叶似菊而薄。多细丫。面背皆青。高者四五尺。其茎白色。如艾茎而粗。八九
细花。结实如艾。中有细子。极易繁衍。（濒湖）
味辛苦气微寒。微温。降也。阴中微阳。入足厥阴血分。 治五脏瘀血。腹中水气。胪
胀留
心腹
及月
饮
〔论〕 子。据方书似为行滞血之剂。然有不可概者。盖血之由瘀而得畅。不徒以
疏
犹
一名扁竹。出东莱山谷。所在有之。春仲蔓延布地。苗似瞿麦。根似蒿。弱茎促节
紫赤似钗股。叶细绿似 竹。节间出花甚细。色微青黄。或淡红。似蓼蓝花状。遂结
（核）
气味苦平。 治浸淫疥瘙疽痔。杀三虫。（本经）疗霍乱黄胆。利小便。（濒湖） 热淋
涩痛。
治小儿
隔宿
〔论〕 蓄概谓为通利之药。然观其引蔓促节。节节开花。若封而辟。辟而封。当有
逐节
主杀虫者
治于湿化
蕺于历代本草。俱在菜部。至先生改隶隰草。具有特见。李氏纲目仍载蕺于菜部柔滑类
。且引赵叔文紫蕺养猪之说。是泥于蕺菜之名。而未能更定耳。春秋时勾践有采蕺事。想犹
尝
百
部
书
从
佑识）
出河西山谷及陇西者为胜。益州北部汶山西山者次之。二月卷生黄赤。放叶时四四相
当。粗长而浓。宛似羊蹄。茎高三尺许。味酸而脆。三月花黄。五月实黑。八月采根用。根
形亦似羊蹄。大者如碗。长二尺许。切片阴干。理文如锦。质色深紫。（核）
根
大苦大寒。气味俱浓。沉而降。阴也。入手足阳明足太阴手足厥阴经血分。 黄芩为之
使。 本经主下瘀血血闭。寒热。破症瘕积聚。荡涤肠胃。推陈致新。通利水谷。调中化食
。安和五脏。 诸本草治诸实热不通。除肠胃结热诸病。泻心下痞满心腹胀满。（俱指热之
结于血中者而言）除痰实。利壅滞。行土郁。调血脉。苦峻下走。治中下焦湿热诸证。疗
下
以
故其性猛利。所至荡平。略无阻碍。味
景治心气不足。吐血衄血。用大黄黄芩黄
何也。丹溪云。正因少阴经阴气不足。阳
黄泄去亢盛之火。使之和平也。夫
之主。肝者心之母。血之舍也。故
（无己） 大黄乃血分之药。病在
心之气不足。而包络肝脾胃之邪火
按之软者。仲景用大黄黄连泻心
作痞满。乃寒伤营血。邪气乘虚
问太阴所致为痞满。又浊气
血分。亦在上脘分野。）
结胸在气分。则只用小陷胸
寒。似得水正化。而炎上作苦
素问云。承乃制。制则生化
有不行。变生 难。舍同类之苦以入之。不能彰其用矣。
病在五脏。主心腹部位。若肠胃之间。心腹之分。夏气热
致成症瘕积聚。变生寒热胀满者。皆心用不行也。大黄能
下赤白。初起可同枳壳槟榔当归甘草滑石作丸投之。是迎而
胃。同碱及白蔹乳香没药陈小粉炒。醋蜜调敷。作痈肿围药
黄酒蒸八两。前胡八两。橘红四两。另有青礞石二两。同焰
末二两。各取末。水发为丸梧子大。常服一二十丸。小病五
百二十丸。温水吞下。即卧勿动。候药逐上焦痰滞。次日先
惟妊娠水泄忌之。西大黄拌蜜及竹沥。九蒸九晒。粉糊为丸
上二焦有热痰。因发偏头风。诸药不效。目将损者。又治中
夜卧即梦遗者。临卧。以升麻陈皮汤吞三四钱。湿热去即止
头末半两。各服三钱。有厥冷者。酒服。无厥冷五心烦。蜜
实病于湿热也。人身火与元气不两立。火结滞则元气不壮。
大黄一服。坚乃如故。但须审虚实用之。实固可投。即虚火
补。盖其结滞者。非荡涤之味不能去也。 干血气痛。锦纹大
一升。熬成膏。（或加香附） 丸芡子大。卧时酒化一丸服。大便利一二行。红漏自下。
调经仙药。录之以见醋煮者不独治块也。 湿热眩晕不可当者。酒炒大黄为末。茶清服二
录此以见大黄之能至于极上也。
〔论〕 大黄号曰将军。荡涤肠胃结热实热湿热。至为劲直而驶疾。产河以西者。禀金
气为
瘀
以
其
不通）
矣。总之
（即三焦
互主风寒燥
于湿以为病。
如症块积聚
劲疾猛利。由其
胜）金为土子而导引
化。血乃生。金为水母
而致水之用。（水之所用
止能泄气中湿热。不能
寒之味。概以牵牛泄湿
焦。斯理犹未遽悉。夫
而水土更合德以立地
能伤元气。耗阴血。凡胃寒血虚。并妊娠产后。并弗轻用。（濒湖） 凡血闭由于血枯。
