味甘，温。无毒。
《本草》云∶主辟恶，杀鬼精物，温疟，蛊毒，痫 ，去三虫，除邪，令人无梦魇。久
服，通神明、轻身、长年。生中台川谷。
《禹锡》云∶按《梁书》云∶中天竺国出苏合香，是诸香汁煎之，非自然一物也。
气温，味辛、苦，味浓气轻，阴中阳也。纯阳，无毒。
《象》云∶治后重如神。性如铁石之沉重，能坠诸药至于下极。杵细用。
《心》云∶苦以破滞，辛以散邪，专破滞气下行。
《珍》云∶破滞气，泄胸中至高之气。
《本草》云∶主消谷逐水，除痰癖，下三虫，去伏尸，疗寸白虫。
气寒，味微苦。味苦，性大寒，味薄，阴中阳也。无毒。入手太阴经。
《象》云∶治心烦，懊 而不得眠，心神颠倒欲绝，血滞，小便不利。杵细用。
《心》云∶去心中客热，除烦躁，与豉同用。
《珍》云∶止渴，去心懊 烦躁。
《本草》云∶主五内邪气，胃中热气，面赤，酒 渣鼻，白癞、赤癞，疮疡。疗目热赤
痛，胸心大小肠大热，心中烦闷，胃中热气。仲景用栀子治烦，胸为至高之分也。故易老云
∶轻浮而象肺也，色赤而象火，故能泻肺
中之火。《本草》不言吐，仲景用此为吐药。栀子本非吐药，为邪气在上，拒而不纳，故令
上吐，邪因得以出。经曰∶其高者因而越之，此之谓也。或用栀子利小便，实非利小便，清
肺也。肺气清而化，膀胱为津液之府，小便得此气化而出也。《本经》谓治大小肠热，辛与
庚合，又与丙合，又能泄戊，其先入中州故也。入手太阴。栀子豉汤治烦躁，烦者，气也，
躁者，血也。气主肺，血主肾。故用栀子，以治肺烦；用香豉，以治肾躁。躁者，懊 不得
眠也。少气、虚满者，加甘草；若哕呕者，加生姜、橘皮。下后，腹满而烦，栀子浓朴枳实
汤；下后，身热微烦，栀子甘草干姜汤。栀子大而长者，染色，不堪入药。皮薄而圆，七棱
至九棱者，名山栀子，所谓越桃者是也。
《衍义》云∶仲景治伤寒，发汗吐下后，虚烦不得眠。若剧者，必反复颠倒，心中懊
，以栀子豉汤治虚烦。故不用大黄，以有寒毒故也。栀子虽寒无毒，治胃中热气。既亡血
，亡津液，脏腑无润养，内生虚热，非此不可除。又，治心经留热，小便赤涩，去皮山栀子
（火煨），大黄、连翘、甘草（炙）等分，末之。水煎三钱匕，服之者无不效。
仲景《伤寒论》及古今诸名医，治发黄皆用栀子、茵陈、香豉、甘草四物，等分，作汤
饮之。又治大病起，劳复，皆用栀子、鼠矢等汤，并利小便而愈。其方极多，不可悉载。用
仁，去心胸中热，用皮，去肌表热。
味甘，性温。无毒。
《本草》记载：主治辟除邪气，杀灭鬼精物（指致病的邪祟或寄生虫），治疗温疟（一种以发热为主症的疟疾）、蛊毒（由虫毒引起的中毒性疾病）、癫痫，驱除体内三种寄生虫，祛除邪气，使人不做恶梦。长期服用，能通灵达神、使身体轻健、延年益寿。产于中台川谷。
《禹锡》记载：据《梁书》所说，中天竺国出产苏合香，这是各种香汁煎煮而成的，并非天然单一物体。
气温，味辛、苦，气味浓郁而质地较轻，属阴中有阳。纯阳之性，无毒。
《李杲（象）》说：治疗里急后重效果如神。药性像铁石一样沉重，能使其他药物到达人体最下部。需捣碎成细末使用。
《王好古（心）》说：苦味能破除气滞，辛味能疏散邪气，专门破降下行滞气。
《张元素（珍）》说：破除滞气，泄降胸中至高之气。
《本草》记载：主治消化谷物、逐水消肿，去除痰癖（停聚在胁下的痰饮），下驱三种寄生虫，去除伏尸（潜伏体内的死血或寄生虫），治疗寸白虫（绦虫）。
气寒，味微苦。味苦，性大寒，气味淡薄，属阴中有阳。无毒。归入手太阴肺经。
《李杲（象）》说：治疗心烦、懊憹（心中烦乱不适）导致无法入睡，心神颠倒欲绝，血行瘀滞，小便不利。需捣碎成细末使用。
《王好古（心）》说：清除心中的客热，去除烦躁，与豆豉同用。
《张元素（珍）》说：止渴，去除心中懊憹和烦躁。
《本草》记载：主治五脏内的邪气，胃中的热气，面色发红，酒渣鼻，白癞病、赤癞病，疮疡。治疗眼睛红肿热痛，胸、心、大小肠的大热，心中烦闷，胃中热气。张仲景用栀子治疗烦证，因为胸部是人体至高的部位。所以易老（张元素号）说：栀子轻浮而象肺，色赤而象火，所以能泻肺中之火。《本草》未提及催吐，但张仲景将其作为吐药使用。栀子本身不是吐药，是因为邪气在上焦，身体拒绝接纳，所以引起上吐，邪气得以排出。经文说：病位在高处的，因势利导使其从上而出，说的就是这个道理。有人用栀子来利小便，其实并非直接利小便，而是清肺。肺气清肃则津液输布正常，膀胱是津液汇聚之所，小便因此通过气化作用而排出。《本经》说治疗大小肠热，辛味与庚金相合，又与丙火相合，又能泄戊土（胃），这是因为先入中州（脾胃）的缘故。归入手太阴肺经。栀子豉汤治疗烦躁，烦属于气分，躁属于血分。气主肺，血主肾。所以用栀子治疗肺分之烦；用香豉治疗肾分之躁。躁表现为懊憹不得眠。少气、虚满的，加甘草；如果呃逆呕吐的，加生姜、橘皮。攻下之后，腹部胀满且烦，用栀子厚朴枳实汤；攻下之后，身热微烦，用栀子甘草干姜汤。栀子大而长的，是被染色的，不堪入药。皮薄而圆，有七棱至九棱的，名叫山栀子，也就是所谓的越桃。
