（《别录》下品）
【释名】
【集解】恭曰∶由跋是虎掌新根，大于半夏一二倍，四畔未有子牙，其宿根即虎掌也。
藏器曰∶由跋生林下，苗高一、二尺，似 ，根如鸡卵。
保升曰∶春抽一茎，茎端有八、九叶，根圆扁而肉白。
时珍曰∶此即天南星之小者，其气未足，不堪服食，故医方罕用，惟重八、九钱至一两
余者，气足乃佳。正如附子之侧子，不如附子之义也。
【正误】弘景曰∶由跋本出始兴，今人亦种之。状如乌 而布地，花紫色，根似附子。
苦酒摩涂肿，亦效。
恭曰∶陶氏所说，乃鸢尾根，即鸢头也。又言虎掌似半夏，是以鸢尾为由跋，以由跋为
半夏，非惟不识半夏，亦不识鸢尾与由跋也。今南人犹以由跋为半夏。
时珍曰∶陈延之《短剧方》，亦以东海鸢头为由跋，则其讹误久矣。
【气味】辛、苦，温，有毒。
【主治】毒肿结热（《别录》）。
（宋《开宝》）
【释名】 头（《开宝》）、鬼芋（《图经》）、鬼头。
【集解】志曰∶ 头出吴、蜀。叶似由跋、半夏，根大如碗，生阴地，雨滴叶下生子。
又有斑杖，苗相似，至秋有花直出，生赤子，根如 头，毒猛不堪食。虎杖亦名斑杖，与此
不同。
颂曰∶江南吴中出白 ，亦曰鬼芋，生平泽极多。人采以为天南星，了不可辨，市中
所收往往是此。但南星肌细腻，而 茎斑花紫，南星茎无斑，花黄，为异尔。
时珍曰∶ 出蜀中，施州亦有之，呼为鬼头，闽中人亦种之。宜树阴下掘坑积粪，春
时生苗，至五月移之。长一、二尺，与南星苗相似，但多斑点，宿根亦自生苗。
其滴露之说，盖不然。经二年者，根大如碗及芋魁，其外理白，味亦麻人。秋后采根，
须净
擦，或捣成片段，以酽灰汁煮十余沸，以水淘洗，换水更煮五六遍，即成冻子，切片，以苦
酒五味淹食，不以灰汁则不成也。切作细丝，沸汤
苗似半夏，杨慎《丹铅录》言 酱即此者，皆误也。王祯《农书》云∶救荒之法，山有粉葛、
、橡栗之利，则此物亦有益于民者也。其斑杖，即天南星之类有斑者。
根
【气味】辛，寒，有毒。
李廷飞曰∶性冷，甚不益人，冷气人少食之。生则戟人喉出血。
【主治】痈肿风毒，摩敷肿上。捣碎，以灰汁煮成饼，五味调食，主消渴
【发明】机曰∶按《三元延寿书》云∶有人患瘵，百物不忌，见邻家修 ，求食之美，
遂
【附录】菩萨草（宋《图经》） 颂曰∶生江浙州郡。凌冬不凋，秋冬有花直出，赤子
如
头。冬月采根用，味苦，无毒。主中诸毒食毒，酒研服之。又诸虫伤，捣汁饮，并敷之。
妇人妊娠咳嗽，捣筛蜜丸服效。
（收录于《名医别录》下品）
【释名】
【集解】苏恭说：由跋是天南星的新根，比半夏大一两倍，四周还没有长出子块茎，它的老根就是虎掌。
藏器说：由跋生长在树林下，苗高一尺到二尺，形状像[某植物，原文缺字]，根像鸡蛋。
保升说：春天抽出一根茎，茎端有八、九片叶子，根圆而扁，肉质白色。
李时珍说：这就是天南星中较小的植株，其药气尚未充足，不适合服用，所以医方很少使用。只有经过八、九年生长至一两年的，药气才充足，效果才好。这就像附子的侧子，不如附子药效好一样。
【正误】陶弘景说：由跋原本出产于始兴，现在人们也种植它。形状像鸢尾铺在地上，花紫色，根像附子。用醋磨碎涂抹肿胀处，也有疗效。
苏恭说：陶氏所说的，是鸢尾的根，也就是鸢头。又说虎掌像半夏，这是把鸢尾当作由跋，把由跋当作半夏，这不仅不认识半夏，也不认识鸢尾和由跋。现在南方人仍然把由跋当作半夏。
李时珍说：陈延之的《短剧方》，也把东海的鸢头当作由跋，那么这种错误已经很久了。
【气味】辛味、苦味，温性，有毒。
【主治】毒肿结热（出自《名医别录》）。
（收录于宋代《开宝本草》）
【释名】[芋类植物]头（出自《开宝本草》）、鬼芋（出自《本草图经》）、鬼头。
【集解】苏颂说：[芋类植物]头出产于吴地、蜀地。叶子像由跋、半夏，根大如碗，生长在阴湿之地，雨滴落在叶下会长出子块茎。
又有斑杖，苗相似，到了秋天有花直出，长出红色子块茎，根像[芋类植物]头，毒性猛烈，不可食用。虎杖也叫斑杖，与此不同。
苏颂说：江南吴中出产白[芋类植物]，也叫鬼芋，生长在水泽地带极多。人们采集它当作天南星，完全无法分辨，市场上收购的往往就是这种。只是天南星质地细腻，而[芋类植物]茎上有斑点，花紫色；天南星茎无斑点，花黄色，这是区别所在。
