（《本经》下品）
天南星
【释名】虎膏（《纲目》）、鬼 （《日华》）。
恭曰∶其根四畔有圆牙，看如虎掌，故有此名。
颂曰∶天南星即本草虎掌也，小者名由跋。古方多用虎掌，不言天南星。南星近出唐人
中风痰毒方中用之，乃后人采用，别立此名尔。
时珍曰∶虎掌因叶形似之，非根也。南星因根圆白，形如老人星状，故名南星，即虎掌
也。苏颂说甚明白。宋《开宝》不当重出南星条，今并入。
【集解】《别录》曰∶虎掌生汉中山谷及冤句。二月、八月采，阴干。
弘景曰∶近道亦有。形似半夏，但大而四边有子如虎掌。今用多破作三四片。方药不
甚用也。
恭曰∶此是由跋宿根。其苗一茎，茎头一叶，枝丫挟茎。根大者如拳，小者如鸡卵，都
似扁柿。四畔有圆牙，看如虎掌。由跋是新根，大如半夏二三倍，四畔无子牙。陶说似半夏
乃由跋也。
保升曰∶茎头有八、九叶，花生茎间。
藏器曰∶天南星生安东山谷，叶如荷，独茎，用根。
颂曰∶虎掌今河北州郡有之。初生根如豆大，渐长大似半夏而扁，年久者根圆及寸，大
者如
鸡卵。周匝生圆牙三四枚或五、六枚。三、四月生苗，
布，尖而圆。一窠生七八茎，时出一茎作穗，直上如鼠尾。中生一叶如匙，裹茎作房，旁开
一口，上下尖。中有花，微青褐色。结实如麻子大，熟即白色，自落布地，一子生一窠。九
月苗残取根。今冀州人菜圃中种之，呼为天南星。又曰∶天南星，处处平泽有之。二月生苗，
似荷梗，其茎高一尺以来。叶如 ，两枝相抱。五月开花似蛇头，黄色。七月结子作穗似
石榴子，红色。二月、八月采根，似芋而圆扁，与 相类，人多误采，了不可辨。但
茎斑花紫，南星根小，柔腻肌细，炮之易裂，为可辨尔。南星即《本经》虎掌也。大者四边
皆有牙子，采时削去之。江州一种草，叶大如掌，面青背紫，四畔有牙如虎掌，生三四叶为
一本，冬青，不结花实，治心疼寒热积气，亦与虎掌
时珍曰∶大者为虎掌、南星，小者为由跋，乃一种也。今俗又言大者为鬼臼，小者为南
星，殊为谬误。
【修治】颂曰∶九月采虎掌根，去皮脐，入器中汤浸五七日，日换三四遍，洗去涎，曝
干用。或再火炮裂用。
时珍曰∶凡天南星须用一两以上者佳。治风痰，有生用者，须以温汤洗净，仍以白矾汤，
或入皂角汁，浸三日夜，日日换水，曝干用。若熟用者，须于黄土地掘一小坑，深五、六寸，
以炭火烧赤，以好酒沃之。安南星于内，瓦盆覆定，灰泥固济，一夜取出用。急用，即以湿
纸包，于 灰火中炮裂也。一法∶治风热痰，以酒浸一宿，桑柴火蒸之，常洒酒入甑内，令
气猛。一伏时取出，竹刀切开，味不麻舌为熟。未熟再蒸，至不麻乃止。脾虚多痰，则以生
姜渣和黄泥包南星煨熟，去泥焙用。
造南星曲法∶以姜汁、矾汤，和南星末作小饼子，安篮内，楮叶包盖，待上黄衣，乃取
晒收之。造胆星法∶以南星生研末，腊月取黄牯牛胆汁和剂，纳入胆中，系悬风处干之。年
久者弥佳。
【气味】苦，温，有大毒。《别录》曰∶微寒。普曰∶虎掌神农、雷公∶苦，有毒；岐
伯、桐君∶辛，有毒。大明曰∶辛烈，平。杲曰∶苦、辛，有毒。阴中之阳，可升可降，乃
肺经之本药。震亨曰∶欲其下行，以黄柏引之。之才曰∶蜀漆为之使。恶莽草。大明曰∶畏
附子、干姜、生姜。
时珍曰∶得防风则不麻，得牛胆则不燥，得火炮则不毒。生能伏雄黄、丹砂、焰硝。
【主治】心痛，寒热结气，积聚伏梁，伤筋痿拘缓，利水道（《本经》）。
除阴下湿，风眩（《别录》）。主疝瘕肠痛，伤寒时疾，强阴
除痰下气，利胸膈，攻坚积，消痈肿，散
蛇虫咬，疥癣恶疮（大明）。去上焦痰及眩晕（元素）。主破伤风，口噤身强（李杲）。补肝
风虚，治痰功同半夏（好古）。治惊痫，口眼 斜，喉痹，口舌疮糜，结核，解颅（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶虎掌、天南星，乃手足太阴脾肺之药。味辛而麻，故能治风散血；气
温而燥，故能胜湿除涎；性紧而毒，故能攻积拔肿而治口 舌糜。杨士瀛《直指方》云∶诸
风口噤，宜用南星，更以人参、石菖蒲佐之。
【附方】旧八，新三十二。
中风口噤目瞑，无门下药者∶开关散∶用天南星为末，入白龙脑等分，五月五日午时合
之。每用中指点末，揩齿
诸风口噤∶天南星（炮锉）大人三钱、小儿三字，生姜五片，苏叶一钱，水煎减半，入
雄猪胆汁少许，温服。（《仁斋直指方》）
纸裹斜包，剪一小孔，透气于口中，牙关自开也。一方∶用生南星，同姜汁擦之，自开。小
儿惊风∶坠涎散∶用天南星（一两重）一个，（换酒浸七伏时，取出安新瓦上，周回炭火炙
裂，合湿地出火毒，为末），入朱砂一分。每服半钱，荆芥汤调下。每日空心一服，午时一
服。（《经验方》）
吐泻慢惊∶天王散∶治小儿吐泻，或误服冷药，脾虚生风痰慢惊∶天南星（一个）重八
九钱者，
去脐。黄土坑深三寸，炭火五斤， 赤，入好酒半盏。安南星在内，仍架炭三条在上，候发
裂取锉，再炒熟为末，用五钱。天麻（煨熟研末）一钱，麝香一字，和匀。三岁小儿用半钱，
以生姜、防风煎汤调下。亦治久嗽恶心。（钱乙小儿方）
风痫痰迷∶坠痰丸∶用天南星九蒸九晒，为末，姜汁面糊丸梧子大。
每服二十丸，人参汤下。石菖蒲、麦门冬汤亦可。（《卫生宝鉴》）