《寇宗奭（衍义）》说：张仲景治疗伤寒，发汗、催吐、攻下之后，出现虚烦不得眠。如果严重的，必定反复颠倒，心中懊憹，用栀子豉汤治疗虚烦。所以不用大黄，因为有寒毒的缘故。栀子虽然性寒但无毒，治疗胃中热气。既然已经亡血、亡失津液，脏腑失去滋润，内生虚热，非此药不能清除。另外，治疗心经留热，小便赤涩，取去皮的山栀子（火煨），大黄、连翘、甘草（炙）等分，研为末。用水煎服三钱匕，服用者无不有效。
张仲景《伤寒论》及古今各位名医，治疗发黄都使用栀子、茵陈、香豉、甘草四味药，等分，煎汤饮用。又治疗大病初愈后因劳累复发，都用栀子、鼠矢等方剂，并通利小便而痊愈。其方剂极多，不可全部记载。用仁，去除心胸中的热；用皮，去除肌表的热。
Taste is sweet, nature is warm. Non-toxic.
Bencao states: It primarily wards off evil influences, kills ghostly essences and objects (referring to pathogenic evils or parasites), treats warm malaria (a type of malaria characterized by fever), gu poison (poisoning caused by insect toxins), epilepsy, expels three types of intestinal parasites, dispels pathogenic factors, and prevents nightmares. Long-term use connects the spirit, lightens the body, and prolongs life. It grows in Zhongtai River Valleys.
Yuxi states: According to the Book of Liang, Suhe Xiang (Styrax) is produced in Central India; it is a decoction of various aromatic juices, not a single natural substance.
Nature is warm, taste is pungent and bitter. The scent is strong while the substance is light; it belongs to Yin containing Yang. It is purely Yang in nature and non-toxic.
Li Gao (Xiang) states: It cures tenesmus with miraculous effect. Its nature is heavy like iron or stone, capable of driving other herbs to the lowest extremities of the body. It should be pounded into fine powder for use.
Wang Haogu (Xin) states: Bitterness breaks stagnation, pungency disperses pathogens; it specifically breaks down stagnant Qi and directs it downward.
Zhang Yuansu (Zhen) states: It breaks Qi stagnation and drains the highest Qi in the chest.
Bencao states: It primarily aids digestion, promotes water metabolism, removes phlegm retention (phlegm-fluid retention under the ribs), expels three types of intestinal parasites, eliminates Fu Shi (latent dead blood or parasites), and treats Taenia saginata (tapeworm).
