故治咳嗽，要知新久之异，虚实之殊，补泻之宜也矣。（《心法附余》）
咳嗽毋论内外寒热，凡形气病气俱实者，宜散宜清，宜阵痰，宜顺气。若形气病气俱虚者，宜补宜调，或补中稍佐
发散清火。若专求于补，必致肺气壅塞，或结肺痈难治。专求解表，则肺气愈虚，腠理益疏，外邪乘虚易入，而
其病愈难治矣。（《医约》）
吐汗例 咳而时发热，脉卒弦者，非虚也（按∶《千金》作夫久咳为 ，咳而时发热，脉在九菽者，
非虚也），此为胸中寒实所致也，当吐之。咳家，其脉弦，欲行吐药，当相人强弱，而无热乃可吐之。其脉沉者，
不可发汗。（《脉经》）
上气汗出而咳，属饮家，咳而小便利若遗溺，不可发汗，汗出即厥逆冷。（《千金》）
温清各有其宜 （外邪不可误认为劳）古方治火郁干咳嗽者甚少，治风寒湿咳嗽者甚多，盖由不分内
外所因、新久之异故也。夫形寒饮冷，新咳嗽有痰，固当以温寒散湿为主，如人参、半夏之类可也。若夫气动火
炎，久咳嗽无痰，又当以清热润燥为先，然人参、半夏之类又在所禁，如天门、麦门、知母、贝母、石膏、栝蒌
之类可也。世人徒知肺主皮毛，外感风寒为寒，殊不知传里郁久变为热也。况肺为华盖，而五脏六腑火自内起，
熏蒸焚灼作咳嗽者，亦良多矣。（《心法附余》）（按∶《妇人良方》曰∶古人立方治嗽，未有不本于温药，如
干姜、桂心、细辛之属，以寒气入里，非辛甘不能发散。此言未免偏。又《痰火 门》曰∶大抵咳证药只宜温
平，肺号姣容，药味少凉即寒，稍燥即热，治咳方禁用辛燥，学人不可不知。亦非持平之论。）
外邪证多有误认为劳伤而遂成真劳者，此必其人气体柔弱，而医家望之已有成心。故见其发热，遂认为火；
见其咳嗽，遂认为劳。不明表里，率用滋阴降火等剂，不知寒邪既已在表，凉药不宜妄投。若外既有寒，而内又
得寒，则表里
合邪，必致邪留不解，延绵日甚，俗云伤风不愈变成劳。夫伤风岂能变劳，特以庸医误治，而日加清削，则柔弱
之人，能堪几多清理，久而不愈，不至劳不已也，此实医之所误耳。（《景岳》）
敛散二法 徐叔拱曰∶敛者，谓收敛肺气也。散者，谓解散寒邪也。宜散而敛，则肺寒邪一时敛住，为
害非轻；宜敛而散，则肺气弱一时发散而走泄正气，害亦非一。且如感风咳嗽，已经散之后，其表里复感寒邪，
虚邪相乘，又为喘嗽。若欲散风，则愈虚其肺；若收敛，则愈滞其邪。当先轻解渐次敛之，肺不致虚，邪不致滞，
喘嗽自止矣。（《病机汇论》）（按∶敛言五味子、阿胶等润养之品，不必收涩之谓。）
补中补下 久嗽肉脱者，用嗽药多不救，补中健脾则嗽止，此虚则补其母，以脾主肌肉，病有本而标之
之意也。然病多不救，经曰大肉已脱，九候虽调犹死是也。（《苍生司命》）
凡咳而渐至气高汗渍，宜不俟喘急痰鸣，急补其下。若仍治标亡本，必至气脱卒亡，医之罪也。（《法律》）
人参宜否 治嗽方中多用人参，以其肺虚故也。然肺受火邪久嗽喘满吐血，与夫阴虚火动，午后发热
兼嗽者，切宜忌之。然肺受寒邪喘嗽，与夫阳虚火动，昼夜发热兼嗽者宜用，亦须知母、贝母、天门冬、麦门冬、
栝蒌之类，择其一、二味监制可也。丹溪云予每治病，某药为引经，以某药为监制是也。（《心法附余》）
涩药不可轻用 今人治嗽，多喜用罂粟壳、乌梅之类。殊不知罂粟壳其性紧涩，乌梅味酸，乃伤脾之
剂。脾胃壮实者，服之犹可，脾胃稍弱者，未见其效，谷气先有所损矣。
能慎此者，庶免后患。（《济生》）
凡治咳嗽，当先各因其病根，伐去邪气，而后以乌梅、诃子、五味子、罂栗壳、款冬花之类，其性燥涩，有
收敛劫夺之功，亦在所必用，可一服而愈，慎毋越其先后之权衡也。（《医统》）
治嗽诸药 五味子，在上补肺，在下滋肾，乃酸收敛而降之之剂。天门冬，保定肺气，虚而能补，热而
能泻，燥而能润，但专泻而不收，体虚而热者用之，寒多者禁服。麦门冬，补肺金，润燥生津，敛嗽及肺痿，
所以与五味、人参同用，为生脉之剂。人参，乃补肺气之神剂，惟肺气虚弱，则外邪得以侵之，故有气短喘嗽之
证，非此不能补正而除邪也，喘嗽系阴虚火动、劳嗽吐血者勿用。阿胶，能养肝气，益肺金，定喘嗽，肺虚极损，
咳唾脓血，非此不补。桑皮，泻肺气，有气喘嗽，吐血虚劳客热，及肺中水气，非此不除。款冬花，润肺消痰，
古今多用之而治嗽，及治肺痿肺痈。紫菀，益肺气，去胸中寒热结气，咳逆上气。百部，治肺热久嗽，润肺益气。
夫喘嗽用乌梅者，因其能收肺气也，故久嗽用之。百合，能敛肺。贝母，能润肺。半夏，乃治寒痰之剂，如形寒
饮冷伤肺而咳者用之。桔梗，利膈气，如气促鼻塞喘嗽吐痰者用之。栝蒌实，甘能补肺，润能降气，故治痰嗽，
利胸膈；其根名天花粉，痰嗽者用之。蛤蚧，能治久远劳嗽，及咳嗽出血。海蛤，治咳逆上气，及喘息烦满。马兜
铃，止肺热咳嗽，气上逆连连不绝，痰结喘促。百药煎，能保定肺气，以温药相佐使尤佳。诃子，其味酸苦，有收
敛降火之功。罂粟壳，虚劳嗽者多用，以其能收敛故也，但劫病之功多，虽急亦不宜多服。薏苡仁，古方用之，
以治肺痿肺痈咳嗽涕唾上气。杏仁，下气定喘，散肺经风寒，以其能
泻肺也。葶苈，治肺壅上气，咳嗽痰饮。肺中有水气者用之，以其走泄为功，大能降气者也。苏子，主肺气喘
急咳逆，乃调中下气之剂。陈皮，理肺气降痰，如膈间有痰热结气，呕咳吐逆者用之。石膏，除三焦之大热，泻
胃火，润肺坠痰，实热喘嗽者可用。淡竹叶，主胸中痰热。知母，润心肺，与黄柏同用，能治阴虚火动之喘嗽
也。地骨皮，治劳热咳嗽。青黛，收五脏热火。若果有系寒嗽者，可用肉桂以达寒气，干姜以散寒邪。若夫外感
寒喘痰嗽，用麻黄以开发。（《医宗粹言》）（节录）
杏仁，散肺气，若肺中有实邪，及因风寒外束，郁炅于中者，宜用之。（《原理》）
疏肺诸方（兼补肺方）宁嗽化痰汤，治感冒风寒，咳嗽鼻塞。
桔梗 枳壳（麸炒） 半夏（姜汤泡七次） 陈皮 前胡 干葛 茯苓（各一钱） 紫苏（一钱二分）
麻黄（一钱冬月倍夏月减） 桑皮 杏仁（炒去皮尖各一钱） 甘草（四分）
水二钟，姜三片，煎八分，食远热服。（《统旨》）（按∶此参苏饮变方。）
苏子降气汤，治男女虚阳上攻，气不升降，上盛下虚，膈壅痰多，咽喉不利，咳嗽，虚烦引饮，头目昏眩。
川当归（去芦） 甘草（ ） 浓朴（去粗皮） 前胡（去芦各二两） 陈皮（去白） 肉桂（去粗皮各三两）
紫苏子 半夏曲（各五两）
上为细末，每服二大钱，水一盏半，入生姜二片，枣子一个，苏五叶，同煎至八分，去滓热服，不拘时候。
（《和剂》）（按∶此本《千金》紫苏子汤，治脚弱上气，不用苏叶。）
养肺汤，治肺感寒邪，上气喘急，咳嗽无时，声音不出，痰唾稠粘。
紫菀（半两去土） 款冬花（半两） 杏仁（半两去皮尖） 五味子（半两） 白茯苓（一两） 半夏（汤泡洗
十余次） 桂（半两去粗皮） 桔梗（半两微炒） 紫苏子（半两微炒）
上为粗末，每服三大钱，水一大盏，生姜十片，同煎至七分，去滓微热服，不拘时候。（《卫生家宝》）
《直指》养肺汤，于本方去五味子、桂，加人参、陈皮、桑白皮、甘草、乌梅。
款冬花散，治寒壅相交，肺气不利，咳嗽喘满，胸膈烦闷，痰实涎盛，喉中呀呷，鼻塞清涕，头痛眩冒，肢
体倦疼，咽嗌肿痛。
款冬花（去枝梗） 桑叶（洗焙，按∶《医方大成》引作桑白皮） 知母（去芦各二十两） 贝母（去心麸炒）
杏仁（去皮尖麸炒） 半夏（汤洗七次姜制） 阿胶（锉炒如珠子） 甘草（ 各二斤半） 麻黄（去根节五斤）
上为粗末，每服二钱，水一盏，入生姜三片，同煎至七分去滓，食后温服。（《和剂》）又人参定喘汤，治肺