小儿痫喑，痫后喑不能言∶以天南星湿纸包煨，为末。雄猪胆汁调服二字。（《全幼心鉴》）
治痫利痰∶天南星（煨香）一两，朱砂一钱，为末，猪心血丸梧子大。每防风汤化下一
丸。（《普济方》）
口眼 斜∶天南星生研末，自然姜汁调之，左贴右，右贴左。（《仁存方》）
角弓反张∶南星、半夏等分，为末。姜汁、竹沥灌下一钱。仍灸印堂。（《摘玄方》）
破伤中风∶胡氏夺命散，又名玉真散∶治打扑金刃伤，及破伤风伤湿，发病强直如痫状者∶
天南星、防风等分，为末。水调敷疮，出水为妙。仍以温酒调服一钱。已死心尚温者，热童
便调灌二钱。斗殴内伤坠压者，酒和童便连灌三服，即苏。亦可煎服。（《三因方》）
破伤风疮∶生南星末，水调涂疮四围，水出有效。（《普济方》）
妇人头风，攻目作痛∶天南星一个，掘地坑烧赤，安药于中，以醋一盏沃之，盖定勿令
透气，
候冷研末。每服一字，以酒调下。重者半钱。（《经验方》）
风痰头痛，不可忍∶天南星一两，荆芥叶一两，为末，姜汁糊丸梧子大。每食后姜汤下
二十
丸。又上清丸∶用天南星、茴香等分，生研末，盐醋煮面糊丸。如上法服。（并出《经效济
世方》）风痰头晕目眩，吐逆烦懑，饮食不下∶玉壶丸∶用生南星、生半夏各一两，天麻半
两，白面三两。为末，水丸梧子大。每服三十丸，以水先煎沸，入药煮五七沸，漉出放温，
以姜汤吞之。（《惠民和剂局方》）
脑风流涕，邪风入脑，鼻内结硬，遂流髓涕∶大白南星切片，沸汤泡二次，焙干。每用
二钱，
枣七个，甘草五分，同煎服。三、四服，其硬物自出，脑气流转，髓涕自收。以大蒜、荜茇
末作饼，隔纱贴卤前，熨斗熨之。或以香附、荜茇末频吹鼻中。（《直指方》）
毒壅滞，凉心压惊∶抱龙丸∶用牛胆南星一两，入金钱薄荷十片，丹砂一钱半，龙脑、麝香
各一字，研末，炼蜜丸芡子大。每服一丸，竹叶汤化下。（《全幼心鉴》）
壮人风痰及中风，中气初起∶星香饮∶用南星四钱，木香一钱。水二盏，生姜十四片，
煎六分，温服。（王硕《易简方》）
痰迷心窍∶寿星丸∶治心胆被惊，神不守舍，或痰迷心窍，恍惚健忘，妄言妄见∶天南
星一
斤（先掘土坑一尺，以炭火三十斤烧赤，入酒五升，渗干。乃安南星在内，盆覆定，以灰塞
之，勿令走气。次日取出为末）。琥珀一两，朱砂二两，为末。生姜汁打面糊丸梧子大。每
服三十丸至五十丸，煎人参、石菖蒲汤下。一日三服。（《和剂局方》）
风痰注痛∶方见羊踯躅下。
痰湿臂痛，右边者∶南星制、苍术等分，生姜三片，水煎服之。（《摘玄方》）
风痰咳嗽∶大天南星一枚，炮裂研末。每服一钱，水一盏，姜三片，煎五分，温服。每
日早、午、晚各一服。（《十全博救》）
气痰咳嗽∶玉粉丸∶南星曲、半夏曲、陈橘皮各一两，为末，自然姜汁打糊丸如梧子大。
每服四十丸，姜汤下。寒痰，去橘皮，加官桂。（东垣《兰室秘藏》）
清气化痰∶三仙丸∶治中脘气滞，痰涎烦闷，头目不清∶生南星（去皮）、半夏各五两
（并汤泡七次，为末，自然姜汁和作饼，铺竹筛内，以楮叶包覆，待生黄成曲，晒干）。每
用二两，入香附末一两，糊丸梧子大。每服四十丸，食后姜汤下。（王 《百一选方》）
温中散滞，消导饮食∶天南星（炮）、高良姜（炮）各一两，砂仁二钱半，为末，姜汁
糊丸梧子大。每姜汤下五十丸。（《和剂方》）
酒积酒毒，服此即解∶天南星丸∶用正端天南星一斤。土坑烧赤，沃酒一斗入坑，放南
星，盆覆，泥固济，一夜取出，酒和水洗净，切片，焙干为末，入朱砂末一两，姜汁面糊丸
梧子大。每服五十丸，姜汤下。蔡丞相、吕丞相尝用有验。（《杨氏家藏方》）
吐泄不止∶《集效方》∶四肢厥逆，虚风不省人事。服此则阳回，名回阳散∶
天南星为末，每服三钱，京枣三枚，水二钟，煎八分，温服。未省再服。又方∶醋调南
星末，贴足心。（《普济方》）
肠风泻血，诸药不效∶天南星（锻石炒焦黄色），为末，酒糊丸梧子大。每酒下二十丸。
（《普济方》）
以自然铜磨酒调下。（《胜金方》）
初生贴囟∶头热鼻塞者。天南星炮为末，水调贴囟上，炙手熨之。（危氏《得效方》）
小儿解颅，囟开不合，鼻塞不通∶天南星炮去皮，为末，淡醋调绯帛上，贴囟门，炙手
频熨之，立效。（钱乙《小儿直诀》）
解颐脱臼，不能收上∶用南星末，姜汁调涂两颊，一夜即上。（《医说》）
小儿口疮，白屑如鹅口，不须服药∶以生天南星去皮脐，研末。醋调涂足心，男左女右。
（
走马疳蚀，透骨穿腮∶生南星一个，当心剜空，入雄黄一块，面裹烧，候雄黄作汁，以
盏子合定，出火毒，去面为末，入麝香少许，拂疮数日，甚效。（《经验方》）
风虫牙痛∶南星末塞孔，以霜梅 住，去涎。（《摘玄方》）
喉风喉痹∶天南星一个，剜心，入白僵蚕七枚，纸包煨熟，研末。姜汁调服一钱，甚者
灌之
痰瘤结核∶南星膏∶治人皮肌头面上生瘤及结核，大者如拳，小者如栗，或软或硬，不
疼不痒，宜用此药，不可辄用针灸∶生天南星大者一枚，研烂，滴好醋五七点。如无生者，
以干者为末，醋调。先用针刺令气透，乃贴之。觉痒则频贴，取效。（严子礼《济生方》）
身面疣子∶醋调南星末涂之。（《简易方》）
【《神农本草经》列为下品】
天南星
【名称解释】虎膏（出自《本草纲目》）、鬼臼（出自《日华子本草》）。
