\r 蓄\pj219.bmp\r
味苦，气平。无毒。春月布地生，在处沿路有。苗类瞿麦，根若蓬蒿。叶细竹味相同
，茎赤钗股近似。节间花绽，色微青黄。五月采收，阴干入药。主浸淫疥瘙疽痔，治丹石发
冲眼疼。去小儿蛔虫，疗女子阴蚀。
\r成德军苦参\pj220.bmp\r
\r秦州苦参\pj221.bmp\r
味苦，气寒。沉也，纯阴。无毒。田野山谷，随处有生。采根曝干，嚼之极苦。反藜
芦莫入，恶贝母菟丝。使宜玄参，惟作丸服。（不入汤散。）治肠风下血及热痢刮痛难当，
疗温病狂言致心燥结胸垂死。赤癞眉脱者，驱风有功；黄胆遗溺者，逐水立效。扫遍身痒疹
，止卒暴心疼。除痈肿，杀疥虫。破症瘕，散结气。养肝气明目止泪，益肾精解渴生津。利
九窍通便，安五藏定志。子生作荚，十月堪收。亦明目轻身，惟久服有验。
\r牵牛子\pj222.bmp\r
味苦，气寒。有毒。不拘州土，处处有之。仲春时，旋生苗作藤，蔓绕墙垣篱堑；
待秋月，方开花（如鼓子花碧色，日出开，日西阖。）结实，白皮里外成球。叶发枝间
，有三尖角；子藏球内，亦三廉棱。九月采收曝干，多有黑白两种。黑者属水力速，白者
属金效迟。炒研煎汤，并取头末。除壅滞气急，及 癖蛊毒殊功；利大小便难，并脚满水肿
极验。
（谟）按∶东垣云∶牵牛非《神农经》药，出《名医续注》，云∶味苦、寒。能除湿利
小便，
治下疰香港脚。据所说气味、主治俱误。丹药中用牵牛者，少则动大便，多则泻下如水，乃
导气之药。试取尝之，味则辛辣，久嚼雄壮，渐渐不绝，非辛而何。《续注》谓味苦、寒，
果安在哉？牵牛但能泻气中湿热，不能泻血中湿热。况湿纵下受，下焦主血，是血中之湿，
宜用苦寒之味也。张仲景治七种湿证小便不利，无一药犯牵牛者，非不知牵牛能泻湿利小便
也。为湿病之根在下焦，是血分中气病，而不可用辛辣气药，反泻上焦太阴之气故也。仲景
尚不敢轻
用，夫何世医，不分血气而一概用之乎？夫湿者，水之别称，有形者也。若肺先受湿，则宜
用之。今则不问有湿无湿，但伤食，或欲动大便，或有热证，或作常服克化之
药，罔不用之，岂不误哉！殊不知，牵牛比诸辛药泻气尤甚。张文懿公尝谓∶牵牛不可耽
嗜，脱人元气。吾初疑药有何耽嗜，后每见人因酒食病痞者，多服神芎丸等药，皆犯牵牛。
初服则快，药过复痞，仍前再服，随药而效，由是愈信耽嗜久服，暗伤元气而犹不知悔悟也
。治当益脾健胃，使元气生发，自然腐熟水谷，此治无以加矣。经云∶辛泻气，肺气病者
，无多食辛。况饮食劳倦，所伤在胃。胃气不行，心火乘之。胃受火邪，名曰热中。《脉经
》云∶脾胃主血，其所生病，当于血中泻火润燥，破恶血，泻胃之湿热也。胃热上炎，肺受
大邪，当用黄芩之苦寒以泻火，当归之辛温以泻血结，桃仁之辛甘油腻以破恶血，兼除燥润
大
便。然犹不可专用，须于黄耆、人参、甘草，诸甘温、甘寒、补元气、泻阴火正药内，兼而
用
之。何则？上焦元气已自虚弱，津液不足，口燥舌干，若反用牵牛，气味俱阳大辛之药，重
泻其已虚之元气，复耗其津液，利其小便以致阴火愈甚，故重则死，轻则夭，诚可悯也。牵
牛，感南方热火之化所生者也。血热而泻气，差误甚矣！若病湿胜，气不得施化，致大小便
不通，则宜用之耳，湿去则气得周流。所谓五脏有邪，更相平也。经云∶一脏不平，以所胜
平之。火能平金而泻肺者，即此也。近世钱氏泻黄散中，独用防风过于他药一二倍者，以防
风辛温，能于土中泻金之子，不使助母也。经云∶从前来者为实邪。谓子能令母实，故以所
胜平之也。《晦庵语录》中有∶秋食姜，则夭人天年。经止言辛泻气，而《晦庵》云然，戒
之深也。何则？秋分食姜，令人泻气，故禁之。夏月食姜不禁者，热气生旺之时，宜以汗散
。姜能发汗，以越其热也。姜尚如此，况牵牛乎！可见味辛之物，皆有宜禁之时，亦犹牵牛
，不可一概用之也。
蓄
味苦，气平。无毒。春季在地面生长，到处沿路都有。苗叶类似瞿麦，根部像蓬蒿。叶子细长，味道与竹叶相同，茎呈赤色，近似钗股。节间开花，颜色微青黄。五月采收，阴干后入药。主治浸淫疥疮、瘙疽痔疮，治疗丹石发冲引起的眼痛。去除小儿蛔虫，治疗女子阴部蚀烂。
成德军苦参
秦州苦参
味苦，气寒。性质沉降，属纯阴。无毒。田野山谷中，随处都有生长。采集根部曝晒干燥，嚼起来极苦。反藜芦，不可同用；恶贝母、菟丝子。配伍宜用玄参，只适合做丸剂服用。（不入汤剂、散剂。）治疗肠风下血及热痢刮痛难忍，治疗温病狂言导致的心燥结胸濒死之症。赤癞眉脱者，驱风有功；黄疸遗尿者，逐水立效。扫除遍身痒疹，止突发心痛。消除痈肿，杀灭疥虫。破除症瘕，消散结气。养肝气明目止泪，益肾精解渴生津。利九窍通便，安五脏定志。果实生作荚状，十月可以采收。也能明目轻身，只有久服才有效。