气咳嗽，上喘气急，于本方去款冬花、桑叶、知母、贝母、杏仁，加人参、桑白皮、罂粟壳。
华盖散，治肺感寒邪，咳嗽上气，胸膈烦满，项背拘急，声壅鼻塞，头昏目眩，痰气不利，呀呷有声。
麻黄（去节根） 紫苏子（隔纸炒） 桑白皮（炙） 杏仁（去皮尖炒） 赤茯苓（去皮） 陈皮（去白各一两）
甘草（炙半两）
上七味为末，每服二钱，水一盏，煎七分去滓，食后温服。（同上）
治诸嗽久不瘥，贝母汤。
贝母（一两去心姜制半日焙） 黄芩（生去皮） 干姜（生各一两） 陈皮（去白） 五味子（各一两拣） 桑白
皮（洗净蜜炙黄） 半夏（汤浸七次） 柴胡（去苗净洗） 桂心（不见火各半两） 木香（一分） 甘草（一分炙）
上为粗末，每服五钱，水一盏半，杏仁七个去皮尖碎之，生姜七片，同煎至七分，去滓热服。黄师文云∶戊申
冬，有姓蒋者，其妻积年嗽，制此方授之，一服瘥。以此治诸嗽，悉皆愈。（《本事》）
八宝散，治嗽。
罂粟壳（去穣蒂顶蜜炒） 橘红 款冬花 百合 桑白皮 桔梗（炒） 人参（去芦） 阿胶（锉蚌粉炒成珠）
上等分为粗末，每服三大钱，水一盏半，生姜五大片，乌梅一枚，北枣二个劈开，同煎至八分去滓，临卧温
服。（《魏氏》）（按∶此与《和剂》人参清肺汤一类，彼录在《骨蒸》中。）《宝鉴》九仙散，治一切咳嗽，于本
方去橘红、百合、姜、枣，加五味、贝母为末，每服三钱，白汤点服。《袖珍》引《秘方》诸般嗽不已，于本方去款
冬花、百合、桑白皮，加杏仁、木香、五味子、甘草、石膏。
百花膏，治喘嗽不已，或痰中有血。
款冬花 百合（蒸焙）
上等分为细末，炼蜜为丸，如龙眼大，每服一丸，食后临卧细嚼，姜汤咽下，含化尤佳。（《济生续方》）
人参蛤蚧散，治三、二十年间肺气上喘咳嗽，咯唾脓血，满面生疮，遍身黄肿。
蛤蚧（一对全者，河水浸五宿，逐日换水，洗净去腥气，酥炙黄熟。） 甘草（炒紫） 杏仁（去皮尖炒各五两）
人参 茯苓 贝母 桑白皮 知母（各二两）
上为细末，净瓷合子内盛，每日如茶点服，一料永除，神效。（《御药院方》）
紫菀茸汤，治饮食过度，或叫呼走气，或食煎 ，邪热伤肺，咳嗽咽痒，痰多唾血，喘急胸满胁痛，不得安
卧。
紫菀茸（洗） 经霜桑叶 款冬花 百合（蒸焙） 杏仁（去皮尖） 阿胶（蛤粉炒） 贝母（去心）
蒲黄（炒） 半夏（泡汤七次各一两） 犀角（镑） 甘草（炙各半两） 人参（半两）
上 咀，每服四钱，水一盏半，生姜五片，煎至八分去滓，食后温服。（《济生》）
润肺诸方 治上气咳嗽，苏子煎方。
苏子 白蜜 生姜汁 地黄汁 杏仁（各二升）
上五味，捣苏子，以地黄汁、姜汁浇之，以绢绞取汁，更捣，以汁浇又绞，令味尽去滓。熬杏仁令黄黑，治
如脂，又以向汁浇之，绢绞往来六、七度，令味尽去滓。内蜜合和，置铜器中，于汤上煎之，令如饴。一服方寸
匕，日三夜一。（崔氏无地黄汁）（《千金》）（按∶《千金》又有杏仁煎，方中苏子水研绞汁七合。《兰台轨
范》举其方曰∶苏子绞汁始有力。）
阿胶丸，平肺气。
阿胶 人参 茯苓 百合 贝母 桔梗 五味子 山药（各一两） 甘草（半两） 半夏（一分）
上为细末，炼蜜和丸，如弹子大，每服一丸，水一盏，入生姜三片，煎至七分，和滓温服食前。（《鸡峰》）
治肺热咳嗽吐脓血，兼骨蒸寒热者，用新鲜百合八两，配知母、川贝母、天门冬、麦门冬、怀生地、薏苡仁、
北沙参各四两，熬膏炼蜜收，每早晚各服十余匙，人参汤调服。（《汇言》引《缪氏家珍》）（按∶《明医指掌》
曰∶药须临卧时服，细细咽下，则能入于肺也。盖如此二方，最宜细细咽下为佳。）
《短剧》疗咳，生姜五味子汤方。
五味子（五分） 生姜（八两） 紫菀（一两） 半夏（二两洗） 吴茱萸（一两） 款冬花（半两）
细辛（一两） 附子（一枚炮） 茯苓（四两） 甘草（二两炙） 桂心（一两）
上十一味切，以水一斗，煮取五升，分温三服，老人可服五合。（《外台》）《圣惠》治气嗽，呼吸短气，
心胸不利，不思饮食，干姜散，于本方去生姜、紫菀、半夏、吴茱萸、茯苓，加干姜、白术、木香。
深师疗肺气不足，逆满上气，咽喉中闭塞短气，寒从背起，口中如含霜雪，语言失声，甚者吐血，补肺汤方。
五味子（三两） 干姜（二两） 款冬花（二两） 桂心（一尺） 麦门冬（一升去心） 大枣（一百枚劈）
粳米（二合） 桑根白皮（一斤）
上八味切，以水一斗二升，先煮枣并桑白皮、粳米，五沸后，内诸药煮取三升，分三服，忌生葱。（《外台》）
因此，治疗咳嗽，必须了解新病与久病的差异，辨别虚证与实证的差别，掌握补法与泻法的适宜运用。（《心法附余》）
咳嗽不论是由内伤还是外感、寒邪还是热邪引起，凡是形体正气和病邪之气都表现为实证的患者，应当采用发散（解表）或清热的治法，应当使用化痰药物，应当调理气机。如果形体正气和病邪之气都表现为虚证的患者，应当采用补益或调和的治法，或者在补益中稍加辅助发散或清火的药物。如果一味追求补益，必然导致肺气壅塞阻滞，或者结成肺痈（肺部化脓性病变），难以治愈。如果一味追求解表发散，则肺气更加虚弱，腠理（皮肤毛孔及皮下组织间隙）更加疏松，外邪容易乘虚而入，从而使病情更加难以治愈。（《医约》）
吐法示例：咳嗽且时常发热，脉象突然变得弦硬的，不是虚证（按：《千金方》作“久咳”，咳嗽且时常发热，脉象轻取即得如九颗豆粒大小的力度，不是虚证），这是由于胸中有寒邪积聚成实所致，应当采用吐法。患有咳嗽的人，其脉象弦硬，准备使用吐药时，应当观察患者的体质强弱，且患者没有热象才可以进行吐法。如果脉象沉伏，不可使用发汗法。（《脉经》）
气息上逆、出汗且咳嗽的，属于饮邪（水液代谢障碍形成的病理产物）为患者，咳嗽且小便通畅甚至遗尿的，不可发汗，若强行发汗会导致四肢厥冷逆乱。（《千金方》）
温法和清法各有其适宜的情况 （外感邪气不可误认为是劳损）古方治疗火郁引起的干咳很少，治疗风寒湿引起的咳嗽很多，大概是因为不区分内外病因、新病与久病的差异的缘故。凡是形体受寒、饮食生冷，新近发生的咳嗽且有痰，固然应当以温散寒邪、祛除湿气为主，如人参、半夏之类的药物是可以使用的。至于气机上逆、火热炎上，久咳无痰的情况，又应当以清热润燥为先，然而人参、半夏之类的药物又在禁忌之列，如天门冬、麦门冬、知母、贝母、石膏、栝楼之类的药物可以使用。世人只知道肺主皮毛，外感风寒属于寒邪，却不知道邪气传入体内郁积久了会变为热邪。况且肺为五脏六腑之华盖（覆盖保护），五脏六腑的火气从内部升起，熏蒸灼烧肺部而引发咳嗽的，也有很多了。（《心法附余》）（按：《妇人良方》说：古人制定方剂治疗咳嗽，没有不基于温药的，如干姜、桂心、细辛之类，因为寒气进入体内，非辛甘味不能发散。这种说法未免偏颇。又《痰火门》说：大抵咳嗽病症的药物只宜温和平性，肺被称为娇脏，药味稍微凉一点就变成寒，稍微燥一点就变成热，治疗咳嗽的方剂禁用辛燥之品，学习中医的人不可不知道。这也不是持平公允的论断。）
外感邪气的症状多被误认为是劳损伤，从而变成真正的劳损病，这必定是因为患者体质柔弱，而医生心中已有先入为主的看法。所以见到发热，就认为是火邪；见到咳嗽，就认为是劳损。不明白表里辨证，随意使用滋阴降火等药剂，不知道寒邪既然已经在体表，就不宜妄用凉药。如果外部已有寒邪，内部又摄入寒凉，那么表里合邪，必然导致邪气留恋不解，拖延日久日益加重，俗话说的伤风不愈变成劳损。其实伤风怎么能变成劳损呢？只是因为庸医误治，每天加以清泻削弱，那么柔弱的人体，能经受得住多少清理削伐，时间久了不痊愈，最终不成为劳损也不行了，这实际上是医生的失误造成的。（《景岳全书》）