苏恭说：它的根周围有圆形的芽，看起来像老虎的爪子，所以有这个名称。
苏颂说：天南星就是《本草》中记载的虎掌，小的称为由跋。古方中多用虎掌，不称天南星。天南星这个名字近出唐人治疗中风痰毒的方剂中才使用它，是后人采用并另立此名罢了。
李时珍说：虎掌是因为叶子形状像它，而不是因为根。南星是因为根圆白色，形状像老人的星星状，所以叫南星，也就是虎掌。苏颂的说法很明白。宋代的《开宝本草》不应该重复列出南星条目，现在合并进去。
【集解】《名医别录》说：虎掌生长在汉中山谷及冤句。二月、八月采集，阴干。
陶弘景说：附近道路也有。形状像半夏，但大一些且四边有子像虎掌。现在多用切成三四片。方药中不太常用。
苏恭说：这是由跋的宿根。它的苗一茎，茎头一叶，枝丫夹着茎。根大的如拳头，小的如鸡蛋，都像扁柿子。四畔有圆牙，看起来像虎掌。由跋是新根，大如半夏的二三倍，四畔没有子牙。陶弘景说的像半夏的是由跋。
寇宗奭说：茎头有八、九叶，花生在茎间。
陈藏器说：天南星生长在安东山谷，叶像荷叶，独茎，用根。
苏颂说：虎掌现在河北州郡有。初生根如豆大，渐渐长大像半夏而扁，年久者根圆及寸，大的如鸡卵。周围生圆牙三四枚或五、六枚。三、四月生苗，展开，尖而圆。一窝生七八茎，时常出一茎作穗，直上如鼠尾。中间生一叶如匙，裹茎作房，旁开一口，上下尖。中有花，微青褐色。结实如麻子大，熟即白色，自落布地，一子生一窝。九月苗残取根。现在冀州人在菜园中种植它，呼为天南星。又说：天南星，处处平泽有之。二月生苗，像荷梗，其茎高一尺以来。叶像什么（原文缺字），两枝相抱。五月开花像蛇头，黄色。七月结子作穗像石榴子，红色。二月、八月采根，像芋而圆扁，与什么（原文缺字）相类，人多误采，完全不可辨别。只是茎斑花紫，南星根小，柔腻肌细，炮制后易裂，可以辨别罢了。南星就是《本经》中的虎掌也。大的四边都有牙子，采集时削去它。江州一种草，叶大如掌，面青背紫，四畔有牙像虎掌，生三四叶为一本，冬青，不结花实，治心痛寒热积气，也与虎掌（功效相似/相关，原文此处似有脱漏，依语境补全意）。
李时珍说：大者为虎掌、南星，小者为由跋，乃同一种植物。现在俗话又说大者为鬼臼，小者为南星，非常错误。
【修治】苏颂说：九月采虎掌根，去皮脐，放入容器中汤浸五七日，每天换水三四遍，洗去涎液，晒干用。或者再火炮裂用。
李时珍说：凡是天南星须用一两以上者佳。治风痰，有生用的，须以温汤洗净，仍以白矾汤，或加入皂角汁，浸三日夜，日日换水，晒干用。若熟用的，须在黄土地掘一小坑，深五、六寸，以炭火烧红，用好酒浇淋。把南星放在里面，用瓦盆覆盖固定，灰泥密封，一夜取出用。急用，就以湿纸包，在火灰中炮裂。另一法：治风热痰，以酒浸一夜，桑柴火蒸之，常洒酒入甑内，令气猛。一个伏时（约24小时）取出，竹刀切开，味不麻舌为熟。未熟再蒸，至不麻为止。脾虚多痰，则以生姜渣和黄泥包南星煨熟，去泥焙用。
造南星曲法：用姜汁、矾汤，和南星末作小饼子，放在篮内，楮叶包盖，待上面长黄衣，就取出来晒收。造胆星法：以南星生研末，腊月取黄牯牛胆汁和剂，纳入胆中，系悬风处干之。年久者更好。
【气味】苦，温，有大毒。《名医别录》说：微寒。普曰：虎掌神农、雷公：苦，有毒；岐伯、桐君：辛，有毒。大明曰：辛烈，平。杲曰：苦、辛，有毒。阴中之阳，可升可降，乃肺经的本药。震亨曰：欲其下行，以黄柏引之。之才曰：蜀漆为之使。恶莽草。大明曰：畏附子、干姜、生姜。
李时珍说：得防风则不麻，得牛胆则不燥，得火炮则不毒。生能伏雄黄、丹砂、焰硝。
【主治】心痛，寒热结气，积聚伏梁，伤筋痿拘缓，利水道（《本经》）。
除阴下湿，风眩（《别录》）。主疝瘕肠痛，伤寒时疾，强阴（原文此处似有脱漏，通常接“除痰”等，依下文补全逻辑，但严格按原文提取症状/主治词）。
除痰下气，利胸膈，攻坚积，消痈肿，散（蛇虫咬？原文此处似有脱漏，结合下文“蛇虫咬”补全意，但实体提取仅取明确词汇）。
蛇虫咬，疥癣恶疮（大明）。去上焦痰及眩晕（元素）。主破伤风，口噤身强（李杲）。补肝风虚，治痰功同半夏（好古）。治惊痫，口眼歪斜，喉痹，口舌疮糜，结核，解颅（时珍）。
【发明】李时珍说：虎掌、天南星，乃手足太阴脾肺之药。味辛而麻，故能治风散血；气温而燥，故能胜湿除涎；性紧而毒，故能攻积拔肿而治口舌糜。杨士瀛《直指方》云：诸风口噤，宜用南星，更以人参、石菖蒲佐之。
【附方】旧八，新三十二。
中风口噤目瞑，无门下药者：开关散：用天南星为末，入白龙脑等分，五月五日午时合之。每用中指点末，揩齿（纸裹斜包，剪一小孔，透气于口中，牙关自开也。一方：用生南星，同姜汁擦之，自开。）
小儿惊风：坠涎散：用天南星（一两重）一个，（换酒浸七伏时，取出安新瓦上，周回炭火炙裂，合湿地出火毒，为末），入朱砂一分。每服半钱，荆芥汤调下。每日空心一服，午时一服。（《经验方》）
吐泻慢惊：天王散：治小儿吐泻，或误服冷药，脾虚生风痰慢惊：天南星（一个）重八九钱者，去脐。黄土坑深三寸，炭火五斤，烧赤，入好酒半盏。安南星在内，仍架炭三条在上，候发裂取锉，再炒熟为末，用五钱。天麻（煨熟研末）一钱，麝香一字，和匀。三岁小儿用半钱，以生姜、防风煎汤调下。亦治久嗽恶心。（钱乙小儿方）
