《宣明五气论》曰∶五气所病∶心为噫，（象火炎上，烟随焰出，心不受秽，故噫出之。）肺为咳，
（象金坚劲，扣之有声，邪击于肺，故为咳也。）肝为语，（象木枝条，而形支别，语宣委曲，故出于肝。）脾为吞，
（象土包容，物归于内，翕如皆受，故为吞也。）肾为欠为嚏，（象水下流，上生云雾，气郁于胃，故欠生焉。太
阳之气和利而满于心，出于鼻则生嚏。）胃为气逆为哕为恐，（胃为水谷之海，肾与为关，关门不利，则气
逆而上行也。以包容水谷，性喜受寒，寒谷相薄，故为哕也。寒盛则哕起，热盛则恐生。何者？胃热则肾气微
弱，故为恐也。）大肠小肠为泄，下焦溢为水，（大肠为传导之腑，小肠为受盛之腑，受盛之气既虚，传道
之司不禁，故为泄利也。下焦为分注之所，气窒而不泻，则溢而为水矣。）膀胱不利为癃，不约为遗溺，（膀
胱为津液之府，水注由之。然足三焦脉实，约下焦而不通，则不得小便；足三焦脉虚，不约下焦，则遗溺也。）胆
为怒，（中正决断，无私无偏，其性刚决，故为怒也。）是为五病。五精所并∶精气并于心则喜，（精气，
谓火之精气也。肺虚而心精并之，则为喜。《灵枢经》曰∶喜乐无极则伤魄，魄为肺神，明心火并于肺金也。）并于
肺则悲，（肝虚而肺气并之，则为悲。《灵枢》曰∶悲哀动中则伤魂。魂为肝神，明肺金并于肝木也。）并于肝
则忧，（脾虚而肝气并之，则为忧。《灵枢》曰∶愁忧不解则伤意。意为脾神，明肝木并于脾土也。）并于脾则
畏，（肾虚而脾气并之，则为畏。《灵枢》曰∶恐惧不解则伤精，精为肾之神，明脾土并于肾水也。）并于肾则
恐。（心虚而肾气并之，则为恐。《灵枢》曰∶怵惕思虑则伤神。神为心主，明肾水并于心火也。怵惕惊惧也，此
皆由于正气不足而胜气并之也。）是为五并，虚而相并者也。五脏所恶∶心恶热，（热则脉溃浊。）肺
恶寒，（寒则气留滞。）肝恶风，（风则筋燥急。）脾恶湿，（湿则肉痿肿。）肾恶燥。（燥则精竭涸。）是谓五
恶。五味所禁∶辛走气，气病无多食辛；咸走血，血病无多食咸；（咸先入肾，此云走血者，肾
合三焦，血脉虽属肝心，实为中焦之道，故咸入而走血也。）苦走骨，骨病无多食苦；（苦走心，此云走骨
者，水火相济，骨气通于心也。）甘走肉，肉病无多食甘；酸走筋，筋病无多食酸。是谓五禁。
五病所发∶阴病发于骨；阳病发于血；阴病发于肉；（骨肉阴静，故阳气从之。血脉阳动，故阴
气乘之。）阳病发于冬；阴病发于夏。（夏阳气盛，故阴病发于夏，冬阴气盛，故阳病发于冬，各随其少也。）
是谓五发。五邪所乱∶邪入于阳则狂；邪入于阴则痹；（邪居于阳脉之中，则四支热盛，故为
狂。邪入于阴脉之内，则六经凝涩不通，故为痹。）搏阳则为颠疾；（邪内搏于阳，则脉流薄疾，故为上颠之疾。）
搏阴则为喑；（邪内搏于阴，则脉不流，故令喑不能言。）阳入之阴则静；阴出之阳则怒。（随所之而
为疾也。之，往也。）是谓五乱。五劳所伤∶久视伤血，（劳于心也。）久卧伤气，（劳于肺也。）久坐伤
肉，（劳于脾也。）久立伤骨，（劳于肾也。）久行伤筋，（劳于肝也。）是谓五劳所伤。
《宣明五气论》说：五脏之气异常所引发的病症：心气异常表现为嗳气，（这就像火性炎上，烟雾随火焰冒出，心不受污秽之气侵扰，所以通过嗳气将其排出。）肺气异常表现为咳嗽，（这就像金性刚劲，敲击时发出声响，邪气侵袭肺部，所以引起咳嗽。）肝气异常表现为多言，（这就像木性枝条舒展，形态分支众多，言语能表达委婉曲折的心意，所以出于肝。）脾气异常表现为吞咽动作频繁，（这就像土性包容万物，物体归于体内，一切都能接纳，所以表现为吞咽。）肾气异常表现为呵欠和喷嚏，（这就像水性向下流，上方产生云雾，气机郁结在胃，所以产生呵欠。太阳经之气调和通畅并充盈于心，从鼻窍外出则产生喷嚏。）胃气异常表现为气逆、呃逆和恐惧，（胃是水谷汇聚的海，肾与胃互为关隘，如果关隘功能不利，气就会逆乱上行。因为胃容纳水谷，本性喜欢受寒，寒气与水谷相互搏结，所以发生呃逆。寒气盛则呃逆发作，热气盛则恐惧产生。为什么呢？胃热会导致肾气微弱，所以产生恐惧。）大肠和小肠异常表现为泄泻，下焦气化失常溢出水液，（大肠是传导糟粕的腑，小肠是接受和盛纳水谷的腑，受纳之气既然虚弱，传导的功能不能节制，所以发生泄泻。下焦是水液分流灌注的地方，气机阻滞不能排泄，就会溢出成为水肿。）膀胱气化不利表现为小便不通（癃闭），约束无力表现为遗尿，（膀胱是津液储存的府库，水液由此注入。然而足三焦脉象实盛，约束下焦却不通畅，就不能小便；足三焦脉象虚弱，不约束下焦，就会遗尿。）胆气异常表现为易怒，（胆主中正决断，无私无偏，其性质刚强果断，所以表现为愤怒。）这叫做五种病证。五脏精气相并的规律：精气并入心则喜笑，（精气，指的是火的精气。肺虚而心的精气并入它，就表现为喜笑。《灵枢经》说：喜乐没有节制就会损伤魄，魄是肺的神志，这说明心火并入了肺金。）精气并入肺则悲伤，（肝虚而肺的精气并入它，就表现为悲伤。《灵枢》说：悲哀触动内心就会损伤魂。魂是肝的神志，这说明肺金并入了肝木。）精气并入肝则忧愁，（脾虚而肝的精气并入它，就表现为忧愁。《灵枢》说：愁忧不解就会损伤意。意是脾的神志，这说明肝木并入了脾土。）精气并入脾则畏惧，（肾虚而脾的精气并入它，就表现为畏惧。《灵枢》说：恐惧不解就会损伤精，精是肾的神志，这说明脾土并入了肾水。）精气并入肾则恐惧。（心虚而肾的精气并入它，就表现为恐惧。《灵枢》说：惊恐思虑就会损伤神。神由心主宰，这说明肾水并入了心火。怵惕就是惊惧，这些都是由于正气不足而被胜气所并。）这叫做五种精气相并，是虚损状态下精气相互兼并的情况。五脏所厌恶的因素：心厌恶热，（热会使血脉溃烂浑浊。）肺厌恶寒，（寒会使气机留滞。）肝厌恶风，（风会使筋脉干燥拘急。）脾厌恶湿，（湿会使肌肉痿软肿胀。）肾厌恶燥。（燥会使精髓枯竭。）这叫做五种厌恶。五味所禁忌的事项：辛味走散气，气病的人不要多吃辛味；咸味走血，血病的人不要多吃咸味；（咸味先入肾，这里说走血，是因为肾合于三焦，血脉虽然属于肝心，实际上经过中焦之道，所以咸味进入而走血。）苦味走骨，骨病的人不要多吃苦味；（苦味走心，这里说走骨，是因为水火相互济助，骨气通于心。）甘味走肉，肉病的人不要多吃甘味；酸味走筋，筋病的人不要多吃酸味。这叫做五种禁忌。
