牛子捣末，蜜丸小豆大。每服五丸，生姜汤送下，取小便利乃止。亦可吞之。其子黑色，正如菟丝子核。（《肘后方》）
小儿肿病，大小便不利：黑牵牛、白牵牛各二两，炒取头末，井华水和丸绿豆大。每服二十丸，萝卜子煎汤送下。（《圣济总录》）小儿腹胀，水气流肿，膀胱实热，小便赤涩：牵牛（生研）一钱，青皮汤空心下。一加木香减半，丸服。（《郑氏小儿方》）
疳气浮肿，常服自消：黑牵牛、白牵牛（各半生半炒，取末）、陈皮、青皮等分，研为末，糊丸绿豆大。每服，三岁儿服二十丸，米汤送下。（《郑氏小儿方》）
疳气耳聋，疳气攻肾，耳聋阴肿：牵牛末一钱，猪腰子半个，去膜薄切，掺入内，加少盐，湿纸包煨。空心服。（《郑氏方》）
小儿雀目：牵牛子末，每以一钱用羊肝一片，同面作角子二个，炙熟食，米饮送下。（《普济方》）
风热赤眼：白牵牛末，以葱白煮研丸绿豆大。每服五丸，葱汤送下。服讫睡半时。（《卫生家宝方》）
面上风刺：黑牵牛酒浸三宿，为末。先以姜汁擦面，后用药涂之。（《摘玄方》）
面上粉刺：……子如米粉。黑牵牛末对入面脂药中，日日洗之。（《圣惠方》）
面上雀斑：黑牵牛末，鸡子清调，夜敷日洗。（《摘玄方》）
马脾风病，小儿急惊，肺胀喘满，胸高气急，肾缩鼻张，闷乱咳嗽，烦渴，痰潮声嗄，俗名马脾风，不急治，死在旦夕：白牵牛（半生半炒）、黑牵牛（半生半炒）、大黄（煨）、槟榔，各取末一钱。每用五分，蜜汤调下。痰盛加轻粉一字。名牛黄夺命散。（……）
小儿夜啼：黑牵牛末一钱。水调，敷脐上，即止。（《生生编》）
临月滑胎：牵牛子一两，赤土少许，研末。觉胎转痛时，白榆皮煎汤下一钱。（王衮《博济方》）
小便血淋：牵牛子二两（半生半炒）。为末。每服二钱，姜汤送下。良久，热茶服之。（《经验良方》）
肠风泻血：牵牛五两，牙皂三两，水浸三日，去皂，以酒一升煮干，焙研末，蜜丸梧子大。每服七丸，空心酒下，日三服。下出黄物，不妨。病减后，日服五丸，米饮下。（《本事方》）
痔漏有虫：黑、白牵牛各一两。炒为末，以猪肉四两，切碎炒熟，蘸末食尽，以白米饭三匙压之。取下白虫为效。又方：白牵牛（头末）四两，没药一钱，为细末。欲服药时，先日勿夜饭。次早空心，将猪肉四两炙切片，蘸末细细嚼食。取下脓血为效。量人加减用。忌酒色油腻三日。（《儒门事亲》）
漏疮水溢，乃肾虚也：牵牛末二钱半，入切开猪肾中，竹叶包定煨熟。空心食，温酒送下。借肾入肾，一纵一横，两得其便。恶水既泄，不复淋沥。（《直指方》）
一切痈疽发背，无名肿毒，年少气壮者：用黑、白牵牛各一合，布包捶碎，以好醋一碗，熬至八分，露一夜，次日五更温服。以大便出脓血为妙。名济世散。（《张三丰仙方》）
湿热头痛：黑牵牛七粒，砂仁一粒，研末，井华水调汁，仰灌鼻中，待涎出即愈。（《圣济录》）
气滞腰痛：牵牛不拘多少，以新瓦……一两，入硫黄末二钱半，同研匀，分作三分。每分用白面三匙，水和KT开，切作棋子。五更初以水一盏煮熟，连汤温下，痛即已。未住，隔日再作。予常有此疾，每发一服，痛即止。（许学士《本事方》）
(Recorded in the Lower Grade of *Bie Lu*)
[Names] Heichou (Black Ugly) (from *Bencao Gangmu*), Caojinling (Grass Golden Bell) (from *Paizhi Lun*).
