味甘，温，无毒。主治大风邪气，湿痹寒痛。久服轻身，益寿耐老。一名冬葵子。生河
东川泽。
方药亦无用此者，乃有固活丸，即是野葛一名尔。此又名冬葵子，非葵菜之冬葵子，治
体
味苦，微寒，无毒。主治胸胁下痛，邪气，肠间寒热，阴痹。久服轻身，益气耐老。生
汉中川泽。五月采。
方药不复用，世无识者也。（《新修》三六五页，《大观》卷三○，《政和》五四六页）
味甘，寒、平，有小毒。主治下热气，益阴精，令人面悦好，明目。久服轻身，耐老。
以作蒸饮酒病患。生嵩高平泽。二月、八月采。
方药不复用，世无识者也。（《新修》三六三页，《大观》卷三○，《政和》五四六页）
味苦，温，无毒。主治除骨间寒热，通利胃气，止咳逆，下气。生河间南阳冤句山谷，
或平寿、都乡高堤岸上，牡荆生田野。八月、九月采实，阴干。（得术、柏实、青葙共治头
风，防风为之使，恶石膏。）
河间、冤句、平寿并在北，南阳在西，论蔓荆，即应是今作杖棰之荆，而复非见。其子
殊细，正如小麻子，色青黄。荆子实小大如此也。牡荆子乃出北方，如乌豆大，正圆黑，仙
术多用牡荆，今人都无识之者。李当之《药录》乃注溲疏下云∶溲疏一名阴栌，一名牡荆，
一名空疏。皮白，中空，时有节。子似枸杞子，赤色，味甘、苦，冬月熟，世乃无识者。当
此实是真，非人篱垣阳栌也。案如此说，溲疏主治与牡荆都不同，其形类乖异，恐乖实理。
而仙方用牡荆，云能通神见鬼，非唯其实，乃枝叶并好。又云有荆树，必枝枝相对，此是牡
荆，有不对者，即非牡荆。即为父，则不应有子。如此，并莫详虚实，须更博访。乃详之尔。
（《新修》一○二页，《大观》卷十二，《政和》三○二页）
味甘，性温，无毒。主治大风邪气、湿痹及寒痛。长期服用可使人身体轻盈，延年益寿。又名冬葵子。产于河东地区的川泽之中。
方药中不再使用此药，所谓的“固活丸”，其中的“固活”即是野葛的别名。此处所说的“冬葵子”并非指葵菜类的冬葵子，其治疗功效不同。
味苦，微寒，无毒。主治胸胁下疼痛、邪气侵袭、肠间寒热交替以及阴痹。长期服用可使人身体轻盈，益气延年。产于汉中地区的川泽之中。五月采集。
方药中不再使用此药，世人已无人认识。（《新修本草》第365页，《大观本草》卷三十，《政和本草》第546页）
味甘，性寒或平，有小毒。主治下部热气，补益阴精，使面色红润光泽，明目。长期服用可使人身体轻盈，延年益寿。可用于制作蒸酒后供病患饮用。产于嵩高地区的平泽之中。二月、八月采集。
方药中不再使用此药，世人已无人认识。（《新修本草》第363页，《大观本草》卷三十，《政和本草》第546页）
味苦，性温，无毒。主治去除骨节间的寒热，通利胃气，止咳逆，降气。产于河间、南阳冤句的山谷中，或者平寿、都乡的高堤岸上，牡荆生长于田野之中。八月、九月采集果实，阴干。（与术、柏实、青葙共同治疗头风，防风为其引经药，畏石膏。）
河间、冤句、平寿均在北方，南阳在西方。论述蔓荆时，应当是如今用作杖棰的荆条，但实际形态并不相符。其种子非常细小，正如小麻子一般，颜色青黄。而牡荆子的果实大小如此。牡荆子产自北方，如乌豆般大小，正圆黑色，仙方中多用牡荆，如今世人都无人认识它。李当之的《药录》在溲疏条目下注释说：溲疏又名阴栌，又名牡荆，又名空疏。树皮白色，中空，时常有节。种子像枸杞子，红色，味道甘、苦，冬季成熟，世人却无人认识。应当认为这种果实才是真品，而非人家篱笆垣墙上的阳栌。查考此类说法，溲疏的主治功效与牡荆完全不同，其形态类别差异巨大，恐怕违背了真实道理。而仙方中使用牡荆，称其能通神见鬼，不仅果实好，枝叶也好。又说有荆树，必定枝条相对生长，这是牡荆；若有不对生的，即非牡荆。如果是父本，就不应有子实。如此种种，均无法详辨虚实，需要进一步广泛咨询查证，才能详尽了解。（《新修本草》第102页，《大观本草》卷十二，《政和本草》第302页）
Taste is sweet, nature is warm, non-toxic. It treats severe wind-pathogenic qi, damp-bi (dampness obstruction syndrome) and cold pain. Long-term consumption makes the body light and extends life, delaying aging. Also known as Dongkui Zi (Winter Okra Seed). Grows in rivers and marshes of Hedong region.