五种病证的发作部位：阴病发作于骨骼；阳病发作于血脉；阴病发作于肌肉；（骨肉属阴且静，所以阳气会依附于它。血脉属阳且动，所以阴气会乘袭它。）阳病发作于冬季；阴病发作于夏季。（夏季阳气盛，所以阴病发作于夏季；冬季阴气盛，所以阳病发作于冬季，都是随着阴阳之气的少者而发作。）这叫做五种发作。五种邪气扰乱人体的情况：邪气侵入阳分则发狂；邪气侵入阴分则形成痹证；（邪气居于阳脉之中，四肢热盛，所以发狂。邪气进入阴脉之内，六经凝涩不通，所以形成痹证。）邪气搏击阳分则导致癫疾；（邪气内迫于阳，脉血流注急迫，所以导致头部巅顶的疾病。）邪气搏击阴分则导致失音；（邪气内迫于阴，脉气不流动，所以导致失音不能说话。）阳气入于阴分则安静；阴气出于阳分则发怒。（疾病随着邪气所在之处而产生。之，意为往。）这叫做五种紊乱。五种劳倦所致的损伤：久视伤血，（劳损在心。）久卧伤气，（劳损在肺。）久坐伤肉，（劳损在脾。）久立伤骨，（劳损在肾。）久行伤筋，（劳损在肝。）这叫做五种劳倦所致的损伤。
The "Xuan Ming Wu Qi Lun" (Treatise on the Manifestation of the Five Qi) states: The diseases caused by the five qi: Abnormality of Heart qi manifests as belching, (This is like fire blazing upward, with smoke following the flame; the Heart does not accept filth, so it expels it through belching.) Abnormality of Lung qi manifests as cough, (This is like metal being firm and stiff, producing sound when struck; when pathogenic factors strike the Lung, a cough ensues.) Abnormality of Liver qi manifests as excessive talking, (This is like wood having spreading branches and distinct forms; speech expresses complex feelings, thus originating from the Liver.) Abnormality of Spleen qi manifests as frequent swallowing, (This is like earth's capacity to contain and include; things return inward, accepting all, thus manifesting as swallowing.) Abnormality of Kidney qi manifests as yawning and sneezing, (This is like water flowing downward while mist rises above; qi stagnates in the Stomach, causing yawning. When Taiyang qi is harmonious and fills the Heart, exiting through the nose causes sneezing.) Abnormality of Stomach qi manifests as rebellious qi, hiccup, and fear, (The Stomach is the sea of water and grain, with the Kidney acting as its gate; if the gate fails, qi rebels and ascends. As the Stomach contains food and drink and prefers cold, when cold and food clash, hiccup occurs. Excess cold triggers hiccup, while excess heat triggers fear. Why? Heat in the Stomach weakens Kidney qi, leading to fear.) Abnormality of the Large Intestine and Small Intestine manifests as diarrhea, and dysfunction of the Lower Jiao leads to fluid overflow, (The Large Intestine is the fu-organ of conduction, and the Small Intestine is the fu-organ of reception and transformation; if the qi of reception is deficient and conduction uncontrolled, diarrhea results. The Lower Jiao is where fluids are distributed; if qi is obstructed and cannot drain, it overflows into edema.) Dysfunction of the Bladder manifests as difficulty urinating (Lin syndrome), and lack of control manifests as enuresis, (The Bladder is the storage vessel for body fluids. However, if the Foot Sanjiao pulse is excess and