Nature is cold, taste is slightly bitter. Taste is bitter, nature is greatly cold, scent is thin; it belongs to Yin containing Yang. Non-toxic. Enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian.
Li Gao (Xiang) states: It treats mental restlessness, ao nao (inner vexation and discomfort) leading to insomnia, extreme mental confusion, blood stasis, and difficult urination. It should be pounded into fine powder for use.
Wang Haogu (Xin) states: It clears guest-heat from the heart, removes irritability, and is used together with Dou Chi (Fermented Soybean).
Zhang Yuansu (Zhen) states: It stops thirst and removes mental restlessness and irritability.
Bencao states: It primarily treats pathogenic factors within the five zang organs, heat in the stomach, red face, rhinophyma (rosacea), white leprosy, red leprosy, and sores/ulcers. It treats hot red painful eyes, excessive heat in the chest, heart, large and small intestines, mental vexation, and stomach heat. Zhang Zhongjing uses Zhi Zi (Gardenia Fruit) to treat vexation because the chest is the highest region of the body. Thus, Yi Lao (Zhang Yuansu's pseudonym) says: Light and floating, it resembles the Lung; red in color, it resembles Fire; therefore, it can drain Fire from the Lungs. Bencao does not mention vomiting, but Zhang Zhongjing used it as an emetic. Zhi Zi itself is not an emetic; rather, when pathogens are in the upper jiao, the body rejects them, causing vomiting, allowing pathogens to exit. The Classic states: "For those high up, induce evacuation from above," which refers to this principle. Some use Zhi Zi to promote urination, but this is actually clearing the Lungs. When Lung Qi is clear and transforms properly, the Bladder (the reservoir of fluids) allows urine to be excreted through Qi transformation. The Classic of Materia Medica states it treats heat in the large and small intestines. Pungency combines with Geng Metal, also combines with Bing Fire, and can drain Wu Earth (Stomach), because it first enters the Middle Jiao (Spleen and Stomach). It enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian. Zhizi Chi Tang treats vexation and agitation; "fan" (vexation) relates to Qi, and "zao" (agitation) relates to Blood. Qi governs the Lung, Blood governs the Kidney. Therefore, Zhi Zi is used to treat Lung-related vexation; Xiang Chi is used to treat Kidney-related agitation. Agitation manifests as ao nao and inability to sleep. For shortness of Qi and deficiency-type fullness, add Gan Cao (Licorice Root); if there is hiccups or vomiting, add Sheng Jiang (Fresh Ginger) and Ju Pi (Tangerine Peel). After purgation, if abdominal fullness and vexation occur, use Zhizi Houpo Zhishi Tang; after purgation, if slight fever and mild vexation occur, use Zhizi Gancao Ganjiang Tang. Large and long Zhi Zi are dyed and unsuitable for medicinal use. Those with thin skin, round shape, and seven to nine ridges are called Shan Zhi Zi (Mountain Gardenia), also known as Yue Tao.
Kou Zongshi (Yanyi) states: Zhang Zhongjing treated Shaoyang syndrome (Shanghan), where after sweating, vomiting, or purging, deficiency-vexation and insomnia occurred. If severe, the patient would toss and turn repeatedly with inner vexation, treated with Zhizi Chi Tang for deficiency-vexation. Da Huang (Rhubarb Root) is not used because of its cold toxicity. Although Zhi Zi is cold and non-toxic, treating stomach heat, once blood and body fluids are depleted, the zang-fu organs lose nourishment, generating internal deficiency-heat, which cannot be cleared without this herb. Additionally, for retained heat in the Heart Meridian and dark, scanty urination, remove the skin of Shan Zhi Zi (fire-roasted), equal parts of Da Huang, Lian Qiao (Forsythia Fruit), and Gan Cao (honey-fried), grind into powder. Decoct 3 qianbi in water; administration is invariably effective.
In Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Cold Damage and works of ancient and modern famous physicians, yellowing (jaundice) is treated using equal parts of Zhi Zi, Yin Chen (Artemisia Capillaris Herb), Xiang Chi, and Gan Cao, decocted as a drink. Also, for recurrence of illness due to overexertion after major diseases, formulas containing Zhi Zi and Rat Droppings are used, promoting urination for recovery. There are too many such formulas to list completely. Using the kernel clears heat from the heart and chest; using the peel clears heat from the muscle surface.