味苦，气寒。有毒。不拘产地，处处都有。仲春时节，随即生出苗藤，蔓绕墙垣篱笆；等到秋月，才开花（如鼓子花碧色，日出开，日西合）。结实，白皮里外成球状。叶子发于枝间，有三尖角；种子藏在球内，也有三棱。九月采收曝晒干燥，多有黑白两种。黑色者属水力速，白色者属金效迟。炒研煎汤，都取头末。除壅滞气急，以及癖蛊毒殊功；利大小便难，并脚满水肿极验。
（陈嘉谟）按语：东垣说：牵牛不是《神农经》中的药，出自《名医续注》，说：味苦、寒。能除湿利小便，治下疰香港脚。据所说气味、主治都错了。丹药中用牵牛的，少则动大便，多则泻下如水，乃是导气之药。试着尝一尝，味道辛辣，久嚼雄壮，渐渐不绝，不是辛而是什么？《续注》谓味苦、寒，究竟在哪里呢？牵牛只能泻气中湿热，不能泻血中湿热。况且湿纵然下受，下焦主血，是血中之湿，宜用苦寒之味也。张仲景治七种湿证小便不利，无一药犯牵牛者，并非不知牵牛能泻湿利小便也。为湿病之根在下焦，是血分中气病，而不可用辛辣气药，反泻上焦太阴之气故也。仲景尚不敢轻用，夫何世医，不分血气而一概用之乎？夫湿者，水之别称，有形者也。若肺先受湿，则宜用之。今则不问有湿无湿，但伤食，或欲动大便，或有热证，或作常服克化之药，罔不用之，岂不误哉！殊不知，牵牛比诸辛药泻气尤甚。张文懿公尝谓：牵牛不可耽嗜，脱人元气。吾初疑药有何耽嗜，后每见人因酒食病痞者，多服神芎丸等药，皆犯牵牛。初服则快，药过复痞，仍前再服，随药而效，由是愈信耽嗜久服，暗伤元气而犹不知悔悟也。治当益脾健胃，使元气生发，自然腐熟水谷，此治无以加矣。经云：辛泻气，肺气病者，无多食辛。况饮食劳倦，所伤在胃。胃气不行，心火乘之。胃受火邪，名曰热中。《脉经》云：脾胃主血，其所生病，当于血中泻火润燥，破恶血，泻胃之湿热也。胃热上炎，肺受大邪，当用黄芩之苦寒以泻火，当归之辛温以泻血结，桃仁之辛甘油腻以破恶血，兼除燥润大便。然犹不可专用，须于黄耆、人参、甘草，诸甘温、甘寒、补元气、泻阴火正药内，兼而用之。何则？上焦元气已自虚弱，津液不足，口燥舌干，若反用牵牛，气味俱阳大辛之药，重泻其已虚之元气，复耗其津液，利其小便以致阴火愈甚，故重则死，轻则夭，诚可悯也。牵牛，感南方热火之化所生者也。血热而泻气，差误甚矣！若病湿胜，气不得施化，致大小便不通，则宜用之耳，湿去则气得周流。所谓五脏有邪，更相平也。经云：一脏不平，以所胜平之。火能平金而泻肺者，即此也。近世钱氏泻黄散中，独用防风过于他药一二倍者，以防风辛温，能于土中泻金之子，不使助母也。经云：从前来者为实邪。谓子能令母实，故以所胜平之也。《晦庵语录》中有：秋食姜，则夭人天年。经止言辛泻气，而《晦庵》云然，戒之深也。何则？秋分食姜，令人泻气，故禁之。夏月食姜不禁者，热气生旺之时，宜以汗散。姜能发汗，以越其热也。姜尚如此，况牵牛乎！可见味辛之物，皆有宜禁之时，亦犹牵牛，不可一概用之也。
Sedum (Suxie)
Bitter in taste, neutral in nature. Non-toxic. Grows spreading on the ground in spring, found everywhere along roads. The seedlings resemble Dianthus superbus (Qumai), and the roots look like Artemisia capillaris (Penghao). Leaves are slender, with a taste similar to bamboo leaves; stems are reddish, resembling hairpins. Flowers bloom between nodes, pale greenish-yellow. Harvested in May, dried in shade for medicinal use. Primarily treats oozing scabies, sores, hemorrhoids; manages eye pain caused by Danchi (mineral pill) toxicity. Expels roundworms in children; treats vaginal erosion in women.
Kushen from Chengde Army
Kushen from Qinzhou