李时珍说：[芋类植物]出产于蜀中，施州也有，称为鬼头，闽中人也种植它。适宜在树荫下挖坑堆积粪便，春天生出苗，到五月移栽。长一尺到二尺，与天南星的苗相似，但多有斑点，老根也会自己生苗。所谓“雨滴叶下生子”的说法，大概是不对的。生长两年的，根大如碗及芋魁，内部纹理白色，味道也麻人。秋后采挖根，必须洗净擦干净，或者捣成片段，用浓灰汁煮十几滚，用水淘洗，换水再煮五六遍，就制成冻子，切片，用醋和五味调料腌制食用，不用灰汁就不能制成。切成细丝，沸水烫过。苗似半夏，杨慎《丹铅录》说[芋类植物]酱就是这种，都是错误的。王祯《农书》说：救荒的方法，山中有粉葛、[芋类植物]、橡栗的利益，那么此物也对百姓有益。其斑杖，就是天南星之类有斑点的品种。
【气味】辛味，寒性，有毒。
李廷飞说：性冷，非常不利于人体，寒气重的人少吃。生吃会刺破喉咙出血。
【主治】痈肿风毒，磨敷于肿胀处。捣碎，用灰汁煮成饼，用五味调料调味食用，主治消渴症。
【发明】寇宗奭说：按《三元延寿书》记载：有人患虚劳病，百物不忌，看见邻家修治[芋类植物]，觉得食物美味，于是[食用后中毒/致病]。
【附录】菩萨草（出自宋《本草图经》） 苏颂说：生长在江浙各州郡。凌冬不凋谢，秋冬有花直出，红色子块茎像[芋类植物]头。冬月采挖根部使用，味苦，无毒。主治各种中毒、食毒，酒研磨后服用。又治各种虫伤，捣汁饮用，并外敷。妇人妊娠咳嗽，捣碎筛粉，蜜丸服用有效。
(Recorded in the Lower Grade of *Bie Lu*)
[Naming]
[Collected Explanations] Su Gong stated: Youba (Zantedeschia aethiopica root) is the new root of Arisaema consanguineum, one to two times larger than Pinellia ternata. It has not yet developed lateral cormels around its periphery; its old root is actually Arisaema erubescens (Huzhang).
Cang Qi stated: Youba grows under forests, with seedlings one to two chi high, resembling [missing character], and roots like chicken eggs.
Bao Sheng stated: In spring, a single stem emerges, bearing eight or nine leaves at the tip. The root is round and flat with white flesh.
Li Shizhen stated: This is simply the smaller variety of Arisaema consanguineum (Tian Nan Xing). Its medicinal qi is not yet sufficient, making it unsuitable for consumption; thus, medical prescriptions rarely use it. Only those grown for eight or nine years, weighing up to one liang, possess sufficient medicinal qi and are excellent. This is analogous to how Cizidu (Lateral Root of Aconitum carmichaelii) is inferior to Fuzi (Prepared Root of Aconitum carmichaelii).