Tao Hongjing said: This medicine originally came from people in the fields who led an ox to thank the person who gave them the medicine, hence the name.
Li Shizhen said: In recent times, people obscurely call it Heichou (Black Ugly), and the white variety is called Baichou (White Ugly), likely because "Chou" corresponds to the Ox in the Earthly Branches. Jinling describes the shape of the seed; Penzeng (Basin and Steamer) and Gouer (Dog Ear) describe the shape of the leaves. Duan Chengshi in *Youyang Zazu* said: The vines of Penzeng grass are like *Dioscorea opposita*, and after the fruit matures, when broken, its shape resembles a basin and steamer, which refers to this.
[Collection and Explanation] Tao Hongjing said: Qianniu is a vine that produces flowers resembling those of *Vigna unguiculata* (Cowpea), yellow in color. The seeds form in small chambers, are black, and resemble the nuts of *Cuscuta chinensis* (Dodder).
Su Gong said: These flowers resemble those of *Convolvulus* (Morning Glory), are greenish-blue, not yellow, and do not resemble cowpea flowers.
Su Song said: It grows everywhere. Seeds are sown in February, seedlings emerge in March, growing into vines that wind around fences and walls, reaching heights of two or three zhang. The leaves are green with three pointed angles. Flowers appear in July, slightly red with a greenish tint, larger than *Pharbitis nil* (Morning Glory) flowers. Fruits set in August, wrapped in white skin forming a ball. Each ball contains four or five seeds, the size of buckwheat, with three edges, available in black and white varieties, harvested after September.
Chen Cangqi said: The flowers resemble *Pharbitis nil* but are greenish-blue, opening at sunrise and wilting at sunset. Its nut is like that of *Pyrus betulifolia* but black; saying the seed resembles buckwheat is incorrect.
Li Shizhen said: There are two types of Qianniu: black and white. The black type grows wild everywhere, especially abundant. Its vines have white hairs, exuding white juice when broken. The leaves have three points, resembling maple leaves. The flowers do not have distinct petals, resembling *Convolvulus* but larger. The fruit is covered by a calyx, appearing greenish-white when fresh. Its nut is similar to that of *Malus asiatica* (Chinese Pear) but darker brown. The white type is mostly cultivated. Its vines are slightly red, hairless but with soft thorns, exuding thick juice when broken. The leaves are round with oblique points, and the stems and leaves resemble those of *Dioscorea opposita*. The flowers are smaller than black Qianniu, pale green with a reddish tint. The fruit calyx is about one cun long, appearing greenish-white when fresh. The nut is white and slightly rough. People also collect young fruits, preserve them in honey as a snack, calling them Tianqie (Heavenly Eggplant) because the calyx resembles an eggplant.
[Processing] Lei Xiao said: Upon harvesting the seeds, dry them, wash with water to remove floating ones, dry again, mix with wine, steam from Si hour to Wei hour, then dry and store. Before use, pound off the black skin.
Li Shizhen said: Nowadays, most only grind to obtain the finest powder, discarding the husk and bran. Some are used half-raw and half-cooked.
[Flavor and Toxicity] Bitter, Cold, Toxic.
Li Quan said: Sweet, slightly toxic.
Meng Shen said: Consuming too much makes one feel slightly cold.
Zhang Guo said: Pungent, hot, potent, depletes the body's Yuan Qi.
Ma Zhi said: Salty. Works well with Qingmuxiang (*Aucklandiae Radix*) and Ganjiang (*Zingiberis Rhizoma*).
[Indications] Descends Qi, treats fullness and edema of the legs, eliminates wind toxicity, promotes urination (*Bie Lu*). Treats accumulations and masses, promotes bowel movements, eliminates deficiency swelling, induces abortion (Zhen Quan). Treats lower back pain, expels cold pus, purges gu poison, and all qi stagnations (Ma Zhi). Taken with Cornus officinalis (*Shanzhuyu*) to eliminate fluid retention diseases (Meng Shen).
[Elucidation] Chen Cangqi said: Qianniu pills treat intestinal wind constipation and obstruction. It should not be taken for long periods as it also moves the Qi of the Spleen and Kidney.
Li Dongyuan said: When guided by Qi-moving herbs, Qianniu enters the Qi level; when guided by Dahuang (*Rhei Radix et Rhizoma*), it enters the Blood level. It benefits the large intestine and drains water accumulation. The white variety drains damp-heat attacking the Qi level causing wheezing and fullness, and breaks Qi stagnation within the Blood.