风痫痰迷：坠痰丸：用天南星九蒸九晒，为末，姜汁面糊丸梧子大。每服二十丸，人参汤下。石菖蒲、麦门冬汤亦可。（《卫生宝鉴》）
小儿痫喑，痫后喑不能言：以天南星湿纸包煨，为末。雄猪胆汁调服二字。（《全幼心鉴》）
治痫利痰：天南星（煨香）一两，朱砂一钱，为末，猪心血丸梧子大。每防风汤化下一丸。（《普济方》）
口眼歪斜：天南星生研末，自然姜汁调之，左贴右，右贴左。（《仁存方》）
角弓反张：南星、半夏等分，为末。姜汁、竹沥灌下一钱。仍灸印堂。（《摘玄方》）
破伤中风：胡氏夺命散，又名玉真散：治打扑金刃伤，及破伤风伤湿，发病强直如痫状者：天南星、防风等分，为末。水调敷疮，出水为妙。仍以温酒调服一钱。已死心尚温者，热童便调灌二钱。斗殴内伤坠压者，酒和童便连灌三服，即苏。亦可煎服。（《三因方》）
破伤风疮：生南星末，水调涂疮四围，水出有效。（《普济方》）
妇人头风，攻目作痛：天南星一个，掘地坑烧赤，安药于中，以醋一盏沃之，盖定勿令透气，候冷研末。每服一字，以酒调下。重者半钱。（《经验方》）
风痰头痛，不可忍：天南星一两，荆芥叶一两，为末，姜汁糊丸梧子大。每食后姜汤下二十丸。又上清丸：用天南星、茴香等分，生研末，盐醋煮面糊丸。如上法服。（并出《经效济世方》）
风痰头晕目眩，吐逆烦懑，饮食不下：玉壶丸：用生南星、生半夏各一两，天麻半两，白面三两。为末，水丸梧子大。每服三十丸，以水先煎沸，入药煮五七沸，漉出放温，以姜汤吞之。（《惠民和剂局方》）
脑风流涕，邪风入脑，鼻内结硬，遂流髓涕：大白南星切片，沸汤泡二次，焙干。每用二钱，枣七个，甘草五分，同煎服。三、四服，其硬物自出，脑气流转，髓涕自收。以大蒜、荜茇末作饼，隔纱贴卤前，熨斗熨之。或以香附、荜茇末频吹鼻中。（《直指方》）
毒壅滞，凉心压惊：抱龙丸：用牛胆南星一两，入金钱薄荷十片，丹砂一钱半，龙脑、麝香各一字，研末，炼蜜丸芡子大。每服一丸，竹叶汤化下。（《全幼心鉴》）
壮人风痰及中风，中气初起：星香饮：用南星四钱，木香一钱。水二盏，生姜十四片，煎六分，温服。（王硕《易简方》）
痰迷心窍：寿星丸：治心胆被惊，神不守舍，或痰迷心窍，恍惚健忘，妄言妄见：天南星一斤（先掘土坑一尺，以炭火三十斤烧赤，入酒五升，渗干。乃安南星在内，盆覆定，以灰塞之，勿令走气。次日取出为末）。琥珀一两，朱砂二两，为末。生姜汁打面糊丸梧子大。每服三十丸至五十丸，煎人参、石菖蒲汤下。一日三服。（《和剂局方》）
风痰注痛：方见羊踯躅下。
痰湿臂痛，右边者：南星制、苍术等分，生姜三片，水煎服之。（《摘玄方》）
风痰咳嗽：大天南星一枚，炮裂研末。每服一钱，水一盏，姜三片，煎五分，温服。每日早、午、晚各一服。（《十全博救》）
气痰咳嗽：玉粉丸：南星曲、半夏曲、陈橘皮各一两，为末，自然姜汁打糊丸如梧子大。每服四十丸，姜汤下。寒痰，去橘皮，加官桂。（东垣《兰室秘藏》）
清气化痰：三仙丸：治中脘气滞，痰涎烦闷，头目不清：生南星（去皮）、半夏各五两（并汤泡七次，为末，自然姜汁和作饼，铺竹筛内，以楮叶包覆，待生黄成曲，晒干）。每用二两，入香附末一两，糊丸梧子大。每服四十丸，食后姜汤下。（王璆《百一选方》）
温中散滞，消导饮食：天南星（炮）、高良姜（炮）各一两，砂仁二钱半，为末，姜汁糊丸梧子大。每姜汤下五十丸。（《和剂方》）
酒积酒毒，服此即解：天南星丸：用正端天南星一斤。土坑烧赤，沃酒一斗入坑，放南星，盆覆，泥固济，一夜取出，酒和水洗净，切片，焙干为末，入朱砂末一两，姜汁面糊丸梧子大。每服五十丸，姜汤下。蔡丞相、吕丞相尝用有验。（《杨氏家藏方》）
吐泄不止：《集效方》：四肢厥逆，虚风不省人事。服此则阳回，名回阳散：天南星为末，每服三钱，京枣三枚，水二钟，煎八分，温服。未省再服。又方：醋调南星末，贴足心。（《普济方》）
肠风泻血，诸药不效：天南星（锻石炒焦黄色），为末，酒糊丸梧子大。每酒下二十丸。（《普济方》）
以自然铜磨酒调下。（《胜金方》）
初生贴囟：头热鼻塞者。天南星炮为末，水调贴囟上，炙手熨之。（危氏《得效方》）
小儿解颅，囟开不合，鼻塞不通：天南星炮去皮，为末，淡醋调绯帛上，贴囟门，炙手频熨之，立效。（钱乙《小儿直诀》）
解颐脱臼，不能收上：用南星末，姜汁调涂两颊，一夜即上。（《医说》）
小儿口疮，白屑如鹅口，不须服药：以生天南星去皮脐，研末。醋调涂足心，男左女右。（《经验方》）
走马疳蚀，透骨穿腮：生南星一个，当心剜空，入雄黄一块，面裹烧，候雄黄作汁，以盏子合定，出火毒，去面为末，入麝香少许，拂疮数日，甚效。（《经验方》）
风虫牙痛：南星末塞孔，以霜梅 住，去涎。（《摘玄方》）
喉风喉痹：天南星一个，剜心，入白僵蚕七枚，纸包煨熟，研末。姜汁调服一钱，甚者灌之。（《经验方》）
痰瘤结核：南星膏：治人皮肌头面上生瘤及结核，大者如拳，小者如栗，或软或硬，不疼不痒，宜用此药，不可辄用针灸：生天南星大者一枚，研烂，滴好醋五七点。如无生者，以干者为末，醋调。先用针刺令气透，乃贴之。觉痒则频贴，取效。（严子礼《济生方》）