Bitter in taste, cold in nature. Sinking in action, purely Yin. Non-toxic. Grows spontaneously in fields, valleys, and mountains. Roots are harvested, sun-dried, and extremely bitter when chewed. Incompatible with Veratrum nigrum (Lilu); adverse interaction with Fritillaria cirrhosa (Beimu) and Cuscuta chinensis (Tusizi). Best paired with Scrophularia ningpoensis (Xuanshen); suitable only for pill formulation (not for decoctions or powders). Treats intestinal wind bleeding and severe heat-dysentery with scraping pain; manages critical cases of warm disease with delirium, heart dryness, chest binding, and impending death. Effective for dispelling wind in cases of erysipelas with eyebrow loss; effective for draining water in jaundice with enuresis. Clears generalized pruritus and rashes; stops acute cardiac pain. Eliminates carbuncles and swellings, kills scabies mites. Breaks up masses and accumulations, dissipates stagnant Qi. Nourishes Liver Qi, brightens eyes, stops tearing; benefits Kidney essence, relieves thirst, generates fluids. Opens the nine orifices, unblocks bowels, calms the Five Zang organs, stabilizes willpower. Seeds form pods, harvestable in October. Also brightens eyes and lightens the body, but efficacy is confirmed only with long-term use.
Qianniuzi (Pharbitidis Semen)
Bitter in taste, cold in nature. Toxic. Found everywhere regardless of region. In mid-spring, vines sprout and climb walls and fences; flowers bloom in autumn (similar to Ipomoea nil, blue-green, opening at sunrise, closing at sunset). Fruits form white, spherical capsules. Leaves emerge from branches with three pointed angles; seeds inside also have three ridges. Harvested in September, sun-dried, available in black and white varieties. Black seeds act quickly via Water element; white seeds act slowly via Metal element. Stir-fried, ground, and decocted, using the finest powder. Removes stagnation and urgent Qi obstruction; highly effective for Pi accumulation and Gu toxicity. Relieves difficulty in urination and defecation; extremely effective for lower limb edema and fullness.
