（《食物》）
【释名】鹦哥（俗名）、干皋。
时珍曰∶按∶《字说》云∶鹦 如婴儿之学母语，故字从婴母。亦作鹦鹉。熊太古云
∶大者为鹦 ，小者为鹦哥。则 义又取乎此。师旷谓之干皋，李 呼为陇客，《梵书》谓
之臊陀。
【集解】时珍曰∶鹦 有数种∶绿鹦 出陇蜀，而滇南、交广近海诸地尤多，大如乌鹊
，数百群飞，南人以为 食；红鹦 紫赤色，大亦如之；白鹦 出西洋、南番，大如母鸡；
五色鹦 出海外诸国，大于绿而小于白者，性尤慧利。俱丹 钩吻，长尾赤足，金睛深目，
上下目睑皆能眨动，舌如婴儿。其趾前后各二，异于众鸟。其性畏寒，即发颤如瘴而死，饲
以余甘子可解。或云∶摩其背则喑。或云∶雄者喙变丹，雌者喙黑不变。张思正《倦游录》
云“海中有黄鱼能化鹦 ”，此必又一种也。有秦吉了、鸟凤，皆能人言，并附于下∶
【附录】秦吉了 时珍曰∶即了哥也，《唐书》作结辽鸟，番音也。出岭南容、管、廉
、邕诸州峒中。大如 鹆，绀黑色。夹脑有黄肉冠，如人耳。丹 黄距，人舌人目，目下连
颈有深黄纹，顶尾有分缝。能效人言，音颇雄重。用熟鸡子和饭饲之。亦有白色者。
鸟凤 按范成大《虞衡志》云∶鸟凤出桂海左右两江峒中。大如喜鹊，绀碧色。项毛
似雄鸡，头上有冠。尾垂二弱骨，长一尺四五寸，至秒始有毛。其形略似凤。音声清越如笙
箫，能度小曲合宫商，又能为百鸟之音。彼处亦自难得。
鹦 肉
【气味】甘、咸，温，无毒。
【主治】食之，已虚嗽（汪颖）。
（收录于《食物》部）
【释名】鹦哥（民间俗称）、干皋。
李时珍说：据《字说》记载，鹦鹉学习母语就像婴儿学说话一样，所以“鹦”字的构造取意于“婴母”。也写作“鹦鹉”。熊太古说：大的叫鹦，小的叫鹦哥。那么“鹦”字的含义又取自于此。师旷称它为干皋，李贺称之为陇客，《梵书》称它为臊陀。
【集解】李时珍说：鹦鹉有好几种：绿鹦鹉产于陇蜀地区，而云南南部、交州和广州靠近海边的地方尤其多，体型像乌鸦和喜鹊那么大，成百上千成群飞翔，南方人把它们当作美食；红鹦鹉呈紫红色，体型也一样大；白鹦鹉产自西洋和南番地区，体型像母鸡那么大；五色鹦鹉产自海外各国，体型比绿色的大但比白色的小，性情特别聪慧灵敏。它们都有丹红色的钩状喙，长尾巴，红色的脚，金色的眼睛，深陷的眼眶，上下眼睑都能眨动，舌头像婴儿一样灵活。它们的脚趾前后各两个，不同于其他鸟类。它们性畏寒，如果受寒发抖就会像患瘴气病一样死去，喂食余甘子可以解毒。有人说：抚摸它的背部它就会失声。有人说：雄性的嘴会变成丹红色，雌性的嘴是黑色且不改变。张思正的《倦游录》中说“海中有黄鱼能变成鹦鹉”，这必定是另一种情况了。还有秦吉了、鸟凤，都能模仿人说话，一并附在下面：
【附录】秦吉了 李时珍说：就是了哥鸟，《唐书》写作结辽鸟，是方言音译。产于岭南容州、管州、廉州、邕州等州的峒洞中。体型像八哥，呈深青色。头顶两侧有黄色的肉冠，像人的耳朵。丹红色的喙，黄色的距（鸡爪后突出部分），像人的舌头和眼睛，眼下连颈部有深黄色的纹路，头顶和尾部有分缝。能模仿人说话，声音颇为雄浑沉重。用煮熟的鸡肉拌饭喂养它。也有白色的。
鸟凤 据范成大《虞衡志》记载：鸟凤产于桂海左右两江的峒洞中。体型像喜鹊，呈青碧色。颈部的羽毛像公鸡，头上有冠。尾巴垂下两根软骨，长一尺四五寸，直到尖端才有羽毛。它的形状大致像凤凰。声音清脆悠扬如笙箫，能演唱小曲符合宫商音律，又能发出各种鸟类的叫声。当地也很罕见。
鹦鹉肉
【气味】味甘、咸，性温，无毒。
【主治】食用它可以治愈虚劳咳嗽（汪颖）。
(Recorded in the "Food" section)
[Names] Yingge (common name), Gan'gao.