身面疣子：醋调南星末涂之。（《简易方》）
[Classified as Lower Grade in *Shennong Bencao Jing*]
Arisaema Rhizome (Tiannanxing)
[Names] Huguao (Tiger Paste, from *Bencao Gangmu*), Guijiu (Ghost Mortar, from *Ri Hua Zi Bencao*).
Su Gong said: Its roots have round buds around the sides, looking like a tiger's paw, hence this name.
Su Song said: Tiannanxing is the same as Huzhang recorded in *Bencao*. The smaller ones are called Youba. Ancient prescriptions mostly used Huzhang, not Tiannanxing. The term Tiannanxing appeared later in Tang dynasty prescriptions for treating wind-stroke and phlegm toxicity; it was adopted by later generations who established this new name.
Li Shizhen said: Huzhang is named because its leaves resemble a tiger's paw, not the root. Tiannanxing is named because its rhizome is round and white, resembling the shape of an old man's star (or the star Canopus), thus called Nanxing (Southern Star), which is also Huzhang. Su Song's explanation is very clear. The Song Dynasty's *Kaibao Bencao* should not have listed Nanxing separately again; now they are merged.
[Collection and Explanation] *Bielu* states: Huzhang grows in the valleys of Hanzhong and Yuanju. Harvested in February and August, dried in the shade.
Tao Hongjing said: It is also found near the roads. It resembles Banxia (Pinellia Rhizome) but is larger with buds on four sides like a tiger's paw. Now it is often cut into three or four pieces. It is not much used in prescriptions.
Su Gong said: This is the perennial root of Youba. Its sprout has one stem, one leaf at the stem tip, with branches flanking the stem. The large roots are fist-sized, small ones egg-sized, all resembling flat persimmons. There are round buds around the periphery, looking like a tiger's paw. Youba refers to the new root, two to three times the size of Banxia, without buds on the sides. Tao Hongjing's description of resembling Banxia actually refers to Youba.
Kou Zongshi said: The stem tip has eight or nine leaves, flowers growing between the stems.
Chen Cangqi said: Tiannanxing grows in the valleys of Andong. Leaves resemble lotus, single stem, using the root.
