蔓生附木。其叶圆浓且涩。入夏作青白花。结实似桃李而长。霜降叶脱。垂垂
则四裂。中仁似榆荚。兜铃乃其实之壳。而所用者革中之子也。
实
味苦微辛。气寒。味浓气薄。入手太阴经。主肺热咳嗽痰结。（实证）肺气上急喘促。
坐息不得。咳逆连连不止。（虚证）清肺气。去肺中湿热。疗血痔 疮。马兜铃感冬气而生。
味苦有辛。兼金气也。故能除肺热。降肺气。脏腑相为表里。清脏则自及于腑。此味下气散
结。其功固归于金水。而二便之道。皆水脏所主。故治血痔 疮。体轻而虚。熟则悬而四开
。有肺之象。故能入肺。（濒湖）散邪而不能补正。观于吐虫用之可知。（又）得桑皮桔梗百
部
〔论〕马兜铃所治。专主咳嗽之因于肺热而痰结喘促者详。其花于六月。实于七月。而
枯
气之
至。
咯唾
痰结
中之
热而
逆者
况
可
缪氏。虚寒咳嗽。或寒痰作喘者。弗服。
〔修治〕劈开。取向里子。去革膜。微炒入药。
根 一名土青木香。色黄赤似防己。作葛根及木香气。
气味辛苦冷。有毒。服多。则吐利不止。治气下膈。止刺痛。捣末。涂疔肿。
有黑白二种。黑者处处野生。白者人多种之。因其蒂似茄。呼为天茄。
黑味甘苦。白味甘辛。气热雄烈。有小毒。泄人元气。走气分。通三焦。主泻气分湿热。
三
开气块。逐痰滞。以气药引则入气。以大黄引则入血。白者泻气分湿热上攻喘满。破血中之
气。（好古）凡用牵牛。少则动大便。多则泻下如水。乃泻气之药。夫湿者水之别称。有形
者
金
中
（
但
妇。平
余年。
无降。
俱为
不妨
多酒色
之邪在
楝实茴
隧。人
深得补
君。然
春初内热
去殆尽。
大便通。续
头昏目眩。
为末。生姜
为末。每服
空心食之
〔论〕牵牛子感热火之化所生。禀性雄烈。色黑者先甘后苦。甘少苦多。其力速。色白
者先
所谓
喘满
斩关
壅。
邪之
服
味
湿
壅
本
以
牵牛属火善走。黑者属水。白者属金。若非病形与证俱实。不胀满。不大便秘者。不可
轻用
〔修治〕碾取头末。去皮麸不用。亦有半生半熟用者。
蔓生植物，攀附在树木上生长。它的叶子圆润、浓密且质地涩硬。进入夏季开出青白色的花。结出的果实形状像桃子和李子但更长。霜降时节叶子脱落，果实垂下时裂为四瓣。中间的种子形状像榆树的荚果。马兜铃指的是果实的壳，而药用部分是包裹在革质种皮内的种子。
【性味功效】
味道苦，略带辛味。性质寒凉。气味浓郁而轻薄。归入手太阴肺经。主治肺热引起的咳嗽和痰结（实证），表现为肺气上逆急促、喘息气促，坐卧不安，连续不断的咳嗽和气逆。（虚证方面）能清泄肺气，去除肺中的湿热，治疗血痔和痔疮。马兜铃感受冬季寒气而生，味道苦中带辛，兼具金的特性。因此能够清除肺热，降泄肺气。脏腑之间互为表里，清理脏气自然波及腑气。这种药具有下气散结的功效，其作用确实归属于金水相生之理，而大小便的排泄都由肾（水脏）所主，所以能治疗血痔和痔疮。药体质轻而虚，成熟后悬挂并裂开成四瓣，具有肺的象形特征，所以能入肺经。（李时珍《本草纲目》观点）它能疏散邪气但不能补益正气，从用它来吐出虫体的例子可以知道这一点。（又论）配合桑白皮、桔梗、百部使用。
【论述】
马兜铃所治疗的病症，专门针对因肺热导致痰结、气喘急促的情况详细说明。它的花在六月开放，果实七月成熟，枯气至。咯唾痰结，其中的热邪上逆者，情况可想而知。缪希雍认为，对于虚寒咳嗽，或寒痰引发的喘息者，不宜服用。
【炮制方法】
劈开果实，取里面的种子，去掉革质的种膜，微炒后入药。
【根部】
又名土青木香。颜色黄赤类似防己，气味像葛根及木香。
气味辛苦，性冷，有毒。服用过多会导致呕吐腹泻不止。治疗气滞膈间疼痛，制止刺痛。捣碎成末，外涂治疗疔疮肿毒。
牵牛子有黑白两种。黑色的到处野生，白色的人们多种植。因为它的蒂像茄子，所以被称为天茄。
黑色的味道甘苦，白色的味道甘辛。性质热而雄烈，有小毒。会耗泄人的元气，行走在气分，疏通三焦。主要泻除气分的湿热，开通气块，驱逐痰滞。如果用气药引导则入气分，用大黄引导则入血分。白色的能泻除气分湿热上攻导致的喘满，破除血中的气滞。（李好古观点）凡是使用牵牛子，少量能通导大便，大量则泻下如水，这是泻气的药物。湿是水的一种别称，有形之物……（此处原文残缺/乱码较多，依文意整理：若妇人平素无病，或多酒色之人，虽有邪气在内，亦不可轻用。若春初内热去殆尽，大便通畅，续服则头昏目眩。为末，生姜汁送服，每服空心食之。）
【论述】
牵牛子感热火之气化而生，禀性雄烈。黑色的先甘后苦，甘少苦多，药力迅速；白色的……所谓喘满，斩关夺隘，壅塞邪气……服味湿壅本以牵牛属火善走，黑色的属水，白色的属金。如果不是病形与证候都属实证，没有胀满和大便秘结的情况，不可以轻易使用。
【炮制方法】
碾磨取最细的头末，去掉皮麸不用。也有半生半熟使用的。
Vining plants that climb and attach to trees. Their leaves are round, thick, and astringent in texture. In summer, they produce pale green and white flowers. The fruits resemble peaches or plums but are longer. When frost descends, the leaves fall off, and the hanging fruits split into four segments. The seeds inside resemble elm samaras. "Madouling" refers to the fruit shell, while the medicinal part used is the seed contained within the leathery membrane.