It is no longer used in prescriptions. The so-called "Guhuo Wan" (Solid Life Pill), the term "Guhuo" here refers to Yege (Wild Kadsura). The "Dongkui Zi" mentioned here is not the Dongkui Zi from Abelmoschus manihot (Okra); their therapeutic effects differ.
Taste is bitter, nature is slightly cold, non-toxic. It treats pain under the chest and hypochondrium, pathogenic qi, alternating cold and heat in the intestines, and Yin-bi (obstruction syndrome affecting yin channels). Long-term consumption makes the body light, benefits qi, and delays aging. Grows in rivers and marshes of Hanzhong region. Harvested in May.
It is no longer used in prescriptions, and people in the world do not recognize it. (Xinxiu Bencao p. 365, Daguan Bencao Vol. 30, Zhenghe Bencao p. 546)
Taste is sweet, nature is cold or neutral, slightly toxic. It treats lower-body rising heat, nourishes yin essence, makes the face lustrous and beautiful, and brightens the eyes. Long-term consumption makes the body light and delays aging. It can be used to make steamed wine for patients. Grows in flat marshes of Songgao region. Harvested in February and August.
It is no longer used in prescriptions, and people in the world do not recognize it. (Xinxiu Bencao p. 363, Daguan Bencao Vol. 30, Zhenghe Bencao p. 546)
Taste is bitter, nature is warm, non-toxic. It treats removing cold and heat between bones, promotes stomach qi flow, stops coughing with counterflow qi, and directs qi downward. Grows in valleys of Hejian and Yuanju (Nanyang), or on high embankments in Pingshou and Duxiang; Vitex negundo grows in fields. Fruits are harvested in August and September and dried in shade. (When treated together with Atractylodis Rhizoma, Platycladi Semen, and Celosiae Semen, it treats head wind; Saposhnikoviae Radix acts as its guiding herb; it is incompatible with Gypsum Fibrosum.)
Hejian, Yuanju, and Pingshou are all in the north, while Nanyang is in the west. Regarding Manjing (Vitex trifolia), it should correspond to the vitex used today for making sticks/canes, but the actual morphology does not match. Its seeds are extremely small, just like small hemp seeds, with a greenish-yellow color. However, the fruit of Vitex negundo is of such size. Vitex negundo fruits originate from the north, resembling black beans in size, perfectly round and black. Immortal prescriptions often use Vitex negundo, yet people today do not recognize it. Li Dangzhi's Yaolu annotates under Sousae Fructus: Sousae is also called Yinlu, also called Mouting, also called Kongshu. The bark is white, hollow inside, and has nodes occasionally. The seeds resemble Lycii Fructus (Goji berries), are red, taste sweet and bitter, ripen in winter, yet people in the world do not recognize them. This fruit should be considered the true substance, not the Yanglu found on fences and walls. Examining this description, the therapeutic indications of Sousae are completely different from those of Mouting, and their morphological categories are vastly dissimilar, which likely contradicts reality. Furthermore, immortal prescriptions use Mouting, claiming it can facilitate spiritual communication and seeing ghosts; not only is the fruit good, but the branches and leaves are also beneficial. It is also said that vitex trees have branches growing opposite each other; this is Mouting. If they do not grow oppositely, it is not Mouting. If it were the father plant, it should not produce offspring. In such cases, the truth and falsehood cannot be detailed without further extensive inquiry and verification. (Xinxiu Bencao p. 102, Daguan Bencao Vol. 12, Zhenghe Bencao p. 302)