Zhu Zhenheng said: Qianniu belongs to Fire and moves vigorously; the black variety belongs to Water, and the white variety belongs to Metal. If the pathology and syndrome are both excess, without fullness or constipation, it should not be used lightly. Expelling pathogens can lead to deficiency; the ancients deeply warned against this.
Zhang Guo said: Qianniu is not a divine herb from Shennong. *Mingyi Zhuxu* states: Bitter and cold, it removes dampness, promotes urination, and treats downward-injecting Xiangjiao (Hong Kong Foot/tinea pedis). This statement regarding flavor and indications is erroneous. Qianniu is pungent and spicy; chewing it intensely reveals its potency, where is the bitterness and cold? Dampness is another name for water, having form. If the Lung first receives dampness, and the dampness cannot transform, leading to urinary and fecal obstruction, it is suitable for use. Qianniu is generated by the transformation of southern fire-heat; Fire balances Metal and drains the Lung; when dampness is removed, Qi flows freely. This is the mutual balancing of the Five Zang organs when pathogenic factors exist. Now, regardless of the presence of dampness, if there is food injury or heat syndrome, using Qianniu as a resolving drug is mistaken. Moreover, Qianniu only drains damp-heat in the Qi level, not in the Blood level. Dampness enters from below; the Lower Jiao governs Blood. For dampness in the Blood, bitter-cold flavors are appropriate. Using pungent drugs to drain it harms Yuan Qi. Qianniu is pungent and fierce; compared to other pungent drugs, it depletes Qi more severely, inevitably harming the body. The *Classic* says: Pungency drains Qi, pungency moves Qi, pungency drains the Lung; those with Qi disorders should not eat much pungent food. Furthermore, dietary irregularities and overwork damage Stomach Qi, allowing Heart Fire to invade. The intestines and stomach receive fire pathogens, named Rezhong (Heat Middle). The Spleen and Stomach govern Blood; fire should be drained from the Blood. Use Huangqin (*Scutellariae Radix*) bitter-cold to drain fire, Dangguishen (*Angelicae Sinensis Radix*) pungent-warm to harmonize blood, Shengdihuang (*Rehmanniae Radix*) bitter-cold to cool and nourish blood, add a little Honghua (*Carthami Flos*) pungent-warm to drain blood collaterals, and Taoren (*Persicae Semen*) pungent-warm to remove dryness and moisten the intestines. Do not use exclusively; add them to formulas that tonify the Middle, boost Qi, and drain Yin Fire. Why? The Upper Jiao Yuan Qi is already weak; using Qianniu, a great pungent-hot drug with Yang flavors, will harm people. Thus, Zhang Wenyi said: Qianniu provides momentary relief. After the drug passes, stagnation returns; it works immediately but relapse follows. Long-term use depletes Yuan Qi without regret. Zhang Zhongjing treated seven types of damp-heat with difficult urination without using any Qianniu. Did Zhongjing not know Qianniu drains dampness and promotes urination? Because the root of damp disease is in the Lower Jiao, it is a Qi disorder within the Blood level. Pungent-hot drugs should not be used to drain the Taiyin Qi of the Upper Jiao. Draining Qi for a Blood disorder damages both Qi and Blood. The *Classic* says: Do not reinforce excess, do not weaken deficiency, do not cut short life. This is what is meant. Users must beware. White Qianniu is the same.