敛法与散法 徐叔拱说：敛法，是指收敛肺气。散法，是指解散寒邪。应当用散法却用了敛法，那么肺中的寒邪就会一时被收敛留住，危害不小；应当用敛法却用了散法，那么肺气虚弱一时发散就会导致正气走泄，危害也不小。比如感受风邪咳嗽，已经用过发散法之后，表里再次感受寒邪，虚邪相互乘袭，又出现喘嗽。如果想要再次发散风邪，则会更加虚弱肺气；如果收敛，则会更加滞留邪气。应当先轻微解表，然后逐渐收敛，这样肺气不至于虚弱，邪气不至于滞留，喘嗽自然停止。（《病机汇论》）（按：敛法指的是五味子、阿胶等润养性质的药物，并不是指收涩的作用。）
补中焦与补下焦 久咳导致肌肉消瘦脱落的，使用普通的止咳药大多无效，通过补益中焦、健脾的方法则咳嗽停止，这是“虚则补其母”的原理，因为脾主肌肉，治病求本而有兼顾标症的意思。然而病情大多无法挽救，《内经》说：大肉已脱，即使九候脉象调和也必死无疑。（《苍生司命》）
凡是咳嗽逐渐发展到气息高促、汗出粘腻的，应当不等喘急痰鸣出现，急忙补益下焦（肾）。如果仍然只治标不治本，必然导致气脱突然死亡，这是医生的罪过。（《医宗必读》）
人参是否适宜 治疗咳嗽的方剂中多用人参，是因为肺气虚的缘故。然而肺受火邪侵袭，久咳喘满吐血，以及阴虚火动，午后发热兼有咳嗽的患者，切忌使用人参。但是肺受寒邪侵袭喘咳，以及阳虚火动，昼夜发热兼有咳嗽的患者适宜使用，但也需知道知母、贝母、天门冬、麦门冬、栝楼之类的药物，选择其中一两种来监制（制约其副作用）即可。丹溪说：我每次治病，某药作为引经药，用某药作为监制药，就是这个意思。（《心法附余》）
涩药不可轻易使用 现在人治疗咳嗽，多喜欢使用罂粟壳、乌梅之类的药物。殊不知罂粟壳性质紧涩，乌梅味道酸，是损伤脾胃的药物。脾胃壮实的人，服用还可以，脾胃稍弱的人，未见其疗效，谷气（脾胃运化的营养精华）首先就已经受损了。
能谨慎使用这些药物的人，或许可以避免后患。（《济生方》）
凡是治疗咳嗽，应当先根据各自的病根，祛除邪气，然后再使用乌梅、诃子、五味子、罂粟壳、款冬花之类的药物，这些药物性质燥涩，有收敛劫夺（强力收敛）的功效，也是必须使用的，可以一服而愈，千万不要违背先后治疗的权衡原则。（《医统》）
治疗咳嗽的各种药物 五味子，在上部补肺，在下部滋肾，是酸收敛降的药物。天门冬，保全肺气，虚损能补，热盛能泻，干燥能润，但专门泻而不收，体质虚弱而有热者使用，寒多者禁止服用。麦门冬，补肺金，润燥生津，收敛咳嗽及肺痿，所以与五味子、人参同用，组成生脉散。人参，是补肺气的神效药物，只有肺气虚弱，外邪才能侵入，所以有气短喘嗽的症状，不用此药不能补正气而除邪气，如果是喘嗽属于阴虚火动、劳嗽吐血的则不要用。阿胶，能养肝气，益肺金，定喘嗽，肺虚极度亏损，咳唾脓血，不用此药不能补益。桑白皮，泻肺气，如果有气喘咳嗽、吐血虚劳客热，以及肺中水气，不用此药不能消除。款冬花，润肺消痰，古今多用它治疗咳嗽，以及治疗肺痿肺痈。紫菀，益肺气，去除胸中寒热结气，咳逆上气。百部，治疗肺热久咳，润肺益气。
使用乌梅治疗喘嗽，是因为它能收敛肺气，所以久咳时使用。百合，能敛肺。贝母，能润肺。半夏，是治疗寒痰的药物，如形体受寒、饮食生冷伤肺而咳嗽的使用。桔梗，利膈气，如气促鼻塞喘嗽吐痰的使用。栝楼实，甘能补肺，润能降气，所以治疗痰嗽，利胸膈；它的根名叫天花粉，痰嗽者使用。蛤蚧，能治疗久远劳嗽，以及咳嗽出血。海蛤，治疗咳逆上气，以及喘息烦满。马兜铃，止肺热咳嗽，气上逆连连不绝，痰结喘促。百药煎，能保全肺气，配合温药作为佐使药尤其好。诃子，味道酸苦，有收敛降火的功效。罂粟壳，虚劳嗽者多用，因为它能收敛，但劫病（强力治病）的功效多，虽然紧急也不宜多服。薏苡仁，古方中使用它，治疗肺痿肺痈咳嗽涕唾上气。杏仁，下气定喘，散肺经风寒，因为它能泻肺。葶苈子，治疗肺壅上气，咳嗽痰饮。肺中有水气的使用它，因为它以走泄为功效，是大能降气的药物。苏子，主治肺气喘急咳逆，是调中下气的药物。陈皮，理肺气降痰，如膈间有痰热结气，呕咳吐逆的使用。石膏，清除三焦的大热，泻胃火，润肺坠痰，实热喘嗽者可用。淡竹叶，主治胸中痰热。知母，润心肺，与黄柏同用，能治疗阴虚火动的喘嗽。地骨皮，治疗劳热咳嗽。青黛，收五脏热火。如果确实是有寒嗽的，可以用肉桂来通达寒气，干姜来散寒邪。如果是外感寒邪引起的喘痰嗽，用麻黄来开发宣通。（《医宗粹言》）（节录）
杏仁，散肺气，如果肺中有实邪，以及因风寒外束，郁积于体内的，适宜使用。（《原理》）
疏肺诸方（兼补肺方）宁嗽化痰汤，治疗感冒风寒，咳嗽鼻塞。
桔梗 枳壳（麸炒） 半夏（姜汤泡七次） 陈皮 前胡 干葛 茯苓（各一钱） 紫苏（一钱二分）
麻黄（一钱，冬季加倍，夏季减量） 桑白皮 杏仁（炒去皮尖各一钱） 甘草（四分）
水二钟，姜三片，煎至八分，饭后热服。（《统旨》）（按：这是参苏饮的变方。）
苏子降气汤，治疗男女虚阳上攻，气不升降，上盛下虚，膈间壅滞痰多，咽喉不利，咳嗽，虚烦想喝水，头目昏眩。
川当归（去芦） 甘草（ ） 浓朴（去粗皮） 前胡（去芦各二两） 陈皮（去白） 肉桂（去粗皮各三两）
紫苏子 半夏曲（各五两）
以上研为细末，每次服两大钱，水一盏半，放入生姜二片，枣子一个，苏叶五片，同煎至八分，去渣热服，不限时候。（《和剂局方》）（按：这原本出自《千金方》紫苏子汤，治疗脚弱上气，不用苏叶。）
养肺汤，治疗肺感寒邪，上气喘急，咳嗽不时，声音不出，痰唾稠粘。
紫菀（半两去土） 款冬花（半两） 杏仁（半两去皮尖） 五味子（半两） 白茯苓（一两） 半夏（汤泡洗十余次） 桂（半两去粗皮） 桔梗（半两微炒） 紫苏子（半两微炒）
以上为粗末，每次服三大钱，水一大盏，生姜十片，同煎至七分，去渣微热服，不限时候。（《卫生家宝》）
《直指方》养肺汤，在本方中去掉五味子、桂，加入人参、陈皮、桑白皮、甘草、乌梅。
款冬花散，治疗寒邪壅滞相交，肺气不利，咳嗽喘满，胸膈烦闷，痰实涎盛，喉中呼吸有声，鼻塞流清涕，头痛眩晕，肢体倦怠疼痛，咽喉肿痛。
款冬花（去枝梗） 桑叶（洗焙，按：《医方大成》引作桑白皮） 知母（去芦各二十两） 贝母（去心麸炒）
杏仁（去皮尖麸炒） 半夏（汤洗七次姜制） 阿胶（锉炒如珠子） 甘草（ 各二斤半） 麻黄（去根节五斤）
以上为粗末，每次服二钱，水一盏，放入生姜三片，同煎至七分去渣，饭后温服。（《和剂局方》）又人参定喘汤，治疗肺气咳嗽，上喘气急，在本方中去掉款冬花、桑叶、知母、贝母、杏仁，加入人参、桑白皮、罂粟壳。
华盖散，治疗肺感寒邪，咳嗽上气，胸膈烦满，项背拘急，声哑鼻塞，头昏目眩，痰气不利，喉中呀呷有声。
麻黄（去节根） 紫苏子（隔纸炒） 桑白皮（炙） 杏仁（去皮尖炒） 赤茯苓（去皮） 陈皮（去白各一两）
甘草（炙半两）
以上七味研为末，每次服二钱，水一盏，煎至七分去渣，饭后温服。（同上）
治疗各种咳嗽久不愈，贝母汤。
贝母（一两去心姜制半日焙） 黄芩（生去皮） 干姜（生各一两） 陈皮（去白） 五味子（各一两拣） 桑白皮（洗净蜜炙黄） 半夏（汤浸七次） 柴胡（去苗净洗） 桂心（不见火各半两） 木香（一分） 甘草（一分炙）