[Correction of Errors] Tao Hongjing stated: Youba originally originated from Shixing, but people now cultivate it as well. It resembles Iris tectorum spreading on the ground, with purple flowers and roots resembling Fuzi. Rubbing it with vinegar and applying it to swellings is also effective.
Su Gong stated: What Tao described was actually the root of Iris tectorum, also known as Yuantou. Furthermore, stating that Huzhang resembles Banxia implies mistaking Iris tectorum for Youba, and Youba for Banxia. This demonstrates a failure to recognize not only Banxia but also Iris tectorum and Youba. People in the south still mistakenly identify Youba as Banxia.
Li Shizhen stated: Chen Yanzhi's *Duan Ju Fang* also identifies Donghai Yuantou as Youba, indicating this error has existed for a long time.
[Flavor and Properties] Pungent, bitter, warm, toxic.
[Indications] Toxic swellings with accumulated heat (from *Bie Lu*).
(Recorded in the Song Dynasty *Kaibao Bencao*)
[Naming] [Yushu] Tou (from *Kaibao Bencao*), Guiyu (from *Tujing*), Guitou.
[Collected Explanations] Su Song stated: [Yushu] Tou originates from Wu and Shu regions. The leaves resemble Youba and Banxia; the root is as large as a bowl, growing in shady places, where raindrops falling on the leaves supposedly generate new cormels.
There is also a plant called Banzhang, which has similar seedlings. In autumn, flowers emerge directly, producing red cormels. The root resembles [Yushu] Tou, is highly toxic, and inedible. Huzhang is also called Banzhang, but it is different from this.
Su Song stated: White [Yushu] grows in Jiangnan and Wuzhong, also called Guiyu, and is extremely abundant in marshy areas. People harvest it as Tian Nan Xing, unable to distinguish them. Those sold in the market are often this species. However, Tian Nan Xing has fine texture, whereas [Yushu] has spotted stems and purple flowers; Tian Nan Xing has unspotted stems and yellow flowers, which is the distinction.
Li Shizhen stated: [Yushu] originates from Shu, and is also found in Shizhou, where it is called Guitou. People in Min also cultivate it. It is suitable to dig pits filled with manure under tree shade. Seedlings emerge in spring and should be transplanted in May. They grow one to two chi tall, resembling Tian Nan Xing seedlings but with more spots. Old roots also sprout independently. The theory that "raindrops on leaves generate cormels" is likely incorrect. After two years, the root becomes as large as a bowl or taro corm, with white internal texture and a numbing taste. Roots harvested after autumn must be cleaned thoroughly, or crushed into pieces, and boiled in strong ash lye for over ten boils. They are then rinsed with water, boiled again in fresh water five or six times, until they become gelatinous cakes. Sliced and pickled with vinegar and five flavors, they are edible. Without ash lye, they cannot be processed. Cut into thin shreds and blanched in boiling water. The seedlings resemble Banxia. Yang Shen's *Dan Qian Lu* claims that [Yushu] sauce is made from this, which is erroneous. Wang Zhen's *Nongshu* states: For famine relief, mountains offer benefits from kudzu, [Yushu], and acorns; thus, this plant is beneficial to the people. The Banzhang refers to varieties of Tian Nan Xing that have spots.
[Flavor and Properties] Pungent, cold, toxic.
Li Tingfei stated: It is cold in nature and very detrimental to health; those with cold constitution should consume it sparingly. Raw consumption can pierce the throat and cause bleeding.
[Indications] Carbuncles, swellings, and wind-toxicity. Apply by rubbing onto the swelling. Crushed and boiled in ash lye into cakes, seasoned with five flavors, it treats polydipsia (Xiao Ke).
[Elucidation] Kou Zongshi stated: According to *San Yuan Yan Shou Shu*: A person suffering from consumptive disease (Zhai), who could tolerate various foods, saw neighbors preparing [Yushu]. Finding it delicious, he [consumed it and suffered poisoning].
[Appendix] Pusao Grass (from Song *Tujing*) Su Song stated: Grows in prefectures of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. It does not wither in winter. Flowers emerge directly in autumn and winter, with red cormels resembling [Yushu] Tou. Roots harvested in winter are bitter and non-toxic. They treat various poisonings and food intoxications; taken with wine after grinding. Also used for insect bites: juice is drunk and applied externally. For pregnant women with cough, powdered and formed into honey pills, it is effective.