Li Shizhen said: Since the Song Dynasty, northerners often used Qianniu for momentary relief. When Liu Shouzhen and Zhang Hezi appeared, they advocated it as a general purgative. Li Mingzhi witnessed this and wrote this text to refute it strongly. However, in the Eastern Han, this herb was not in the Materia Medica, so Zhongjing did not know it. If he had known, he would surely have had usage methods and would not have discarded it. Moreover, Zhongjing did not use many herbs. Arguing based on this is an overcorrection. Qianniu has outstanding effects in treating water qi in the Lung, wheezing and fullness, swelling, Lower Jiao oppression, lower back swelling, and intestinal wind constipation or Qi constipation. However, for diseases in the Blood level, or Spleen-Stomach deficiency with fullness, one should not seek momentary relief or take it regularly to avoid secretly damaging Yuan Qi. A noble lady, nearly sixty years old, suffered from intestinal constipation her whole life, defecating once every ten days, worse than childbirth. Taking blood-nourishing and moistening drugs caused chest discomfort; taking Xiaoshi (*Natrii Sulfas*) and Dahuang purgatives had no effect, lasting over thirty years. I diagnosed her as obese, consuming rich foods, prone to depression, vomiting about a bowl of sour phlegm daily before feeling relieved, and prone to fire diseases. This is stagnation of Qi in the Three Jiaos, rising only without descending, transforming fluids into phlegm-fluids that cannot moisten the intestines, unlike blood dryness. Moistening agents stagnate; Xiaoshi and Dahuang enter the Blood level vainly, unable to move Qi, blocked by phlegm, hence ineffective. I used Qianniu powder and Luffa cylindrica (*Saposhnikoviae Radix*) paste pills, and she immediately passed stool, ate well, and regained spirit. Qianniu moves the Qi level and unblocks the Three Jiaos. When Qi flows smoothly, phlegm and fluids dissipate, bringing relief above and below. My nephew Liu Qiao, accustomed to alcohol and sex, suffered severe lower abdominal distension and pain, inability to urinate or defecate, unable to sit or lie down, crying and groaning for seven days and nights. Doctors' purgatives failed. I sent someone to ask me. I thought this was damp-heat pathogen in the essence pathway, obstructing the tunnels, located between the two yins, thus blocking urine anteriorly and stool posteriorly, not in the Large Intestine or Bladder. I used Litseum (*Murrhoeae Fructus*), Foeniculum (*Foeniculi Fructus*), Pangolin scales (*Manis Squama*), etc., with doubled Qianniu, decocted in water. One dose reduced symptoms, three doses resolved them. Qianniu reaches the Right Kidney Mingmen and travels the essence tunnels. Unknown to others, only Li Dongyuan knew this. Thus, Mingzhi used Qianniu salt-fried black in Tianzhen Dan for Lower Jiao Yang deficiency, combined with Chenxiang (*Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum*), Dubzhong (*Eucommiae Cortex*), Gubuzhi (*Psoraleae Fructus*), Guanzi (*Cinnamomi Cortex*), achieving the subtlety of tonification and purgation together. See *Yixue Faxing*. Also, Dongyuan used Qianniu as the chief herb in Haijinsha San for excessive Spleen dampness causing generalized edema, wheezing unable to lie down, and drum-like abdomen. Thus, Dongyuan did not completely discard Qianniu, but valued proper application.
[Attached Formulas] Eight old, thirty-three new. Search wind and unblock stagnation, wind attacking, organ accumulations: Soak Qianniu seeds in child's urine overnight, wash in running water for half a day, place in raw silk bag, hang in wind to dry. Take 30 pills with salt water daily. Excellent for searching wind and reducing deficiency swelling. Long-term use makes the body thin and clear. (*Doumen Fang*)
Pills: Qianniu seeds 4 liang (half raw, half fried), non-boring Soap Fruit (*Gleditsiae Fructus*) 2 liang (fried in lard), grind to powder, boil paste with fresh ginger juice, pill size of wu zi. Take 20 pills with Jingjie (*Schizonepetae Herba*) decoction. (Wang Gun *Boji Fang*)
All accumulated Qi, undigested food: Black Qianniu (finest powder) 4 liang, hollow out a radish, fill with powder, cover, wrap in paper, bake熟. Add Bai Doukou (*Amomi Fructus Rotundus*) powder 1 qian, grind and pill size of wu zi. Take 10-20 pills with white water. Named Shunqi Wan. (*Puji Fang*)
Male and female Wu Ji (Five Accumulations), five types of accumulated Qi forming masses: Black Qianniu 1 jin, raw grind powder 8 liang, remaining dregs stir-fry on new tile until fragrant, grind again to get 4 liang, refine honey and pill size of wu zi. Severe cases take 30-50 pills, Chenpi (*Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium*) and Shengjiang (*Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens*) decoction, take at bedtime. If no movement by midnight, take another 30 pills, should pass accumulated matter. For routine Qi movement, 10 pills per dose is excellent. (*Jingyan Fang*)
Chest and diaphragm food accumulation: ... taken with Shangwu Tang. (*Rumen Shiqin*)
Qi rushing violently, unbearable: Niulang Wan: Black Qianniu 0.5 liang (fried), Binglang (*Arecae Semen*) 2.5 qian. Grind to powder. Take 1 qian with Zisu (*Perillae Folium*) decoction. (*Puji Fang*)
Expel parasites and remove accumulation: Same formula as above, taken with wine. Also reduces edema.