以上为粗末，每次服五钱，水一盏半，杏仁七个去皮尖捣碎，生姜七片，同煎至七分，去渣热服。黄师文说：戊申年冬天，有个姓蒋的人，他的妻子多年咳嗽，制作此方给他，一服痊愈。以此方治疗各种咳嗽，全都痊愈。（《本事方》）
八宝散，治疗咳嗽。
罂粟壳（去瓤蒂顶蜜炒） 橘红 款冬花 百合 桑白皮 桔梗（炒） 人参（去芦） 阿胶（锉蚌粉炒成珠）
以上等分为粗末，每次服三大钱，水一盏半，生姜五大片，乌梅一枚，北枣二个劈开，同煎至八分去渣，临睡前温服。（《魏氏家藏方》）（按：这与《和剂局方》人参清肺汤一类，彼方收录在《骨蒸》中。）《宝鉴》九仙散，治疗一切咳嗽，在本方中去掉橘红、百合、姜、枣，加入五味子、贝母研为末，每次服三钱，白开水冲服。《袖珍方》引《秘方》诸般咳嗽不已，在本方中去掉款冬花、百合、桑白皮，加入杏仁、木香、五味子、甘草、石膏。
百花膏，治疗喘嗽不已，或痰中带血。
款冬花 百合（蒸焙）
以上等分为细末，炼蜜为丸，如龙眼大小，每次服一丸，饭后临睡前细细咀嚼，姜汤送下，含化尤佳。（《济生续方》）
人参蛤蚧散，治疗三、二十年肺气上喘咳嗽，咯唾脓血，满面生疮，遍身黄肿。
蛤蚧（一对全者，河水浸泡五宿，逐日换水，洗净去腥气，酥炙黄熟。） 甘草（炒紫） 杏仁（去皮尖炒各五两）
人参 茯苓 贝母 桑白皮 知母（各二两）
以上研为细末，放在干净的瓷盒子里，每天像喝茶一样点服，一料药永除病根，神效。（《御药院方》）
紫菀茸汤，治疗饮食过度，或叫呼耗气，或吃煎炸食物，邪热伤肺，咳嗽咽痒，痰多唾血，喘急胸满胁痛，不得安卧。
紫菀茸（洗） 经霜桑叶 款冬花 百合（蒸焙） 杏仁（去皮尖） 阿胶（蛤粉炒） 贝母（去心）
蒲黄（炒） 半夏（泡汤七次各一两） 犀角（镑） 甘草（炙各半两） 人参（半两）
以上切碎，每次服四钱，水一盏半，生姜五片，煎至八分去渣，饭后温服。（《济生方》）
润肺诸方 治疗上气咳嗽，苏子煎方。
苏子 白蜜 生姜汁 地黄汁 杏仁（各二升）
以上五味，捣苏子，用地黄汁、姜汁浇灌，用绢布绞取汁液，再捣，再用汁浇灌又绞，让味道尽出去掉渣滓。熬杏仁令其黄黑，研磨如脂状，又用刚才的汁液浇灌，用绢布绞来绞去六七次，让味道尽出去掉渣滓。加入蜂蜜混合，放在铜器中，在水锅上煎煮，令其如饴糖状。一次服方寸匕，每日三次，夜间一次。（崔氏方无地黄汁）（《千金方》）（按：《千金方》又有杏仁煎，方中苏子用水研磨绞汁七合。《兰台轨范》列举其方说：苏子绞汁始有力。）
阿胶丸，平肺气。
阿胶 人参 茯苓 百合 贝母 桔梗 五味子 山药（各一两） 甘草（半两） 半夏（一分）
以上研为细末，炼蜜和丸，如弹子大小，每次服一丸，水一盏，放入生姜三片，煎至七分，连渣温服，饭前服用。（《鸡峰普济方》）
治疗肺热咳嗽吐脓血，兼骨蒸寒热者，用新鲜百合八两，配知母、川贝母、天门冬、麦门冬、怀生地、薏苡仁、北沙参各四两，熬膏炼蜜收存，每早晚各服十余匙，人参汤调服。（《汇言》引《缪氏家珍》）（按：《明医指掌》说：药物须临睡前服用，细细咽下，则能入于肺也。像这样的两个方子，最宜细细咽下为佳。）
《短剧方》疗咳，生姜五味子汤方。
五味子（五分） 生姜（八两） 紫菀（一两） 半夏（二两洗） 吴茱萸（一两） 款冬花（半两）
细辛（一两） 附子（一枚炮） 茯苓（四两） 甘草（二两炙） 桂心（一两）
以上十一味切碎，用水一斗，煮取五升，分三次温服，老人可服五合。（《外台秘要》）《圣惠方》治气嗽，呼吸短气，心胸不利，不思饮食，干姜散，在本方中去掉生姜、紫菀、半夏、吴茱萸、茯苓，加入干姜、白术、木香。
深师方疗肺气不足，逆满上气，咽喉中闭塞短气，寒从背起，口中如含霜雪，语言失声，甚者吐血，补肺汤方。
五味子（三两） 干姜（二两） 款冬花（二两） 桂心（一尺） 麦门冬（一升去心） 大枣（一百枚劈）
粳米（二合） 桑根白皮（一斤）
以上八味切碎，用水一斗二升，先煮枣并桑白皮、粳米，煮沸五次后，放入其他药物煮取三升，分三次服，忌食生葱。（《外台秘要》）
Therefore, in treating cough (Ke Sou), one must understand the differences between acute and chronic conditions, distinguish between deficiency (Xu) and excess (Shi) patterns, and apply tonification (Bu) and purgation (Xie) methods appropriately. (*Xinfa Fuyu*)
Regardless of whether the cough is caused by internal or external factors, cold or heat, if both the patient's constitutional qi (Zheng Qi) and the pathogenic qi (Bing Qi) manifest as excess, dispersing (San) or clearing (Qing) methods should be used; phlegm-resolving agents should be employed to resolve phlegm (Tan), and qi-regulating measures should be taken to smooth qi flow. If both the constitutional qi and pathogenic qi manifest as deficiency, tonifying (Bu) and harmonizing (Tiao) methods should be used, or slight assistance with dispersing or clearing-fire herbs may be added to tonification. If one solely seeks tonification, it will inevitably lead to lung qi stagnation and obstruction, or even the formation of lung abscess (Fei Yong), which is difficult to treat. If one solely seeks exterior-releasing methods, lung qi will become more deficient, interstices (Cou Li) will become more loose, and external pathogens will easily enter due to deficiency, making the condition even harder to treat. (*Yi Yue*)
