（本作 。音生。《纲目
【释名】时珍曰∶猩猩能言而知来，犹惺惺也。
【集解】时珍曰∶猩猩自《尔雅》《逸周书》以下数十说，今参集之云∶出哀牢夷及交
趾封溪县山谷中。状如狗及猕猴，黄毛如猿，白耳如豕，人面人足，长发，头颜端正。声如
儿啼，亦如犬吠。成群伏行。阮 云∶封溪俚人以酒及草屐置道侧，猩猩见即呼人祖先姓名，
骂之而去。顷复相与尝酒着屐，因而被擒，槛而养之。将烹则推其肥者，泣而遣之。西胡取
其血染毛 不黯，刺血必 而问其数，至一斗乃已。又按《礼记》亦云猩猩能言，而郭义恭
《广志》云猩猩不能言，《山海经》云猩猩能知人言，三说不同。大抵猩猩略似人形，如猿
猴类耳。纵使能言，当若鹦鹉之属，亦不必尽如阮氏所说也。又罗愿《尔雅翼》云∶古之
说猩猩者，如豕、如狗、如猴。今之说猩猩者，与狒狒不相远。云如妇人被发袒足，无膝群
行，遇人则手掩其形，谓之野人。据罗说则似乎后世所谓野女、野婆者也，岂即一物耶？
【附录】野女 唐蒙《博物志》云∶日南出野女，群行不见夫。其状 且白，裸袒无衣
襦。周密《齐东野语》云∶野婆出南丹州，黄发椎髻，裸形跣足，俨然若一媪也。群雌无牡。
上下山谷如飞猱。自腰以下有皮盖膝。每遇男子必负去求合。尝为健夫所杀，至死以手护腰
间。剖之得印方寸，莹若苍玉，有文类符篆也。
时珍曰∶合此二说与前阮氏、罗氏之说观之，则野女似即猩猩矣。又雄鼠卵有文如符篆
，治鸟腋下有镜印，则野婆之印篆非异也。亦当有功用，但人未知耳。
肉
【气味】甘、咸，温，无毒。
【主治】食之不昧不饥，令人善走，穷年无厌，可以辟谷（时珍。出《逸书》《山海经》
《水经》）。
【发明】时珍曰∶《逸书》言猩猩肉食之令人不昧，其惺惺可知矣。古人以为珍味。故
《荀子》言猩猩能言笑，二足无毛，而人啜其羹，食其肉；《吕氏春秋》云肉之美者，猩猩
之唇，獾獾之炙，是矣。
【释名】李时珍说：猩猩能够说话并预知未来，就像“惺惺”（清醒、聪慧）的意思一样。
【集解】李时珍说：关于猩猩的记载，从《尔雅》《逸周书》以下有几十种说法，现在综合收集如下：猩猩出产于哀牢夷和交趾封溪县的山谷中。外形像狗和猕猴，黄色的毛发像猿猴，白色的耳朵像猪，长着人的脸和人的脚，头发长，头脸端正。叫声像婴儿啼哭，也像狗叫。它们成群结队地伏地行走。阮氏说：封溪的俚人把酒和草鞋放在路边，猩猩看见后就会呼喊人的祖先名字，骂完就走。过了一会儿又聚在一起品尝酒、穿鞋，因此被捕获，关在笼子里饲养。即将烹杀时，它们会推举其中肥壮的一只，哭着把它送走。西域胡人取它们的血来染毛，颜色不会暗淡，刺血时必须询问数量，直到流出一斗血才停止。另外查考《礼记》也说猩猩能说话，而郭义恭的《广志》说猩猩不能说话，《山海经》说猩猩能听懂人话，这三种说法不同。大体上猩猩略似人形，属于猿猴一类罢了。即使能说话，也应该像鹦鹉之类，不一定完全像阮氏所说的那样。另外罗愿在《尔雅翼》中说：古时候所说的猩猩，有的像猪、有的像狗、有的像猴子。现在所说的猩猩，与狒狒（一种类似猴子的动物）相差不远。说它们像披散着头发、袒露双脚的妇人，没有膝盖，成群行走，遇到人就用手遮挡身体，称为野人。根据罗愿的说法，这似乎就是后世所谓的野女、野婆，难道就是同一种动物吗？
【附录】野女 唐蒙的《博物志》说：日南地区出产野女，成群行走却不见丈夫。她们的形状丑陋且皮肤白，赤裸坦露没有衣服。周密在《齐东野语》中说：野婆出自南丹州，黄头发梳成椎形发髻，裸体赤脚，俨然像一个老妇人。只有雌性没有雄性。上下山谷像飞猴一样敏捷。从腰部以下有皮覆盖膝盖。每次遇到男子必定背着对方去寻找交合。曾经被强壮的男子杀死，到死时还用手护住腰间。剖开发现有一寸见方的印玺，晶莹得像苍玉，上面有文字类似符篆。
李时珍说：结合这两种说法以及前面阮氏、罗氏的说法来看，野女似乎就是猩猩。另外雄鼠睾丸上有类似符篆的花纹，治鸟腋下也有镜印，那么野婆身上的印篆也不是什么奇异之物。应该也有药用功效，只是人们还不知道罢了。
肉
【气味】味甘、咸，性温，无毒。
【主治】吃了它不昏昧也不饥饿，使人善于奔跑，整年不知疲倦，可以用来辟谷（李时珍注：出自《逸书》《山海经》《水经》）。
【发明】李时珍说：《逸书》说吃猩猩的肉能让人不昏昧，由此可知其“惺惺”（清醒）的特性了。古人认为它是珍贵的美味。所以《荀子》说猩猩能说话笑闹，两足无毛，而人喝它的汤羹，吃它的肉；《吕氏春秋》说最美味的肉类是猩猩的嘴唇，獾獾的烤肉，说的就是这个。
[Names] Li Shizhen stated: The *Xingxing* (orangutan) can speak and foretell the future, akin to the meaning of "Xingxing" (alertness or intelligence).