Kidney Qi pain: Black and White Qianniu equal parts, fried and powdered. Take 3 qian per dose. Cut pork kidney, sew in 100 Fennel seeds (*Foeniculi Fructus*) and 50 Sichuan pepper (*Zanthoxyli Pericarpium*), sprinkle Qianniu powder inside, tie tightly, wrap in paper, bake熟. Eat on empty stomach, take with wine. Effective when foul matter is expelled. (Yang Renzhai *Zhizhi Fang*)
Shanghan Jie Xiong (Chest Binding), hard and painful heart and abdomen: Qianniu finest powder 1 qian, dissolve white sugar in water, mix and take. (Zheng Shi *Jiachuan Fang*)
*Jianyao Jizhong Fang*: Qianniu seeds half raw half cooked, powdered. Take 2 qian with ginger water. If not open, take with tea. Formula 1: Equal parts Dahuang. Formula 2: Equal parts raw Binglang.
Large Intestine wind constipation: Qianniu seeds (lightly fried, finest powder) 1 liang, Taoren (*Persicae Semen*) (remove skin and tip, bran-fried) 0.5 liang. Powder, honey pill size of wu zi. Take 30 pills with water. (Kou Shi *Yanyi*)
Hydropsy edema: White Qianniu, Black Qianniu (each finest powder) 2 qian, barley flour 4 liang, mix and make baked cakes, eat warm at bedtime, follow with tea...
All fluid retention diseases, Zhang Hezi said: Patients with water disease are like overflowing rivers, cups and spoons cannot retrieve; must treat with Yu the Great's method of draining water, hence named Yugong San. Black Qianniu (finest powder) 4 liang, Fennel (*Foeniculi Fructus*) 1 liang (fried). Powder. Take 1-2 qian mixed with fresh ginger juice, should promote gas passage. (*Rumen Shiqin*)
Yin Water and Yang Water: Black Qianniu finest powder 3 liang, Dahuang powder 3 liang, aged rice cake 1 liang. Powder, paste pill size of wu zi. Take 50...
Edema with difficult urination: Qianniu powder, take one fang cun bi per dose, stop when urination becomes smooth. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Difficult urination, urgent cough: Black Qianniu powder 1 liang, Houpo (*Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex*) (processed) 0.5 liang. Powder. Take 2 qian with ginger water. Or make fresh water pills, take 30 pills with jujube water. (*Puji Fang*)
Soak in bull urine 1 sheng overnight, at dawn add one handful of scallion white, boil ten times. Divide into two doses on empty stomach, water exits via urine. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Spleen dampness swelling and fullness: See Haijinsha below. Wind toxicity Xiangjiao, pitting edema: Qianniu seeds pounded to powder, honey pill size of mung bean. Take 5 pills with ginger water, stop when urination is smooth. Can also be swallowed. The seeds are black, exactly like *Cuscuta* nuts. (*Zhouhou Fang*)
Children's edema, difficult urination and defecation: Black Qianniu, White Qianniu each 2 liang, fried and finest powder, well water and pill size of mung bean. Take 20 pills with radish seed decoction. (*Shengji Zonglu*) Children's abdominal distension, water flow edema, Bladder excess heat, red and difficult urination: Qianniu (raw ground) 1 qian, Qingpi (*Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride*) decoction on empty stomach. Add Muxiang (*Aucklandiae Radix*) and halve dosage, pill form. (*Zheng Shi Xiao'er Fang*)
Infantile malnutrition edema, self-resolves with long-term use: Black Qianniu, White Qianniu (each half raw half fried, powder), Chenpi, Qingpi equal parts, powder, paste pill size of mung bean. Per dose, 3-year-old takes 20 pills with rice water. (*Zheng Shi Xiao'er Fang*)
Infantile malnutrition deafness, malnutrition attacking Kidney, deafness and yin swelling: Qianniu powder 1 qian, half pork kidney, remove membrane, slice thinly, sprinkle inside, add little salt, wrap in wet paper, bake. Eat on empty stomach. (*Zheng Shi Fang*)
Children's night blindness: Qianniu seed powder, 1 qian per dose with one slice of sheep liver, mix with flour to make two dumplings, roast and eat, take with rice drink. (*Puji Fang*)