Example of Vomiting Method: Cough accompanied by intermittent fever and a suddenly wiry pulse (Xian Mai) indicates not deficiency. (Note: *Qianjin Fang* states "chronic cough," cough with intermittent fever, and a pulse felt lightly like nine beans, indicating not deficiency). This is caused by cold excess accumulating in the chest; vomiting method should be applied. For patients with cough and a wiry pulse, when preparing to use emetic drugs, one must assess the patient's strength and ensure there is no heat before applying vomiting. If the pulse is deep (Chen Mai), sweating methods are contraindicated. (*Mai Jing*)
Upper jiao qi rebellion, sweating, and cough belong to patients with fluid retention (Yin Jia). Cough with clear urination or urinary incontinence is contraindicated for sweating; forcing sweat will lead to cold limbs (Jue Ni). (*Qianjin Fang*)
Warming and Clearing Methods Have Their Appropriate Indications (External pathogens must not be mistaken for consumptive disorders). Ancient formulas rarely treated dry cough caused by fire stagnation but frequently treated cough caused by wind-cold-dampness. This was likely due to failing to distinguish between internal and external causes, and acute versus chronic conditions. For cases where body cold and cold drinks cause new-onset cough with phlegm, warming cold and dispelling dampness should be the main approach; herbs like Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) and Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) are suitable. However, for cases where qi moves upward with fire flaming up, causing chronic dry cough without phlegm, clearing heat and moistening dryness should come first; Ren Shen and Ban Xia are then contraindicated. Instead, herbs like Tian Men Dong (Asparagi Radix), Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix), Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), Bei Mu (Fritillariae Bulbus), Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum), and Gua Lou (Trichosanthis Fructus) are suitable. People only know that the Lung governs skin and hair, and that external wind-cold is cold; they do not realize that pathogens transmitting inward can stagnate and transform into heat over time. Moreover, the Lung is the canopy of the five zang and six fu organs; fire rising from within the five zang and six fu can steaming and burning the lungs, causing cough, which is also quite common. (*Xinfa Fuyu*) (Note: *Fu Ren Liang Fang* states: "Ancient physicians formulated cough remedies based on warming herbs, such as Gan Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma), Gui Xin (Cinnamomi Ramulus), and Xi Xin (Asari Radix), because cold qi entering the interior cannot be dispersed without acrid-sweet flavors." This view is somewhat biased. Also, *Tan Huo Men* states: "Generally, cough medications should be mild and neutral; the Lung is called the delicate organ, so slightly cool herbs become cold, and slightly drying herbs become hot. Acrid-drying herbs are strictly forbidden in cough formulas. Students must know this." This is also not a balanced argument.)