[Properties and Actions]
Taste: Bitter with a slight acridity. Nature: Cold. The flavor is strong while the aroma is light. It enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian. It primarily treats coughs and phlegm accumulation caused by Lung Heat (Excess Syndrome), characterized by urgent upward rushing of Lung Qi, panting and shortness of breath, inability to sit or lie comfortably, and continuous coughing and counterflow qi. [For Deficiency Syndromes] It clears Lung Qi, removes damp-heat from the Lungs, and treats bloody hemorrhoids and anal sores. Madouling grows by absorbing winter cold energy. Its bitter taste with acrid notes combines the nature of Metal. Therefore, it can clear Lung Heat and descend Lung Qi. Zang and Fu organs are exterior-interior counterparts; clearing the Zang naturally affects the Fu. This herb has the function of descending Qi and dissipating nodules. Its efficacy indeed belongs to the generation of Metal and Water. Since the pathways of urination and defecation are governed by the Kidney (Water Organ), it can treat bloody hemorrhoids. The substance is light and void; when ripe, it hangs and opens into four parts, possessing the image of the Lung, thus entering the Lung. (Li Shizhen) It disperses pathogenic factors but cannot tonify healthy Qi; this can be understood from its use in expelling parasites. (Furthermore) Used together with Sangbai Pi (Morus Alba Root Bark), Jiegeng (Platycodon Root), and Baibu (Stemona Root).
[Discussion]
The conditions treated by Madouling specifically focus on coughs due to Lung Heat resulting in phlegm accumulation, panting, and urgency. Its flowers bloom in June, and fruits mature in July. Regarding the arrival of dry air, expectoration of phlegm and nodules, and heat causing counterflow within, the situation is understandable. Miao Xiyong stated that those with deficiency-cold coughs or asthma caused by cold-phlegm should not take it.
[Processing]
Split open, take the inner seeds, remove the leathery membrane, stir-fry slightly until done, then use in prescriptions.
[Root]
Also known as Tu Qingmuxiang (Earth Green Woody Fragrance). Color is yellowish-red, resembling Fangji (Aristolochia debilis). Smells like Gegen (Pueraria Root) and Mu Xiang (Aucklandia Root).
Taste: Acrid and bitter. Nature: Cold. Toxic. Overconsumption causes incessant vomiting and diarrhea. Treats Qi stagnation in the diaphragm, stops stabbing pain. Crush into powder and apply externally for dingzhong (carbuncles and furuncles).
There are black and white varieties. Black ones grow wild everywhere; white ones are widely cultivated by people. Because their calyx resembles an eggplant, they are called Tianqie (Heavenly Eggplant).
Black ones taste sweet and bitter; white ones taste sweet and acrid. Nature is hot, vigorous, and fierce, with slight toxicity. They drain Healthy Qi, move through the Qi level, and unblock the Triple Burner. They primarily purge damp-heat from the Qi level, open Qi masses, and drive out phlegm stasis. Guided by Qi-moving herbs, they enter the Qi level; guided by Dahuang (Rhubarb), they enter the Blood level. White ones purge damp-heat from the Qi level attacking upwards, causing panting and fullness, and break Qi stagnation within the blood. (Li Haogu) Whenever using Qianniu (Pharbitis Seed), a small dose moves the bowels, while a large dose causes watery diarrhea; it is a drug that drains Qi. Dampness is another name for water... [Text fragmentary] If women are normally healthy, or if one indulges in alcohol and sex, even if pathogens are inside, do not use lightly. If early spring internal heat is exhausted and bowels are unblocked, continued use leads to dizziness and blurred vision. Make into powder, take with fresh ginger juice, consume on an empty stomach.
[Discussion]
Qianniu Zi is born from the transformation of fire-heat energy, possessing a vigorous and fierce nature. Black ones are sweet first then bitter, with less sweetness and more bitterness, acting rapidly; white ones... regarding panting and fullness, breaking through barriers, obstructing pathogenic factors... taking taste-damp obstruction originally... Qianniu belongs to Fire and moves well; black ones belong to Water, white ones belong to Metal. Unless the disease form and syndrome are both Excess, without distension and constipation, it must not be used lightly.
[Processing]
Grind to obtain the finest first-grade powder, discard bran and husks. Some are used half-raw and half-roasted.