Su Song said: Huzhang is now available in Hebei prefectures. Newly grown roots are bean-sized, gradually enlarging to resemble Banxia but flatter. After many years, the root becomes round, about one cun in diameter, large ones egg-sized. Three to five or six round buds grow around the circumference. Sprouts appear in March and April, spreading out, pointed and round. One cluster produces seven or eight stems, occasionally one stem forms a spike, rising straight like a rat's tail. A spoon-shaped leaf grows in the middle, wrapping the stem like a chamber, opening on one side, pointed at top and bottom. Flowers inside are slightly greenish-brown. Fruits are sesame-seed sized, white when ripe, falling to the ground, each seed producing a new cluster. Roots are harvested in September when foliage withers. People in Jizhou now cultivate it in vegetable gardens, calling it Tiannanxing. Also: Tiannanxing grows in flat marshes everywhere. Sprouts appear in February, resembling lotus stalks, stems about one chi high. Leaves [missing character], two branches embracing each other. Flowers bloom in May like snake heads, yellow. Fruits form spikes in July like pomegranate seeds, red. Roots are harvested in February and August, resembling taro but round and flat, similar to [missing character]. People often mistake them, indistinguishable. However, the stem has spots, flowers purple; Tiannanxing roots are smaller, soft and fine-textured, cracking easily when processed, which distinguishes them. Tiannanxing is indeed Huzhang in *Benjing*. Large ones have buds on all four sides; remove them during harvest. In Jiangzhou, there is a herb with leaves palm-sized, green on front, purple on back, with buds like a tiger's paw on edges, growing three to four leaves per base, evergreen in winter, no flowers or fruits. It treats heart pain, cold-heat knotting qi, accumulated masses, and is also related to Huzhang.
Li Shizhen said: Large ones are Huzhang and Tiannanxing, small ones are Youba; they are the same species. Current folklore incorrectly claims large ones are Guijiu and small ones are Tiannanxing.
[Processing] Su Song said: Harvest Huzhang roots in September, remove skin and navel, soak in hot water in a vessel for five to seven days, changing water three to four times daily, wash away saliva/mucus, dry in sun. Or process by stir-frying until cracked.
Li Shizhen said: For Tiannanxing, those weighing over one qian are best. To treat wind-phlegm, raw material can be used: wash with warm water, then soak in Alum Decoction (Baifan Tang) or with Soap Pod Juice (Zaojiao Zhi) for three nights, changing water daily, then dry. If cooked use: dig a small pit in yellow earth, five to six cun deep, heat charcoal until red, pour good wine into it. Place Tiannanxing inside, cover with a clay pot, seal with ash mud, leave overnight, then take out for use. For urgent use, wrap in wet paper and roast in hot ashes until cracked. Another method: To treat wind-heat phlegm, soak in wine overnight, steam over mulberry wood fire, sprinkling wine into the steamer frequently to maintain strong vapor. Steam for one fu period (approx. 24 hours), take out, cut with bamboo knife. It is considered "cooked" when it no longer numbs the tongue. If still numbing, steam again until numbness ceases. For spleen deficiency with excessive phlegm, wrap Tiannanxing in ginger dregs and yellow mud, bake/cook until done, remove mud, and dry-roast.
Method for making Tiannanxing Qu (Fermented Pill Base): Mix Tiannanxing powder with Ginger Juice and Alum Solution to make small cakes. Place in a basket, cover with Paper Mulberry leaves. Wait for yellow mold to grow, then harvest and dry.
Method for making Danxing (Gallbladder Arisaema): Grind fresh Tiannanxing into powder. In the twelfth lunar month, mix with bile from a yellow ox. Stuff the mixture into the gallbladder, hang in a ventilated place to dry. The older, the better.
[Flavor and Properties] Bitter, Warm, Highly Toxic. *Bielu* says: Slightly Cold. Pu Yue: Huzhang - Shennong and Leigong say: Bitter, Toxic; Qibo and Tongjun say: Acrid, Toxic. Daming says: Acrid and pungent, Neutral. Guo Mao says: Bitter, Acrid, Toxic. Yin-Zhong-Yang, can ascend and descend, primarily a medicine for the Lung Meridian. Zhang Zhenheng says: To guide it downward, use Phellodendron Bark (Huangbai). Li Zhicai says: Sophora Root (Shuqi) acts as its guide. Detested by Aconite Root (Mangcao). Daming says: Feared by Aconite Root (Fuzi), Dried Ginger (Ganjiang), Fresh Ginger (Shengjiang).
Li Shizhen said: Combined with Saposhnikovia Root (Fangfeng), it does not cause numbness; combined with Ox Gall, it does not cause dryness; processed by roasting, its toxicity is reduced. Raw, it can neutralize Realgar (Xionghuang), Cinnabar (Dansha), and Saltpeter (Yanxiao).
[Indications] Heart pain, cold-heat knotting qi, accumulated masses (Fu Liang), tendon injury with flaccidity and spasms, promoting water passages (*Benjing*).
Eliminating dampness in the genital area, wind-induced vertigo (*Bielu*). Treating hernia masses and intestinal pain, typhoid fevers, strengthening yin [text incomplete], eliminating phlegm and directing qi downward, benefiting the chest and diaphragm, attacking solid accumulations, reducing carbuncles and swellings, dispersing [text incomplete].
Snake and insect bites, scabies, tinea, malignant sores (Daming). Removing upper jiao phlegm and vertigo (Li Dongyuan). Treating traumatic tetanus, locked jaw and stiff body (Li Gao). Supplementing liver wind deficiency, treating phlegm with efficacy similar to Pinellia Rhizome (Chen Haogu). Treating convulsions and epilepsy, facial paralysis (deviation of mouth and eyes), throat obstruction, oral ulcers, tubercles, and fontanelle bulging (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen said: Huzhang and Tiannanxing are medicines for the Hand-Taiyin Lung and Foot-Taiyin Spleen meridians. Their acrid and numbing flavor allows them to dispel wind and dissipate blood stasis; their warm and drying nature allows them to overcome dampness and eliminate salivary secretions; their tight texture and toxicity allow them to attack accumulations, draw out swelling, and treat oral ulcers. Yang Shiying's *Zhizhi Fang* states: For various wind-stroke cases with locked jaws, Tiannanxing should be used, assisted by Ginseng Root (Renshen) and Acorus Rhizome (Shichangpu).
[Attached Prescriptions] Eight old, thirty-two new.