而不由
闭由于
少腹痛
而不可
脚风气
犯。乳
〔修治〕 化脾积血块。多用醋熬成膏。其酒浸煨熟者。寒因热用也。（洁古） 非借
酒力。
浸蒸熟
或酒蒸微熟可也。如热痢初起。
用。然有难执者。如腰脚风气作
末六分。入破头鸡卵中。搅匀蒸
叶形像菊花但较薄，分枝多且细。叶片正面和背面都是青色，植株高的有四五尺。茎是白色的，像艾草的茎但更粗。开细小的花，结的果实像艾草，里面有细小的种子，非常容易繁殖。（李时珍《本草纲目》引）
味道辛苦，气微寒，又微温。药性主降，属于阴中带有微阳。入足厥阴肝经的血分。治疗五脏瘀血、腹中水气、腹部胀满、留饮及心腹疼痛等症。
【论述】根据方书记载，大黄似乎是行滞血的药剂，但有不可一概而论的情况。血液由瘀滞而变得通畅，不仅仅依靠疏通。
又名扁竹，出产在东莱山谷，各地都有。仲春时节蔓延铺地，苗像瞿麦，根像蒿草，茎弱节短，紫红色像发钗股。叶子细绿像竹叶，节间开出很细的花，颜色微青黄或淡红，像蓼蓝花的形状，于是结籽。（寇宗奭《本草衍义》引）
气味苦平。治疗浸淫疥癣、疽痔，杀灭三虫。（《神农本草经》）治疗霍乱黄疸，通利小便。（李时珍《本草纲目》引）治疗热淋涩痛。治疗小儿隔宿食积。
【论述】蓄草总体被认为是通利的药物，但看它藤蔓蔓延、节短，节节开花，好像封闭后又开通，开通后又封闭，应当有逐节杀虫、主治湿化疾病的功效。
蕺菜在历代本草中，都归类在菜部，直到先生（指杨时泰）将其改隶于隰草类，具有独特的见解。李时珍《本草纲目》仍然将蕺菜载于菜部柔滑类，并且引用赵叔文用紫蕺养猪的说法，这是拘泥于“蕺菜”之名，而未能重新定类罢了。春秋时期勾践有采蕺的故事，想必也是尝……（此处原文似有缺漏或排版错误，依上下文意译：推测也是关于其食用或药用价值的记载）。
出产在河西山谷及陇西地区的品质较好，益州北部汶山西山的次之。二月卷曲生长，呈黄赤色，展开叶子时四四相对。粗壮长而浓密，宛然像羊蹄草。茎高三尺左右。味道酸而脆。三月开黄花，五月果实变黑。八月采根使用。根部形状也像羊蹄，大的如碗口，长约二尺。切片后阴干，纹理像锦缎一样，质地颜色深紫。（寇宗奭《本草衍义》引）
味大苦大寒，气味都很浓厚，沉降而降泄，属阴。入手足阳明经、足太阴经、手足厥阴经的血分。以黄芩为使药。《神农本草经》主治下焦瘀血、血闭、寒热，破除癥瘕积聚，荡涤肠胃，推陈致新，通利水谷，调和脾胃，消化食物，安和五脏。各种本草治疗各种实热不通，清除肠胃结热诸病，泻除心下痞满、心腹胀满。（这些都指热邪结聚在血中的情况）。消除痰实，通利壅滞，疏解土郁，调理血脉。苦味峻烈下行，治疗中下焦湿热诸证，治疗……（此处原文似有缺漏，结合下文推测为痢疾等症）。
所以它的性质猛烈锐利，所到之处荡平障碍，毫无阻碍。张景岳治心气不足导致的吐血、衄血，用大黄、黄芩、黄连……为什么呢？朱丹溪说：正是因为少阴经阴气不足，阳气……（此处原文似有缺漏，结合中医理论推测：导致虚火上炎），通过大黄泄去亢盛之火，使其恢复平和。肝是心的母亲，血的舍藏之所。所以……（此处原文似有缺漏）。大黄是血分的药物，病在心……（此处原文似有缺漏）。心气不足，而包络、肝、脾、胃的邪火……按之柔软的，张仲景用大黄黄连泻心汤治疗痞满，这是寒邪损伤营血，邪气乘虚……（此处原文似有缺漏）。问太阴所致为痞满，又是浊气……血分，也在上脘分野。）结胸在气分，则只用小陷胸汤。寒邪，似乎得水正化，而炎上作苦味。《素问》说：承乃制，制则生化。如果有不行的，变生……难处，舍弃同类苦味以进入，不能彰显其效用。