Li Shizhen states: According to *Zishuo* (Explanation of Characters), the parrot learns its native language like an infant learning from its mother, hence the character 'Ying' is derived from 'Yingmu' (infant and mother). It is also written as 'Wuying'. Xiong Taigu says: The larger ones are called 'Ying', and the smaller ones are called 'Yingge'. Thus, the meaning of 'Ying' is taken from this context. Shi Kuang called it 'Gan'gao', Li He called it 'Longke', and the Sanskrit texts refer to it as 'Suotuo'.
[Collection and Explanation] Li Shizhen states: There are several types of parrots: Green parrots originate from Longshu, and are particularly abundant in southern Yunnan, Jiaozhou, and Guangzhou near the coast. They are as large as crows and magpies, flying in flocks of hundreds, and people in the south regard them as delicacies; Red parrots are purple-red in color and of similar size; White parrots come from the Western Regions and Southern Fan lands, as large as hens; Five-colored parrots come from various overseas countries, larger than green parrots but smaller than white ones, with a particularly intelligent and sharp nature. All have crimson hooked beaks, long tails, red feet, golden eyes, deep-set orbits, and eyelids that can blink both up and down. Their tongues are flexible like those of infants. Their toes are arranged two front and two back, distinct from other birds. They fear cold; if they shiver due to cold, they may die as if suffering from miasma, which can be cured by feeding them Phyllanthus emblica (Yuganzi). Some say stroking their backs renders them mute. Others say male parrots' beaks turn crimson, while females' remain black unchanged. Zhang Sizheng's *Juan You Lu* (Travelogue of Weariness) states, "There are yellow fish in the sea that can transform into parrots," which must refer to another species. Qinjiliao and Niaofeng can also mimic human speech and are appended below:
[Appendix] Qinjiliao Li Shizhen states: This is the Lige bird, written as Jieliao Niao in the *Book of Tang*, a transliteration of a foreign term. It originates from the dong (tribal areas) of Rong, Guan, Lian, and Yong prefectures in Lingnan. It is as large as a myna, dark blue-black in color. It has yellow fleshy crests on both sides of the head, resembling human ears. It has a crimson beak, yellow spurs, a tongue and eyes resembling a human's, deep yellow stripes connecting under the eyes to the neck, and splits at the crown and tail. It can mimic human speech with a rather heavy and resonant voice. It is fed with cooked chicken meat mixed with rice. There are also white varieties.
Niaofeng According to Fan Chengda's *Yu Heng Zhi*: Niaofeng originates from the dong areas of the Left and Right Jiang rivers in Guhai. It is as large as a magpie, azure-green in color. Its neck feathers resemble those of a rooster, and it has a crest on its head. Two soft bones hang from its tail, measuring one chi and four or five cun in length, with feathers only at the very tip. Its shape somewhat resembles a phoenix. Its voice is clear and melodious like sheng and xiao instruments; it can sing small tunes conforming to the Gong and Shang musical modes, and can imitate the sounds of various birds. It is rare even in its native region.
Parrot Meat
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, salty, warm, non-toxic.
[Indications] Consuming it can cure deficiency-type coughing (Wang Ying).