Wind-heat red eyes: White Qianniu powder, boil and grind with scallion white, pill size of mung bean. Take 5 pills with scallion water. Sleep for half an hour after taking. (*Weisheng Jiabao Fang*)
Facial wind acne: Black Qianniu soaked in wine for three nights, powdered. First wipe face with ginger juice, then apply medicine. (*Zhaixuan Fang*)
Facial comedones: ... powder like rice flour. Mix Black Qianniu powder into facial grease medicine, wash daily. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Facial freckles: Black Qianniu powder, mix with egg white, apply at night, wash during day. (*Zhaixuan Fang*)
Ma Pi Feng disease, children's acute convulsion, lung distension wheezing, high chest and rapid breathing, retracted kidneys and flared nostrils, confused cough, irritability and thirst, tidal phlegm and hoarse voice, commonly known as Ma Pi Feng, if not treated urgently, death comes soon: White Qianniu (half raw half fried), Black Qianniu (half raw half fried), Dahuang (baked), Binglang, each take 1 qian powder. Use 0.5 fen per dose, mix with honey water. If phlegm is heavy, add Qingfen (*Calomelas*) one zi. Named Niuhuang Duoming San. (...)
Children's night crying: Black Qianniu powder 1 qian. Mix with water, apply on umbilicus, stops immediately. (*Shengsheng Bian*)
Term slipping fetus: Qianniu seeds 1 liang, red earth少许, grind to powder. When feeling fetal movement pain, take 1 qian with Ulmus davidiana bark (*Ulmus Davidiana Cortex*) decoction. (Wang Gun *Boji Fang*)
Hematuria strangury: Qianniu seeds 2 liang (half raw half fried). Powder. Take 2 qian with ginger water. Wait a while, then take with hot tea. (*Jingyan Liangfang*)
Intestinal wind bleeding: Qianniu 5 liang, Ya Zhao (*Gleditsiae Spina*) 3 liang, soak in water for three days, remove soap, boil dry in 1 sheng wine, bake and powder, honey pill size of wu zi. Take 7 pills on empty stomach with wine, three times daily. Passing yellow matter is fine. After symptom reduction, take 5 pills daily with rice drink. (*Benshi Fang*)
Hemorrhoids with worms: Black and White Qianniu each 1 liang. Fried and powdered, chop 4 liang pork, stir-fry熟, dip in powder and eat all, press with 3 spoons of white rice. Effective when white worms are passed. Another formula: White Qianniu (finest powder) 4 liang, Moyao (*Myrrha*) 1 qian, fine powder. On the day before taking medicine, skip dinner. Next morning on empty stomach, roast 4 liang pork, slice, dip in powder and chew slowly. Effective when pus and blood are passed. Adjust dosage according to person. Avoid alcohol, sex, and greasy food for three days. (*Rumen Shiqin*)
Fistula leaking water, due to Kidney deficiency: Qianniu powder 2.5 qian, put into cut pig kidney, wrap in bamboo leaf, bake熟. Eat on empty stomach, send down with warm wine. Borrowing Kidney to enter Kidney, vertical and horizontal, both convenient. Once foul water is drained, dripping stops. (*Zhizhi Fang*)
All carbuncles, back sores, unnamed swellings, in young and vigorous people: Black and White Qianniu each 1 he, wrap in cloth and crush, boil in 1 bowl good vinegar to 0.8 portion, expose overnight, warm drink next day at fifth watch. Passing pus and blood in stool is excellent. Named Jishi San. (*Zhang Sanfeng Xianfang*)
Damp-heat headache: 7 Black Qianniu seeds, 1 Amomum (*Amomi Fructus*), grind to powder, mix with well water juice, instill into nose仰灌, recover when saliva comes out. (*Shengji Lu*)
Qi stagnation lower back pain: Qianniu any amount, on new tile... 1 liang, add Sulfur (*Sulfur*) powder 2.5 qian, grind evenly, divide into three parts. Each part use 3 spoons white flour, mix with water, cut into chess pieces. Early fifth watch, cook in 1 cup water, take warm with soup, pain stops. If not stopped, repeat every other day. I often have this disease, one dose stops pain immediately. (Xu Xueshi *Benshi Fang*)