Wind-stroke with locked jaw and closed eyes, unable to administer medicine: Kaiguan San (Opening Lock Powder): Grind Tiannanxing into powder, mix with equal parts White Dragon Brain (Borneol). Combine at noon on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. Use middle finger to apply powder to teeth. [Wrap in paper diagonally, cut a small hole to let air in, jaw will open. Alternative: Rub raw Tiannanxing with ginger juice, jaw opens.]
Pediatric convulsions: Zhuixian San (Saliva-Dropping Powder): Use one Tiannanxing (weighing one qian). Soak in wine for seven fu periods, take out, place on new tile, roast around with charcoal until cracked, remove fire toxicity in humid environment, grind to powder. Add one fen of Cinnabar (Zhusha). Take half a qian each time, mixed with Schisandra Decoction (Jingjie Tang). Once daily on empty stomach, once at noon. (*Experience Formula*)
Vomiting/diarrhea leading to slow convulsions: Tianwang San (Heavenly King Powder): Treats pediatric vomiting/diarrhea, or slow convulsions due to spleen deficiency generating wind-phlegm after taking cold medicines improperly. Use one Tiannanxing (8-9 qian), remove navel. Dig yellow earth pit 3 cun deep, burn 5 jin charcoal until red, add half cup good wine. Place Tiannanxing inside, place three charcoal sticks on top, wait until it cracks, take out, crush, stir-fry until cooked, grind to powder, use 5 qian. Gastrodia Tuber (Tianma, roasted and powdered) 1 qian, Musk (Shexiang) one zi, mix evenly. For 3-year-old child, take half a qian, mixed with Ginger and Saposhnikovia Decoction. Also treats chronic cough and nausea. (Qian Yi's Pediatric Formula)
Wind-epilepsy with phlegm confusion: Zhuitan Wan (Phlegm-Dropping Pill): Nine-steamed, nine-dried Tiannanxing, powdered. Make pills with Ginger Juice and flour paste, size of wutong seeds. Take 20 pills each time with Ginseng Decoction. Acorus and Ophiopogon Decoction also acceptable. (*Health Treasure Mirror*)
Pediatric epilepsy aphasia, inability to speak after epilepsy: Roast Tiannanxing wrapped in wet paper, powder. Mix with male pig bile, take two zi. (*Complete Infantology Mirror*)
Treating epilepsy and draining phlegm: Tiannanxing (roasted fragrant) 1 liang, Cinnabar 1 qian, powder. Make pills with pig heart blood, size of wutong seeds. Dissolve one pill in Saposhnikovia Decoction before swallowing. (*Universal Benevolent Prescriptions*)
Facial paralysis (deviation of mouth and eyes): Grind raw Tiannanxing to powder, mix with natural ginger juice. Apply left side to right cheek, right side to left cheek. (*Ren Cun Formula*)
Opisthotonos: Equal parts Tiannanxing and Pinellia Rhizome, powder. Administer 1 qian mixed with Ginger Juice and Bamboo Sap. Moxa Yintang point. (*Extracting Mystery Formula*)
Traumatic wind-stroke: Hu's Duoming San, also known as Yuzhen San: Treats blunt trauma, metal wounds, and traumatic tetanus with dampness, presenting with stiffness and spasms resembling epilepsy. Equal parts Tiannanxing and Saposhnikovia Root, powder. Mix with water and apply to wound; discharge of fluid is ideal. Also take 1 qian mixed with warm wine. If heart still warm after apparent death,灌 2 qian mixed with hot urine. For internal injuries from fighting/falls,灌 3 doses mixed with wine and urine, patient revives. Can also be decocted. (*Three Causes Formula*)
Traumatic tetanus sore: Raw Tiannanxing powder, mix with water, apply around wound. Discharge of fluid indicates efficacy. (*Universal Benevolent Prescriptions*)
Women's head wind, pain attacking eyes: One Tiannanxing. Dig pit, heat red, place medicine inside, pour one cup vinegar, cover tightly to prevent leakage, cool, grind to powder. Take one zi, mixed with wine. Severe cases take half a qian. (*Experience Formula*)
Wind-phlegm headache, unbearable: Tiannanxing 1 liang, Schisandra Leaf 1 liang, powder. Make pills with Ginger Juice paste, size of wutong seeds. Take 20 pills after meals with Ginger Decoction. Also Shangqing Wan: Equal parts Tiannanxing and Fennel, raw powder, make pills with salt-vinegar boiled flour paste. Take as above. (Both from *Effective Universal Formula*)
Wind-phlegm dizziness/vertigo, vomiting, irritability, inability to eat: Yu Hu Wan (Jade Pot Pill): Raw Tiannanxing 1 liang, Raw Pinellia Rhizome 1 liang, Gastrodia 0.5 liang, Wheat Flour 3 liang. Powder, make water pills, size of wutong seeds. Take 30 pills. Boil water first, add pills, boil 5-7 times, strain, warm, swallow with Ginger Decoction. (*惠民和剂局方*)
Brain wind with runny nose, evil wind entering brain, hardness in nose, flowing marrow-like mucus: Slice large Tiannanxing, soak twice in boiling water, dry. Take 2 qian, with 7 jujubes, 5 fen Licorice, decoct together. After 3-4 doses, hardness exits, brain qi flows, mucus stops. Make cake of Garlic and Long Pepper powder, place gauze between cake and forehead, iron with hot iron. Or blow frequent powder of Cyperus and Long Pepper into nose. (*Directing Truth Formula*)
Toxin stagnation, cooling heart, calming fright: Baolong Wan (Embracing Dragon Pill): Ox Gall Tiannanxing 1 liang, 10 leaves of Money Mint, 1.5 qian Cinnabar, Borneol and Musk each one zi. Powder, honey pills size of euryale seeds. Take one pill, dissolve in Bamboo Leaf Decoction. (*Complete Infantology Mirror*)
Adult wind-phlegm and early stroke/qi blockage: Xingxiang Yin (Star-Aroma Drink): Tiannanxing 4 qian, Costus Root 1 qian. Water 2 cups, 14 slices Ginger, decoct to 60%, drink warm. (Wang Shuo's *Yijian Formula*)
Phlegm confusing heart orifice: Shouxing Wan (Longevity Star Pill): Treats fright to heart/gallbladder, spirit not residing, or phlegm confusing heart orifice,恍惚 forgetfulness, delusions. Tiannanxing 1 jin (Dig 1 chi pit, burn 30 jin charcoal red, add 5 sheng wine, soak dry. Place Tiannanxing, cover pot, seal with ash, do not let gas escape. Next day take out, powder). Amber 1 liang, Cinnabar 2 liang, powder. Ginger juice paste pills, size of wutong seeds. Take 30-50 pills, swallow with Ginseng and Acorus Decoction. Three times daily. (*Heji Ju Fang*)
Wind-phlegm shooting pain: See prescription under Yellow Azalea (Yangzhizhu).
