【气味】味苦，性寒，无毒。主治肺热引起的咳嗽，痰液凝结导致的喘息急促，以及血痔和疮疡。（出自《开宝本草》）
陈修园评论说：其气寒，得水之气而入肾；其味苦，得火之味而入心。虽然声称无毒，但其偏于寒凉的药性，如果多服，必然会导致呕吐和腹泻不止。《黄帝内经》说：肺喜欢温暖而厌恶寒冷。像《开宝本草》所说的治疗肺热咳嗽，是极少见的病症。它所主治的咳嗽、痰结、喘息急促等症状，与血痔、疮疡等外部症状，采用相同的治疗方法，这毫无疑问体现了它凉泻攻坚的药性。如今的人被钱乙的“补肺阿胶散”这一方剂所迷惑，取用它来治疗虚损性的咳嗽，结果服用百次就会致死。
【气味】微寒，无毒。主治小儿的寒热往来，以及十二种惊痫病。（出自《名医别录》）
【气味】味甘、咸，性平，无毒。主治补益五脏，使人身体肥壮、面色白净润泽。（出自《名医别录》）
【气味】味咸，性寒，无毒。主治治疗寒热头痛，以及温气病。童男者尤良。（出自《名医别录》）
按语：虻虫、水蛭以及芜花、大戟、甘遂等不常用的药物，因篇幅狭窄不能全部记载。柯韵伯关于抵当汤、十枣汤的方论非常精妙，应当熟读。
[Flavor and Nature] Bitter, cold, non-toxic. Primarily treats lung heat cough (lung heat cough), phlegm accumulation with panting (phlegm accumulation with panting), blood hemorrhoids (blood hemorrhoids), and sores/ulcers (sores/ulcers). (From *Kaibao Bencao*)
Chen Xiuyuan comments: Its cold nature corresponds to water energy entering the Kidney (Kidney); its bitter flavor corresponds to fire flavor entering the Heart (Heart). Although stated as non-toxic, its predominantly cold nature, if taken in large doses, will inevitably cause incessant vomiting and diarrhea. The *Huangdi Neijing* states: The Lung prefers warmth and dislikes cold. The condition of "lung heat cough" mentioned in *Kaibao Bencao* is extremely rare. The conditions it primarily treats—cough, phlegm accumulation, and panting—are treated similarly to external symptoms like blood hemorrhoids and sores, which undoubtedly demonstrates its nature of cooling, purging, and breaking up accumulations. Modern people are confused by Qian Yi's formula *Bufei Ejiao San* (Tonifying Lung and Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction) and use it to treat deficiency-type coughs (deficiency cough), resulting in death after every hundred administrations.
[Flavor and Nature] Slightly cold, non-toxic. Primarily treats childhood alternating chills and fever (childhood alternating chills and fever), and the twelve types of convulsive epilepsy (twelve types of convulsive epilepsy). (From *Mingyi Bielu*)
[Flavor and Nature] Sweet, salty, neutral, non-toxic. Primarily tonifies the Five Viscera (Five Viscera), making the body plump, skin white, and lustrous. (From *Mingyi Bielu*)
[Flavor and Nature] Salty, cold, non-toxic. Primarily treats cold-heat headache (cold-heat headache) and warm qi disease (warm qi disease). Those from young males are particularly effective. (From *Mingyi Bielu*)
Note: Medicinals such as *Bengchong* (Tabanid Fly), *Shuizhi* (Leech), *Wuhua* (Genkwa Flos), *Daji* (Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix), and *Gansui* (Kansui Radix), which are not commonly used, cannot be fully recorded due to space constraints. Ke Yunbo's discussions on the formulas *Didang Tang* (Defending Against Stasis Decoction) and *Shizao Tang* (Ten Jujube Decoction) are extremely profound; they should be studied carefully.