External pathogen symptoms are often mistaken for consumptive injury, leading to true consumptive disease. This usually happens because the patient has weak constitution, and the physician already has preconceived notions. Thus, seeing fever, they assume it is fire; seeing cough, they assume it is consumption. Without understanding exterior-interior differentiation, they rashly use yin-nourishing and fire-descending prescriptions. They fail to realize that if cold pathogens are on the exterior, cooling herbs should not be recklessly administered. If external cold combines with internal cold, exterior-interior combined pathogens will result in lingering pathogens that worsen over time. The folk saying "wind-cold not healing turns into consumption" is misleading. Wind-cold itself does not turn into consumption; rather, incompetent doctors misdiagnose and treat, daily adding clearing and draining measures. How much clearing and draining can a weak body endure? Over time, failure to heal leads inevitably to consumption. This is truly the doctor's error. (*Jing Yue Quan Shu*)
Methods of Astringing and Dispersing. Xu Shugong said: Astringing refers to consolidating lung qi. Dispersing refers to resolving cold pathogens. If dispersing is indicated but astringing is used, cold pathogens in the lung will be temporarily trapped, causing significant harm. If astringing is indicated but dispersing is used, weak lung qi will disperse, leading to leakage of righteous qi, also causing harm. For example, in wind-sensitive cough, after dispersing treatment, if the exterior and interior are re-exposed to cold pathogens, deficient pathogens attack each other, causing wheezing and cough again. If one tries to disperse wind again, lung qi becomes more deficient; if one astrings, pathogens become more stagnant. One should first mildly release the exterior, then gradually astringe. This prevents lung deficiency and pathogen stagnation, and wheezing and cough will stop naturally. (*Bing Ji Hui Lun*) (Note: Astringing here refers to moistening and nourishing items like Wu Mei (Mume Fructus) and E Jiao (Colla Corii Asini), not merely astringent actions.)
Tonifying Middle Jiao and Lower Jiao. In chronic cough with muscle wasting, ordinary cough medicines are often ineffective; tonifying the middle jiao and strengthening the spleen stops the cough. This follows the principle "tonify the mother when deficient," as the Spleen governs muscles. It addresses the root while considering the branch. However, many cases are incurable; as the Classics state: "If large muscles have wasted away, death occurs even if all nine pulses are harmonious." (*Cang Sheng Si Ming*)
In any cough progressing to rapid breathing and sticky sweat, one should urgently tonify the lower jiao (Kidney) before wheezing and rattling phlegm appear. If one continues to treat only the branch and neglect the root, qi collapse and sudden death will occur; this is the doctor's fault. (*Yi Zong Bi Du*)
Whether Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) Is Suitable. Ren Shen is often used in cough formulas because of lung deficiency. However, it is strictly contraindicated for patients whose lungs are affected by fire pathogens, causing chronic cough, wheezing, fullness, hemoptysis, or those with yin deficiency and fire hyperactivity, afternoon fever, and cough. Conversely, for patients with lung cold pathogens causing wheezing and cough, or yang deficiency with fire hyperactivity, day-and-night fever, and cough, it is suitable. However, one must know to use Zhi Mu, Bei Mu, Tian Men Dong, Mai Men Dong, or Gua Lou to monitor/control its effects. Danxi said: "When I treat diseases, certain herbs serve as guiding herbs, while others act as monitoring herbs." (*Xinfa Fuyu*)
Astringent Herbs Should Not Be Used Lightly. Modern practitioners often favor using Ying Su Ke (Papaveris Pericarpium) and Wu Mei. They do not realize that Ying Su Ke is tightly astringent, and Wu Mei is sour, both damaging the Spleen and Stomach. For robust Spleen and Stomach, usage might be acceptable; for slightly weak Spleen and Stomach, efficacy is unproven, and Gu Qi (Grain Qi) is damaged first. Those who exercise caution regarding this may avoid future troubles. (*Ji Sheng Fang*)
In treating cough, one must first address the root cause and eliminate pathogens. Only then should herbs like Wu Mei, He Zi (Terminalia Chebulae Fructus), Wu Wei Zi (Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus), Ying Su Ke, and Kuan Dong Hua (Farfarae Flos) be used. These herbs are dry and astringent, possessing strong astringing and seizing powers. They are necessary and can cure in one dose. Do not violate the principle of sequence and balance. (*Yi Tong*)
Various Herbs for Treating Cough. Wu Wei Zi tonifies the Lung above and nourishes the Kidney below; it is an acid-astringent and descending agent. Tian Men Dong preserves lung qi, tonifying deficiency, clearing heat, and moistening dryness, but acts mainly to drain without astringing; it is used for deficiency-heat but contraindicated for cold predominance. Mai Men Dong tonifies Lung Metal, moistens dryness, generates fluids, arrests cough, and treats lung atelectasis (Fei Wei); thus it is used with Wu Wei Zi and Ren Shen to form Sheng Mai San. Ren Shen is a divine agent for tonifying lung qi; only when lung qi is weak can external pathogens invade, causing shortness of breath and cough; without it, righteousness cannot be tonified and pathogens removed. It is contraindicated for cough due to yin deficiency with fire hyperactivity or consumptive cough with hemoptysis. E Jiao nourishes Liver qi, benefits Lung Metal, stabilizes wheezing and cough; for extreme lung deficiency with pus-blood expectoration, it is essential. Sang Bai Pi drains lung qi; for wheezing, cough, hemoptysis, consumptive heat, and water qi in the lung, it is indispensable. Kuan Dong Hua moistens the lung and resolves phlegm; widely used since ancient times for cough, lung atelectasis, and lung abscess. Zi Wan benefits lung qi and removes cold-heat knot qi in the chest, treating cough and upper-rebellious qi. Bai Bu treats chronic lung-heat cough, moistens the lung and benefits qi.