Phlegm-damp arm pain, right side: Processed Tiannanxing, Atractodes Rhizome (Cangzhu) equal parts, 3 slices Ginger, decoct and drink. (*Extracting Mystery Formula*)
Wind-phlegm cough: One large Tiannanxing, roast until cracked, powder. Take 1 qian, water 1 cup, 3 slices Ginger, decoct to 50%, drink warm. Morning, noon, evening each dose. (*Ten Perfections Rescue*)
Qi-phlegm cough: Yufen Wan (Jade Powder Pill): Tiannanxing Qu, Pinellia Qu, Dried Tangerine Peel each 1 liang, powder. Natural Ginger Juice paste pills, size of wutong seeds. Take 40 pills with Ginger Decoction. For cold-phlegm, remove tangerine peel, add Cassia Bark (Guangui). (Dongyuan's *Lanshi Micang*)
Clearing qi and resolving phlegm: Sanxian Wan (Three Immortals Pill): Treats epigastric qi stagnation, phlegm-mucus irritability, unclear head/eyes. Raw Tiannanxing (peeled) and Pinellia each 5 liang (soak in water 7 times, powder). Natural Ginger Juice paste into cakes, spread on bamboo sieve, cover with Paper Mulberry leaves, wait for yellow mold to form qu, dry. Take 2 liang, add 1 liang Cyperus powder, paste pills, size of wutong seeds. Take 40 pills after meals with Ginger Decoction. (Wang Qiu's *Baiyi Xuanfang*)
Warming middle, dispersing stagnation, aiding digestion: Roasted Tiannanxing 1 liang, Roasted Galangal 1 liang, Amomum Cardamom 2.5 qian, powder. Ginger Juice paste pills, size of wutong seeds. Take 50 pills with Ginger Decoction. (*Heji Formula*)
Alcohol accumulation/toxin, relief upon taking: Tiannanxing Wan: Use standard Tiannanxing 1 jin. Heat earth pit red, pour 1 dou wine into pit, place Tiannanxing, cover pot, seal with mud, leave overnight. Take out, wash with wine/water, slice, dry, powder. Add 1 liang Cinnabar powder, Ginger Juice flour paste pills, size of wutong seeds. Take 50 pills with Ginger Decoction. Prime Ministers Cai and Lu tested with efficacy. (*Yang Family Hidden Formula*)
Unstopping vomiting/diarrhea: *Jixiao Fang*: Limb cold reversal, unconsciousness due to deficient wind. Taking this restores yang, named Huiyang San: Tiannanxing powder, take 3 qian, 3 jujubes, water 2 zhong, decoct to 80%, drink warm. If not conscious, take again. Another formula: Vinegar mixed Tiannanxing powder, apply to sole of foot. (*Universal Benevolent Prescriptions*)
Intestinal wind bleeding, ineffective with other drugs: Tiannanxing (calcined with lime to yellow-brown), powder, wine paste pills, size of wutong seeds. Take 20 pills with wine. (*Universal Benevolent Prescriptions*)
Grind Natural Pyrite (Ziran Tong) with wine and take. (*Shengjin Formula*)
Newborn applying to fontanelle: For head heat and nasal congestion. Roast Tiannanxing to powder, mix with water, apply to fontanelle, warm hands and press. (Wei Shi's *Defxiao Formula*)
Pediatric delayed fontanelle closure, open fontanelle, nasal congestion: Roast Tiannanxing, peel, powder. Mix with light vinegar, apply to red silk, stick to fontanelle, warm hands and press frequently, immediate effect. (Qian Yi's *Xiao'er Zhijue*)
Dislocated jaw, cannot close: Tiannanxing powder, Ginger Juice paste, apply to cheeks, closes overnight. (*Medical Sayings*)
Pediatric mouth ulcers, white flakes like goose mouth, no need for oral medicine: Raw Tiannanxing peeled and powdered. Vinegar paste, apply to sole of foot, left for males, right for females. (*Experience Formula*)
Running horse gangrene, penetrating bone and cheek: One raw Tiannanxing, hollow center, insert Realgar piece, wrap in dough and roast until Realgar melts. Cover with bowl, remove fire toxicity, remove dough, powder, add little Musk, sprinkle on sore for several days, very effective. (*Experience Formula*)
Wind-insect toothache: Tiannanxing powder stuffed in hole, hold frost plum to stop saliva, remove saliva. (*Extracting Mystery Formula*)
Throat wind/obstruction: One Tiannanxing, hollow center, insert 7 Silkworms (Baijiangcan), wrap in paper and roast until cooked, powder. Ginger Juice, take 1 qian,灌 if severe. (*Experience Formula*)
Phlegm tumor/tubercles: Nanxing Gao (Arisaema Ointment): Treats tumors and tubercles on skin/muscle/head/face, large as fist, small as chestnut, soft or hard, painless/itchless. Use this, do not use acupuncture. One large raw Tiannanxing, mash, add 5-7 drops good vinegar. If no raw, use dried powder, mix with vinegar. Prick skin first to let qi through, then apply. If itchy, apply frequently until effective. (Yan Zili's *Jisheng Formula*)
Warts on body/face: Vinegar mixed Tiannanxing powder, apply. (*Simple Formula*)