病在五脏，主要涉及心腹部位。如果在肠胃之间、心腹之分，夏气热……导致形成癥瘕积聚，变生寒热胀满的，都是心用不行（心火不降）所致。大黄能……（此处原文似有缺漏，推测为清热凉血）。下赤白痢，初起可同枳壳、槟榔、当归、甘草、滑石做成丸剂服用，这是迎而夺之。治胃，同碱及白蔹、乳香、没药、陈小粉炒，醋蜜调敷，作为痈肿围药。黄酒蒸大黄八两，前胡八两，橘红四两，另有青礞石二两，同焰硝……末二两，各取末，水泛为梧子大丸，常服一二十丸，小病五……（此处数字似有缺漏，推测为五十丸），温水吞下，服后即卧勿动，等候药力驱逐上焦痰滞，次日先……（此处原文似有缺漏）。只有妊娠水泄忌用。西大黄拌蜜及竹沥，九蒸九晒，粉糊为丸。上二焦有热痰，因引发偏头风，诸药无效，眼睛将要受损者，又治中……（此处原文似有缺漏）。夜卧即梦遗者，临睡前，以升麻陈皮汤吞服三四钱，湿热去除即止。头末半两，各服三钱，有四肢厥冷的，酒送服；无四肢厥冷、五心烦热的，蜜送服。实证是由湿热引起的。人身火与元气不两立，火结滞则元气不壮。大黄一服，坚结乃如故，但须审察虚实使用。实证固然可以投用，即使是虚火……补益。因为那些结滞之物，非荡涤之品不能去除。干血气痛，用锦纹大黄……一升，熬成膏。（或加香附）做成芡子大小的丸，睡前酒化一丸服，大便通利一二行，红漏（月经或出血）自下。这是调经仙药，录下来以见醋煮者不仅治疗肿块。湿热眩晕不可忍受的，酒炒大黄为末，茶清送服二……（此处数字似有缺漏，推测为钱）。录此以见大黄的功效至于极上。
【论述】大黄号称将军，荡涤肠胃结热、实热、湿热，最为劲直而迅速。出产在河以西的，禀受金气……（此处原文似有缺漏，推测为金气肃杀之性）。瘀……以……其……不通）矣。总之……（此处原文似有缺漏）。（即三焦互主风寒燥湿以为病。如症块积聚……劲疾猛利，由其……胜）金为土子而导引……化，血乃生。金为水母……而致水之用。（水之所用……止能泄气中湿热，不能……寒之味，概以牵牛泄湿……焦，斯理犹未遽悉。夫……而水土更合德以立地……能伤元气，耗阴血。凡胃寒血虚，并妊娠产后，均不轻用。（李时珍《本草纲目》引）凡血闭由于血枯，而不由……闭由于……少腹痛……而不可……脚风气……犯，乳……
【修治】化解脾积血块，多用醋熬成膏。其酒浸煨熟的，是寒因热用。（洁古）非借酒力……浸蒸熟……或酒蒸微熟即可。如热痢初起……用。然有难执者，如腰脚风气发作……末六分，入破头鸡卵中，搅匀蒸……
The leaves resemble those of chrysanthemum but are thinner, with many fine branches. Both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves are green. The plant grows four to five chi tall. Its stem is white, resembling that of Artemisia argyi (Mugwort) but thicker. It bears small flowers and fruits similar to Mugwort, containing tiny seeds; it propagates very easily. (Li Shizhen)
It tastes bitter and pungent, has a slightly cold qi, and is slightly warm in nature. It descends and belongs to yin with slight yang. It enters the blood aspect of the Foot Jueyin Liver Meridian. It treats stasis of blood in the five zang organs, fluid retention in the abdomen, abdominal distension, retained fluids, and pain in the heart and abdomen.