Wu Mei is used for wheezing/cough because it astringes lung qi, hence used for chronic cough. Bai He astringes the lung. Bei Mu moistens the lung. Ban Xia treats cold-phlegm; used for cough due to body cold and cold drinks injuring the lung. Jie Geng benefits diaphragmatic qi; used for shortness of breath, nasal congestion, wheezing, cough, and phlegm. Gua Lou Shi is sweet to tonify the lung and moist to descend qi; thus it treats phlegm-cough and benefits the chest/diaphragm. Its root, Tian Hua Fen, is used for phlegm-cough. Ge Jie treats long-term consumptive cough and cough with bleeding. Hai Ha treats upper-rebellious qi cough and wheezing with irritability/fullness. Ma Dou Ling stops lung-heat cough, continuous rebellious qi, phlegm-knot, and wheezing. Bai Yao Jian preserves lung qi; especially good when assisted by warming herbs. He Zi is sour-bitter, with astringing and fire-descending effects. Ying Su Ke is often used for consumptive cough due to its astringency, but has strong pathogen-seizing power; even in emergencies, it should not be taken in large amounts. Yi Yi Ren was used in ancient formulas for lung atelectasis, lung abscess, cough, sputum, and upper-rebellious qi. Xing Ren descends qi, calms wheezing, and disperses wind-cold in the Lung channel; it drains the lung. Ting Li treats lung obstruction with upper-rebel qi, cough, and phlegm-fluids. It is used for water qi in the lung due to its draining function and powerful qi-descending action. Su Zi governs lung wheezing,急促 cough/rebellion; it is a formula regulating the middle and descending qi. Chen Pi regulates lung qi and descends phlegm; used for phlegm-heat knot qi in the diaphragm, vomiting, cough, and rebellion. Shi Gao clears great heat in the three jiao, drains stomach fire, moistens the lung, and sinks phlegm; usable for excess-heat wheezing/cough. Dan Zhu Ye governs chest phlegm-heat. Zhi Mu moistens heart and lung; combined with Huang Bo, it treats yin-deficiency fire-hyperactivity wheezing/cough. Di Gu Pi treats consumptive heat cough. Qing Dai collects five-zang fire-heat. For true cold-cough, Rou Gui can guide cold qi out, and Gan Jiang can disperse cold pathogens. For external cold-induced wheezing/phlegm-cough, Ma Huang is used to open and release. (*Yi Zong Cui Yan*) (Excerpt)
Xing Ren disperses lung qi; suitable for excess pathogens in the lung or wind-cold binding externally causing internal stagnation. (*Yuan Li*)
Formulas for Ventilating the Lung (Including Tonifying Lung Formulas). Ning Sou Hua Tan Tang treats wind-cold invasion, cough, and nasal congestion.
Jie Geng, Zhi Qiao (bran-fried), Ban Xia (soaked seven times in ginger juice), Chen Pi, Qian Hu, Gan Ge, Fu Ling (1 qian each), Zi Su (1.2 qian), Ma Huang (1 qian, double in winter, reduce in summer), Sang Bai Pi, Xing Ren (fried, peeled, core removed, 1 qian each), Gan Cao (0.4 qian).
Boil two zhong of water with three slices of ginger until reduced to eight fen; take warm after meals. (*Tong Zhi*) (Note: This is a variation of Shen Su Yin.)
Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang treats men and women with deficient yang attacking upward, qi failing to ascend and descend, excess above and deficiency below, diaphragmatic obstruction with much phlegm, throat discomfort, cough, vexatious thirst, dizziness.
Chuan Dang Gui (remove radix tip), Gan Cao, Niu Pi (remove coarse bark), Qian Hu (remove radix tip, 2 liang each), Chen Pi (remove white part), Rou Gui (remove coarse bark, 3 liang each), Zi Su Zi, Ban Xia Qu (5 liang each).
Grind into fine powder. Take two large qian per dose. Boil with one and a half zhong of water, two slices of ginger, one date, and five leaves of Zi Su until reduced to eight fen. Strain and take warm. Anytime. (*He Ji Ju Fang*) (Note: Based on *Qian Jin Fang* Zi Su Zi Tang for weak legs and upper-rebel qi, without Zi Ye.)
Yang Fei Tang treats lung invaded by cold pathogens, upper-rebel wheezing, frequent cough, hoarseness, thick sticky sputum.
Zi Wan (0.5 liang, remove soil), Kuan Dong Hua (0.5 liang), Xing Ren (0.5 liang, peel/remove core), Wu Wei Zi (0.5 liang), Bai Fu Ling (1 liang), Ban Xia (boiled/washed ten-plus times), Gui (0.5 liang, remove bark), Jie Geng (0.5 liang, light fry), Zi Su Zi (0.5 liang, light fry).
Grind into coarse powder. Take three large qian per dose. Boil with one da zhong of water and ten slices of ginger until reduced to seven fen. Strain and take slightly warm. Anytime. (*Wei Sheng Jia Bao*)
*Zhi Zhi Fang* Yang Fei Tang removes Wu Wei Zi and Gui from this formula, adding Ren Shen, Chen Pi, Sang Bai Pi, Gan Cao, and Wu Mei.
Kuan Dong Hua San treats cold obstruction interaction, lung qi dysfunction, cough with wheezing/fullness, chest-diaphragm vexation, solid phlegm and saliva, noisy breathing, nasal congestion with clear discharge, headache, dizziness, limb fatigue/pain, throat swelling/pain.
Kuan Dong Hua (remove stems), Sang Ye (wash/dry; *Yi Fang Da Cheng* cites Sang Bai Pi), Zhi Mu (remove radix tip, 20 liang each), Bei Mu (remove heart, bran-fried), Xing Ren (peel/core remove, bran-fried), Ban Xia (boiled seven times, ginger-processed), E Jiao (chopped/fried like pearls), Gan Cao (2.5 jin each), Ma Huang (remove roots/joints, 5 jin).
Grind into coarse powder. Take two qian per dose. Boil with one zhong of water and three slices of ginger until reduced to seven fen. Strain and take warm after meals. (*He Ji Ju Fang*) Another formula, Ren Shen Ding Chuan Tang, treats lung qi cough and upper-wheezing. Remove Kuan Dong Hua, Sang Ye, Zhi Mu, Bei Mu, Xing Ren from the base formula; add Ren Shen, Sang Bai Pi, Ying Su Ke.
Hua Gai San treats lung invaded by cold pathogens, cough with upper-rebel qi, chest-diaphragm vexation/fullness, neck-back stiffness, hoarse voice/nasal congestion, dizziness, phlegm-q i obstruction, noisy breathing.
Ma Huang (remove joints/roots), Zi Su Zi (paper-fried), Sang Bai Pi (roasted), Xing Ren (peel/core remove, fried), Chi Fu Ling (peel), Chen Pi (remove white part, 1 liang each), Gan Cao (roasted, 0.5 liang).
Grind seven ingredients into powder. Take two qian per dose. Boil with one zhong of water until reduced to seven fen. Strain and take warm after meals. (Same source)
Bei Mu Tang treats various chronic coughs not healing.
Bei Mu (1 liang, remove heart, ginger-processed, baked half-day), Huang Qin (raw, peel off), Gan Jiang (raw, 1 liang each), Chen Pi (remove white part), Wu Wei Zi (1 liang, selected), Sang Bai Pi (wash/honey-roast yellow), Ban Xia (soak in boiling water seven times), Chai Hu (remove seedlings, wash clean), Gui Xin (avoid fire, 0.5 liang each), Mu Xiang (0.1 fen), Gan Cao (0.1 fen, roasted).