constrains the Lower Jiao without allowing flow, urination is impossible; if the Foot Sanjiao pulse is deficient and fails to constrain the Lower Jiao, enuresis occurs.) Abnormality of the Gallbladder manifests as irritability, (The Gallbladder governs justice and decision-making, impartial and unbiased, with a rigid and decisive nature, thus manifesting as anger.) These are called the five diseases. The merging of the five essences: If essence merges into the Heart, there is joy, (Essence refers to the essence of Fire. When the Lung is deficient and Heart essence merges into it, joy ensues. The *Ling Shu* states: Unrestrained joy damages Po, which is the spirit of the Lung, indicating that Heart Fire merges into Lung Metal.) If essence merges into the Lung, there is sorrow, (When the Liver is deficient and Lung essence merges into it, sorrow ensues. The *Ling Shu* states: Sadness moving within damages Hun, which is the spirit of the Liver, indicating that Lung Metal merges into Liver Wood.) If essence merges into the Liver, there is worry, (When the Spleen is deficient and Liver essence merges into it, worry ensues. The *Ling Shu* states: Unresolved grief damages Yi, which is the spirit of the Spleen, indicating that Liver Wood merges into Spleen Earth.) If essence merges into the Spleen, there is apprehension, (When the Kidney is deficient and Spleen essence merges into it, apprehension ensues. The *Ling Shu* states: Unresolved fear damages Jing, which is the spirit of the Kidney, indicating that Spleen Earth merges into Kidney Water.) If essence merges into the Kidney, there is fear. (When the Heart is deficient and Kidney essence merges into it, fear ensues. The *Ling Shu* states: Fright and rumination damage Shen, which is governed by the Heart, indicating that Kidney Water merges into Heart Fire. Chuti refers to fright and terror; these all result from deficiency of righteous qi allowing conquering qi to merge.) These are called the five mergings, occurring when deficiency allows mutual merging. The five aversions of the Zang organs: The Heart abhors heat, (Heat causes vessels to ulcerate and turbidity.) The Lung abhors cold, (Cold causes qi stagnation.) The Liver abhors wind, (Wind causes tendons to become dry and tense.) The Spleen abhors dampness, (Dampness causes muscles to atrophy and swell.) The Kidney abhors dryness. (Dryness causes essence to exhaust.) These are called the five aversions. The prohibitions regarding the five flavors: Pungent flavor moves qi; those with qi disorders should not consume much pungent flavor; Salty flavor moves