[Discussion] According to formula books, Dahuang appears to be an agent for moving stagnant blood. However, this cannot be generalized. Blood becomes unobstructed not merely through dredging.
Also known as Bianzhu, it grows in the valleys of Donglai and is found everywhere. In mid-spring, it spreads over the ground. The seedlings resemble Dianthus superbus (Qumai), and the roots resemble Artemisia species (Haocao). The stems are weak with short nodes, purple-red like hairpins. The leaves are slender and green, resembling bamboo leaves. Flowers emerge from the nodes, very fine, pale yellow-green or light red, resembling the flowers of Polygonum tinctorium (Baolan), and subsequently produce seeds. (Ke Zongshi)
Its flavor is bitter and its nature is neutral. It treats impetigo, scabies, carbuncles, and hemorrhoids, and kills parasites. (Shennong Bencao Jing) It treats cholera and jaundice, and promotes urination. (Li Shizhen) It treats painful and difficult urination due to heat-strangury. It treats pediatric food stagnation from previous meals.
[Discussion] Xushu is generally considered a diuretic and purgative herb. Observing its creeping vines and short nodes where flowers bloom at every joint, appearing sealed then opened, and opened then sealed, it likely has the function of killing parasites at each joint and treating diseases arising from dampness transformation.
Jicai (Houttuynia cordata) was classified in the vegetable section in all previous materia medica until Mr. Yang reclassified it into the low-lying grass category, showing unique insight. Li Shizhen’s Bencao Gangmu still lists Jicai in the vegetable section under the smooth/slippery class, citing Zhao Shuwen's claim that purple Jicai can be used to feed pigs. This is being stuck on the name "Jicai" without revising the classification. During the Spring and Autumn period, Goujian had incidents involving the gathering of Jicai, presumably related to tasting... [Text fragment].
Those produced in the Hexi valleys and Longxi are superior; those from the western mountains of Wenshan in northern Yizhou are secondary. In February, they sprout curled and yellowish-red. When leaves unfold, they grow in fours. They are thick, long, and dense, resembling the leaves of Rumex crispus (Sheeti/Yangti). The stems are about three chi high. The taste is sour and crisp. In March, flowers are yellow; in May, fruits turn black. Roots are harvested in August. The root shape also resembles Sheep's Sorrel. Large roots are bowl-sized, about two chi long. Sliced and dried in the shade, the texture resembles brocade, and the color is deep purple. (Ke Zongshi)
It is extremely bitter and cold, with strong aroma and flavor. It sinks and descends, belonging to yin. It enters the blood aspect of the Hand and Foot Yangming, Foot Taiyin, and Hand and Foot Jueyin meridians. Huangqin serves as its guiding drug. The Shennong Bencao Jing states it treats lower jiao blood stasis, blood obstruction, alternating chills and fever, breaks up masses and accumulations, cleanses the stomach and intestines, eliminates the old and generates the new, promotes the passage of water and grain, harmonizes the middle jiao, aids digestion, and calms the five zang organs. Various materia medica texts treat various conditions of excess heat and obstruction, clearing heat accumulation in the stomach and intestines, draining epigastric fullness and abdominal distension. (All refer to heat binding in the blood.) It resolves phlegm-solidities, relieves congestion, moves earth qi stagnation, and regulates blood vessels. Its bitter and harsh descending action treats damp-heat syndromes of the middle and lower jiao, and treats... [Text fragment].
Therefore, its nature is fierce and sharp, leveling obstacles wherever it goes. Zhang Jingyue treated insufficient Heart Qi causing hematemesis and epistaxis using Dahuang, Huangqin, and Huanglian... Why? Zhu Danxi said: Precisely because of insufficient yin qi in the Shaoyin meridian, leading to... [Text fragment], Dahuang drains excessive fire to restore harmony. The Liver is the mother of the Heart and the residence of blood. Therefore... [Text fragment]. Dahuang is a blood-level herb. Disease in the Heart... [Text fragment]. Insufficient Heart Qi, while pathogenic fire in the Pericardium, Liver, Spleen, and Stomach... If soft upon palpation, Zhang Zhongjing uses Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin Tang to treat pi-man (glomus/fullness), which is caused by cold damaging the Ying level and pathogens taking advantage of deficiency... [Text fragment]. Pi-man caused by Taiyin disorder involves turbid qi... Blood level, also in the upper Wan region.) Jie-xiong (chest bind) in the qi level uses only Xiaoxianxiong Tang. Cold pathogen seems to receive normal transformation from water, yet flares upward producing bitterness. The Suwen states: "Cheng nai zhi, zhi ze sheng hua." If there is non-action, transformation becomes difficult. Abandoning similar bitter flavors to enter cannot manifest its efficacy.