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen stated: Regarding the *Xingxing*, there are dozens of accounts from texts such as *Erya* and *Yi Zhou Shu*. I have now compiled them as follows: The *Xingxing* is found in the valleys of Ailao Yi and Fengxi County, Jiaozhi. Its appearance resembles a dog or a macaque; it has yellow fur like an ape, white ears like a pig, a human face, human feet, long hair, and a dignified head and face. Its voice sounds like a crying infant or a barking dog. They move in groups, crouching and walking. Ruan stated: The Li people of Fengxi place wine and straw sandals by the roadside. When the *Xingxing* sees them, it calls out the names of human ancestors, scolds them, and then leaves. After a while, they gather again to taste the wine and wear the sandals, thereby getting captured and kept in cages. Just before being slaughtered, they would push forward the fattiest one among them, weeping to send it away. Western Hu people used its blood to dye fur so that the color would not fade; when drawing blood, they would ask for the quantity, stopping only after one dou had been collected. Furthermore, *Liji* also states that the *Xingxing* can speak, whereas Guo Yigong's *Guangzhi* claims it cannot speak, and *Shanhaijing* says it can understand human language. These three accounts differ. Generally, the *Xingxing* somewhat resembles a human form, belonging to the ape and monkey category. Even if it can speak, it should be like parrots, and need not be exactly as described by Ruan. Additionally, Luo Yuan in *Erya Yi* stated: Ancient descriptions of the *Xingxing* describe it as resembling a pig, a dog, or a monkey. Modern descriptions of the *Xingxing* are not far from those of the baboon. It is said to resemble a woman with disheveled hair and bare feet, lacking knees, walking in groups, and covering its body with its hands when encountering humans, called the "Wild Man." According to Luo's description, this seems to refer to what later generations called the "Wild Woman" or "Wild Hag," and could they be the same creature?
[Appendix] Wild Woman Tang Meng's *Bowuzhi* states: In the Rinan region, Wild Women appear, walking in groups without husbands. Their appearance is ugly and their skin is white; they are naked without clothes. Zhou Mi in *Qidong Yeyu* stated: The Wild Hag comes from Nandan Prefecture. She has yellow hair tied in a cone-shaped bun, is naked and barefoot, and looks like an old woman. There are only females, no males. She moves up and down the mountains and valleys as agilely as a flying monkey. From the waist down, she has skin covering her knees. Whenever she encounters a man, she carries him off seeking union. She was once killed by a strong man, but even until death, she protected her waist with her hands. Upon dissection, a seal about one inch square was found, crystal clear like pale jade, with characters resembling talismans.
Li Shizhen stated: Observing these two accounts together with the previous statements by Ruan and Luo, the Wild Woman appears to be the *Xingxing*. Furthermore, since male rats have testicles with patterns resembling talismans, and certain birds have mirror-like marks under their wings, the talismanic mark on the Wild Hag is not extraordinary. It likely possesses medicinal functions, though people are unaware of this.
Meat
[Properties and Flavors] Sweet, salty, warm, non-toxic.
[Indications] Consuming it prevents drowsiness and hunger, enables one to run well, allows one to go through the year without fatigue, and can be used for Bigu (grain avoidance). (Note by Li Shizhen: Derived from *Yi Shu*, *Shanhaijing*, and *Shuijing*).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen stated: *Yi Shu* mentions that eating *Xingxing* meat makes one not drowsy, thus revealing its "Xingxing" (alert) nature. The ancients considered it a delicacy. Therefore, *Xunzi* states that the *Xingxing* can speak and laugh, has two feet and no hair, and humans drink its broth and eat its meat; *Lüshi Chunqiu* states that the most delicious meats are the lips of the *Xingxing* and the roasted meat of the Huanhuan, referring to this.