blood; those with blood disorders should not consume much salty flavor; (Salty flavor enters the Kidney first. Here it is said to move blood because the Kidney combines with the Sanjiao; although blood vessels belong to the Liver and Heart, they actually pass through the Middle Jiao pathway, so salty flavor enters and moves blood.) Bitter flavor moves to the bones; those with bone disorders should not consume much bitter flavor; (Bitter flavor moves to the Heart. Here it is said to move to bones because Water and Fire mutually assist, and bone qi connects to the Heart.) Sweet flavor moves to the flesh; those with flesh disorders should not consume much sweet flavor; Sour flavor moves to the sinews; those with sinew disorders should not consume much sour flavor. These are called the five prohibitions.
The onset sites of the five diseases: Yin diseases manifest in the bones; Yang diseases manifest in the blood vessels; Yin diseases manifest in the flesh; (Bone and flesh are Yin and static, so Yang qi follows them. Blood vessels are Yang and active, so Yin qi attacks them.) Yang diseases manifest in winter; Yin diseases manifest in summer. (Summer has abundant Yang qi, so Yin diseases manifest in summer; Winter has abundant Yin qi, so Yang diseases manifest in winter, each following the lesser aspect.) These are called the five manifestations. The disorder caused by the five pathogens: Pathogens entering Yang lead to mania; pathogens entering Yin lead to Bi syndrome; (Pathogens residing in Yang meridians cause intense heat in the four limbs, leading to mania. Pathogens entering Yin meridians cause stagnation and blockage in the six meridians, leading to Bi syndrome.) Pathogens clashing with Yang lead to Dian disease; (Pathogens internally clashing with Yang cause rapid blood flow, leading to diseases of the head vertex.) Pathogens clashing with Yin lead to aphonia; (Pathogens internally clashing with Yin cause cessation of qi flow, leading to aphonia and inability to speak.) Yang entering Yin leads to quietness; Yin emerging to Yang leads to anger. (Disease arises according to where the pathogen goes. 'Zhi' means to go.) These are called the five disorders. The injuries caused by the five labors: Prolonged viewing damages blood, (Labor affecting the Heart.) Prolonged lying down damages qi, (Labor affecting the Lung.) Prolonged sitting damages flesh, (Labor affecting the Spleen.) Prolonged standing damages bones, (Labor affecting the Kidney.) Prolonged walking damages sinews, (Labor affecting the Liver.) These are called the injuries caused by the five labors.