Annotation by Mo: Dongyuan stated that Pharbitidis Semen is not mentioned in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*, but appears in *Mingyi Biezhu*, stating it is bitter and cold, capable of draining dampness and promoting urination, treating chancre and gout. According to this, both its flavor/nature and indications are incorrect. In alchemical preparations, small doses move the bowels, large doses cause watery diarrhea; thus, it is a Qi-draining herb. Tasting it reveals a pungent, spicy flavor that intensifies upon prolonged chewing, clearly Pungent rather than Bitter/Cold as claimed. Where does the "bitter and cold" description come from? Pharbitidis Semen can drain damp-heat from Qi level, but cannot drain damp-heat from Blood level. Since dampness tends to settle in the Lower Jiao, which governs Blood, dampness in the Blood level requires bitter-cold herbs. Zhang Zhongjing treated seven types of dampness with urinary difficulty without using Pharbitidis Semen, not because he didn't know its diuretic effect, but because the root of dampness lies in the Lower Jiao (Blood level Qi disorder), and pungent Qi-moving herbs would wrongly drain Upper Jiao Taiyin Lung Qi. Even Zhang Zhongjing dared not use it lightly; why do modern physicians use it indiscriminately without distinguishing Blood and Qi? Dampness is a variant of water, having physical form. If the Lungs are first affected by dampness, it may be appropriate. However, today, regardless of whether dampness exists, if there is food stagnation, desire to move bowels, heat syndrome, or for daily digestion aid, it is used universally. Is this not an error? One must realize that Pharbitidis Semen drains Qi more severely than other pungent herbs. Mr. Zhang Wenyi once said: "Do not become addicted to Pharbitidis Semen, as it depletes Yuan Qi." I initially doubted how one could be addicted to medicine, but later observed many patients with alcohol/food-induced abdominal masses who took Shenxiong Wan containing Pharbitidis Semen. Initial relief was followed by recurrence of mass; repeated use provided temporary relief, confirming that long-term addiction secretly damages Yuan Qi without awareness. Treatment should focus on strengthening Spleen and Stomach to generate Yuan Qi, allowing natural digestion. This is the optimal approach. Classics state: "Pungent drains Qi; those with Lung Qi disease should not consume much pungency." Moreover, dietary excess and fatigue damage the Stomach. When Stomach Qi fails to descend, Heart Fire invades. Stomach receiving Fire pathogen is called "Heat Middle." *Maijing* states: "Spleen and Stomach govern Blood; diseases arising here require clearing Fire, moistening dryness, breaking bad blood, and draining Stomach damp-heat within the Blood level." If Stomach Heat flares upward affecting Lungs, use Scutellaria baicalensis (Huangqin) bitter-cold to clear Fire, Angelica sinensis (Danggui) pungent-warm to resolve Blood stasis, and Persicae Semen (Taoren) pungent-sweet/oily to break bad blood and moisten bowels. Yet, these should not be used exclusively; they must be combined with Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi), Ginseng (Renshen), and Licorice (Gancao)—sweet-warm/sweet-cold herbs that tonify Yuan Qi and drain Deficient Fire. Why? Upper Jiao Yuan Qi is already weak, fluids insufficient, mouth/tongue dry. Using pungent-hot Pharbitidis Semen would further drain weakened Qi and fluids, promote urination, exacerbate Deficient Fire, leading to death (severe) or premature death (mild). Truly pitiable! Pharbitidis Semen arises from Southern Fire-Heat transformation. Draining Qi due to Blood Heat is a significant error! It is only suitable when dampness predominates, Qi fails to transform, causing urinary/fecal obstruction; then dampness clears, Qi circulates freely. This aligns with "Five Zang organs balance each other against pathogens." Classics state: "When one Zang is imbalanced, balance it with its controlling element." Fire controls Metal and drains Lungs—this is the principle. In Qian's Xiehuang San, Fangfeng is used double the dose of other herbs because its pungent-warm nature drains the Son of Metal (Fire) within Earth, preventing Mother (Metal) from being assisted. Classics state: "Pathogens coming from the Son are Excess Pathogens," meaning "Son makes Mother Excess," so we use the controlling element to balance. *Hui'an Yulu* notes: "Eating ginger in autumn shortens lifespan." Classics only say "Pungent drains Qi," but Hui'an warns deeply against it. Why? Eating ginger at Autumn Equinox drains Qi, hence prohibited. Ginger is allowed in summer because Heat is flourishing; sweating disperses Heat. Ginger induces sweating to vent Heat. If ginger has such restrictions, how much more so Pharbitidis Semen! Thus, pungent substances have times when they should be avoided, just as Pharbitidis Semen should not be used indiscriminately.