Diseases in the five zang organs primarily affect the heart and abdomen. Between the stomach and intestines, or in the heart-abdomen division, summer heat... leads to masses and accumulations, transforming into alternating chills/fever and distension/fullness. These are all due to the failure of Heart Fire to descend. Dahuang can... [Text fragment]. For dysentery with red and white discharge, in the early stage, it can be combined with Zhike, Binglang, Danggui, Gancao, and Huashi to make pills. This is attacking the pathogen directly. To treat the stomach, combine with alkali, Bai Lian, Ruxiang, Moyao, and Chen Xiaofen fried, mixed with vinegar and honey for external application as a ring plaster for carbuncles. Steep 8 liang of Dahuang in yellow wine, add Qianhu 8 liang and Juhong 4 liang, along with Qingmengshi 2 liang and Yanxiao... powder 2 liang. Take powders, form pills the size of wutzu seeds. Regular dose: 10-20 pills. Minor illness: ... [Number missing] pills. Swallow with warm water, lie down immediately without moving, waiting for the medicine to drive out upper jiao phlegm stagnation. The next day... [Text fragment]. Contraindicated in pregnancy with watery diarrhea. Western Dahuang mixed with honey and Zhuli, steamed and dried nine times, formed into pills with starch paste. For heat-phlegm in the upper and middle jiao causing hemihemicrania unresponsive to other drugs, threatening vision, it also treats... [Text fragment]. For nocturnal emissions during sleep, take 3-2 qian with Shengma Chenpi Decoction before bed; stop when damp-heat is cleared. Take half qian of head powder, 3 qian each. For those with cold limbs, take with wine; for those without cold limbs but with five-palm heat, take with honey. Excess syndromes are caused by damp-heat. Fire and Yuan Qi in the human body cannot coexist; if fire stagnates, Yuan Qi is not robust. One dose of Dahuang makes hardness remain as before, but one must examine deficiency and excess before use. Excess syndromes can certainly be treated; even deficiency-fire... requires tonification. Because the stagnated matter cannot be removed without cleansing agents. For dry-blood qi pain, use Jinwen Dahuang... 1 sheng, boiled into paste. (Optionally add Xiangfu). Form pills the size of Euryale seeds. Take one pill dissolved in wine before sleep. Bowel movement occurs 1-2 times, red leakage (menstruation/hemorrhage) flows naturally. This is a fairy medicine for regulating menstruation. Recorded to show that vinegar-boiled Dahuang treats not only masses. For unbearable vertigo due to damp-heat, take powdered Dahuang fried in wine with clear tea... [Number missing]. Recorded to show the supreme efficacy of Dahuang.
[Discussion] Dahuang is called the General. It cleanses heat accumulation, excess heat, and damp-heat in the stomach and intestines, acting swiftly and forcefully. Those produced west of the Yellow River inherit Metal qi... [Text fragment]. Blood stasis... by... its... obstruction) indeed. In summary... [Text fragment]. (That is, the Sanjiao mutually governs wind-cold-dryness-dampness causing disease. Such as mass accumulations... swift and fierce, due to... victory) Metal is the child of Earth and guides... transformation, blood is generated. Metal is the mother of Water... and utilizes Water. (The use of Water... can only drain damp-heat in the qi, cannot... cold flavor, generally using Niuxi to drain dampness... jiao, this principle is not fully understood. For... Earth and Water combine virtue to establish the ground... can injure Yuan Qi and consume Yin Blood. All cases of Stomach cold, Blood deficiency, pregnancy, and postpartum should not lightly use it. (Li Shizhen) All blood obstructions due to blood depletion, rather than not... obstruction due to... lower abdominal pain... and cannot... leg wind qi... invade, breast...
[Preparation] To resolve spleen accumulation and blood masses, use vinegar boiling into paste. Wine-soaked and baked ones utilize cold via heat. (Jiegou) Not borrowing wine power... steeped and steamed ripe... or wine-steamed slightly ripe is acceptable. For early-stage heat dysentery... use. However, there are difficulties in rigid application. For example, in attacks of leg and foot wind qi... powder 6 fen, put into a broken chicken egg, mix evenly, and steam...