Grind into coarse powder. Take five qian per dose. Boil with one and a half zhong of water, seven peeled/crushed Xing Ren, and seven slices of ginger until reduced to seven fen. Strain and take hot. Huang Shiwen said: In winter of Wushen year, a man named Jiang had a wife with years of cough. Prepared this formula for her; cured in one dose. Used for various coughs, all healed. (*Ben Shi Fang*)
Ba Bao San treats cough.
Ying Su Ke (remove pulp/stem top, honey-fried), Ju Hong, Kuan Dong Hua, Bai He, Sang Bai Pi, Jie Geng (fried), Ren Shen (remove radix tip), E Jiao (chopped/barnacle powder-fried into pearls).
Equal parts ground into coarse powder. Take three large qian per dose. Boil with one and a half zhong of water, five large slices of ginger, one Wu Mei, and two split northern dates until reduced to eight fen. Strain and take warm before sleep. (*Wei Shi*) (Note: Similar to *He Ji Ju Fang* Ren Shen Qing Fei Tang, listed under *Gu Zheng*.) *Bao Jian* Jiu Xian San treats all coughs. Remove Ju Hong, Bai He, Ginger, Date from base formula; add Wu Wei Zi, Bei Mu, grind to powder. Take three qian per dose, mixed with white water. *Zhou Zhen Fang* cites *Mi Fang* for persistent coughs. Remove Kuan Dong Hua, Bai He, Sang Bai Pi from base formula; add Xing Ren, Mu Xiang, Wu Wei Zi, Gan Cao, Shi Gao.
Bai Hua Gao treats persistent wheezing/cough, or blood in phlegm.
Kuan Dong Hua, Bai He (steam/dry).
Equal parts ground to fine powder. Make pills with refined honey, size of longan. Take one pill per dose after meals/before sleep, chew slowly, swallow with ginger water. Lozenges are better. (*Ji Sheng Xu Fang*)
Ren Shen Ge Jie San treats 20-30 year history of lung qi upper-rebel wheezing/cough, expectorating pus-blood, facial sores, generalized yellow edema.
Ge Jie (one pair whole, soak in river water five nights, change water daily, wash clean/deodorize, roast in butter until yellow/cooked), Gan Cao (roast purple), Xing Ren (peel/core remove, fry, 5 liang each), Ren Shen, Fu Ling, Bei Mu, Sang Bai Pi, Zhi Mu (2 liang each).
Grind to fine powder. Store in clean porcelain box. Take like tea daily. One course cures permanently, miraculous effect. (*Yu Yao Yuan Fang*)
Zi Wan Rong Tang treats overeating, shouting/loss of qi, eating fried foods, pathogenic heat injuring lung, cough/throat itch, much phlegm/blood sputum, wheezing/chest-fullness/costal pain, inability to lie flat.
Zi Wan Rong (wash), Frost-touched Sang Ye, Kuan Dong Hua, Bai He (steam/dry), Xing Ren (peel/core remove), E Jiao (barnacle powder-fried), Bei Mu (remove heart), Pu Huang (fried), Ban Xia (boiled seven times, 1 liang each), Xi Jiao (shaved), Gan Cao (roasted, 0.5 liang each), Ren Shen (0.5 liang).
Cut into pieces. Take four qian per dose. Boil with one and a half zhong of water and five slices of ginger until reduced to eight fen. Strain and take warm after meals. (*Ji Sheng*)
Moistening Lung Formulas. Su Zi Jian Fang treats upper-rebel cough.
Su Zi, Bai Mi, Sheng Jiang Zhi, Di Huang Zhi, Xing Ren (2 sheng each).
Crush Su Zi, pour Di Huang Zhi and Sheng Jiang Zhi over it, squeeze juice through silk cloth. Crush again, pour juice, squeeze again, until flavor is exhausted, discard dregs. Roast Xing Ren until yellow-black, grind to paste. Pour previous juice over it, squeeze back and forth six-seven times until flavor exhausted, discard dregs. Mix with honey, place in copper vessel, simmer over water bath until like malt syrup. Take one fang cun bi per dose, three times day, once night. (Cui Shi formula lacks Di Huang Zhi) (*Qian Jin Fang*) (Note: *Qian Jin Fang* also has Xing Ren Jian, where Su Zi is water-ground/squeezed for seven he. *Lan Tai Gui Fan* cites this formula: "Su Zi squeezed juice begins to have power.")
E Jiao Wan calms lung qi.
E Jiao, Ren Shen, Fu Ling, Bai He, Bei Mu, Jie Geng, Wu Wei Zi, Shan Yao (1 liang each), Gan Cao (0.5 liang), Ban Xia (0.1 fen).
Grind to fine powder. Mix with refined honey, make pills like bullet size. Take one pill per dose. Boil with one zhong of water and three slices of ginger until reduced to seven fen. Take with dregs warm, before meals. (*Ji Feng*)
For lung-heat cough with pus-blood, plus bone-steaming chills/fever: Use 8 liang fresh Bai He, paired with 4 liang each of Zhi Mu, Chuan Bei Mu, Tian Men Dong, Mai Men Dong, Huai Sheng Di, Yi Yi Ren, Bei Sha Shen. Simmer to paste, collect with refined honey. Take ten spoons morning/evening, adjusted with Ren Shen decoction. (*Hui Yan* citing *Miao Shi Jia Zhen*) (Note: *Ming Yi Zhi Zhang* says: "Medicine must be taken before sleep, swallowed slowly, to enter the lung." Such two formulas are best swallowed slowly.)
*Duan Ju Fang* Treat Cough, Sheng Jiang Wu Wei Zi Tang Formula.
Wu Wei Zi (0.5 fen), Sheng Jiang (8 liang), Zi Wan (1 liang), Ban Xia (2 liang, wash), Wu Zhu Yu (1 liang), Kuan Dong Hua (0.5 liang), Xi Xin (1 liang), Fu Zi (one, processed), Fu Ling (4 liang), Gan Cao (2 liang, roasted), Gui Xin (1 liang).
Eleven ingredients cut. Boil in one dou of water until reduced to five sheng. Divide into three warm doses. Elderly may take five he. (*Wai Tai Mi Yao*) *Sheng Hui Fang* treats Qi Cough, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, loss of appetite. Gan Jiang San removes Sheng Jiang, Zi Wan, Ban Xia, Wu Zhu Yu, Fu Ling from base formula; adds Gan Jiang, Bai Zhu, Mu Xiang.
Shen Shi Fang treats lung qi insufficiency, rebellious fullness/upper-rebel qi, throat blockage/shortness of breath, cold rising from back, mouth feeling like holding frost/snow, loss of voice, severe hemoptysis. Bu Fei Tang Formula.
Wu Wei Zi (3 liang), Gan Jiang (2 liang), Kuan Dong Hua (2 liang), Gui Xin (1 chi), Mai Men Dong (1 sheng, remove heart), Da Zao (100, split), Jing Mi (2 he), Sang Gen Bai Pi (1 jin).
Eight ingredients cut. Boil in one dou two sheng of water. First boil dates, Sang Bai Pi, Jing Mi. After five boils, add remaining herbs. Cook until reduced to three sheng. Divide into three doses. Avoid raw green onion. (*Wai Tai Mi Yao*)