（《灵枢·口问篇》全）
黄帝闲居，辟左右而问于岐伯曰∶余已闻九针之经论，阴阳逆顺六经已毕，愿得口问。岐伯避席再拜曰∶善乎哉问
也，此先师之所口传也。黄帝曰∶愿闻口传。岐伯答曰∶夫百病之始生也，皆生于风雨寒暑，阴阳喜怒，饮食居处，大
惊卒恐，则血气分离，阴阳破散，经络厥绝，脉道不通，阴阳相逆，卫气稽留，经脉虚空，血气不次，乃失其常。论不
在经者，请道其方。（此下诸问，既非风寒之外感，又非情志之内伤，论不在经，所当口传者也，故曰口问。）
黄帝曰∶人之欠者，何气使然？岐伯答曰∶卫气昼日行于阳，夜半则行于阴。阴者主夜，夜者卧。阳者主上，阴者
主下。故阴气积于下，阳气未尽，阳引而上，阴引而下，阴阳相引，故数欠。（欠者，张口呵吸，或伸臂展腰，以阴阳相
引而然也。夫阳主昼，阴主夜；阳主升，阴主降。凡人之寤寐，由于卫气。卫气者，昼行于阳，则动而为寤；夜行于阴，
则静而为寐。故人于欲卧未卧之际，欠必先之者，正以阳气将入阴分，阴积于下，阳犹未静，故阳欲引而升，阴欲引而
降，上下相引，而欠由生也。今人有神疲劳倦而为欠者，即阳不胜阴之候。）阳气尽，阴气盛，则目瞑；阴气尽而阳气盛，
则寤矣。（《大惑篇》曰∶卫气不得入于阴，常留于阳。留于阳则阳气满，阳气满则阳跷盛，不得入于阴则阴气虚，故目
不瞑矣。卫气留于阴，不得行于阳。留于阴则阴气盛，阴气盛则阴跷满，不得入于阳则阳气虚，故目闭也。吴玄纲曰∶
觉与阳合，寐与阴并。觉多者魂强，寐久者魄壮。魂强者生之徒，魄壮者死之徒。是皆阴阳盛衰之义。瞑音明，又上声。）
泻足少阴，补足太阳。（卫气之行于阳者自足太阳始，行于阴者自足少阴始，阴盛阳衰，所以为欠。故当泻少阴之照海，
阴跷所出也。补太阳之申脉，阳跷所出也。取阴阳跷者，义如上节之注。）
黄帝曰∶人之哕者，何气使然？岐伯曰∶谷入于胃，胃气上注于肺。今有故寒气与新谷气俱还入于胃，新故相乱，
真邪相攻，气并相逆，复出于胃，故为哕。（哕，呃逆也。义详针刺类五十三。人之水谷入胃，其精微之气，必上注于肺，
而后行于脏腑营卫。若中焦先有寒气，则新入之谷气凝聚而不行，气不行则新故真邪还留于胃，留则逆而上出，故为哕
也。哕，于决切，又音诲。）补手太阴，泻足少阴。（手太阴，肺经也。足少阴，肾经也。寒气自下而升，逆则为哕，故
当补肺于上以壮其气，泻肾于下以引其寒。盖寒从水化，哕之标在胃，哕之本在肾也。）
黄帝曰∶人之唏者，何气使然？岐伯曰∶此阴气盛而阳气虚，阴气疾而阳气徐，阴气盛而阳气绝，故为唏。（唏，欷
同， 欷也。释义云∶悲泣气咽而抽息也。一云泣余声。一云哀而不泣曰唏。悲忧之气生于阴惨，故为阴盛阳虚之候。
唏，希、戏二音。）补足太阳，泻足少阴。（当亦是阳跷申脉，阴跷照海也。义见前。）
黄帝曰∶人之振寒者，何气使然？岐伯曰∶寒气客于皮肤，阴气盛，阳气虚，故为振寒寒栗。补诸阳。（振寒者，身
怯寒而振栗也。补诸阳者，凡手足三阳之原合及阳跷等穴，皆可酌而用之。）
黄帝曰∶人之噫者，何气使然？岐伯曰∶寒气客于胃，厥逆从下上散，复出于胃，故为噫。（噫，嗳气也。释义曰∶
饱食息也。义详本类前二十五。按此节与上文之哕，皆以寒气在胃而然。但彼云故寒气者，以久寒在胃，言其深也；此
云寒客于胃者，如客之寄，言其浅也。故厥逆之气，从下上散，则复出于胃而为噫。噫，伊芳、隘二音。）补足太阴、阳明，
一曰补眉本也。（补足太阴、阳明二经，使脾胃气温，则客寒自散而噫可除。眉本，即足太阳经攒竹穴，是亦补阳气也。）
黄帝曰∶人之嚏者，何气使然？岐伯曰∶阳气和利，满于心，出于鼻，故为嚏。（阳气和平顺利而满溢于心，必上达
于肺，故出于鼻而为嚏。然人有感于风寒而为嚏者，以寒邪束于皮毛，则阳气无从泄越，故喷而上出。是嚏从阳气而发，
益又可知。仲景曰∶欲嚏不能，此人肚中寒。正谓其阳虚也。故人病阳虚等证者，久无嚏而忽得之，则阳气渐回之佳兆
也。嚏音帝。）补足太阳荣眉本，一曰眉上也。（凡阳虚于下，则不能上达而为嚏。补足太阳之荣于眉本者，其名攒竹，
一曰眉上，亦即此穴。盖太阳与肾为表里，所以补阴中之阳也。观《宣明五气篇》曰∶肾为欠为嚏。其义正与此通。详
本类前二十五。）
黄帝曰∶人之 者，何气使然？岐伯曰∶胃不实则诸脉虚，诸脉虚则筋脉懈惰，筋脉懈惰则行阴用力，气不能复，
故为 。 ，释曰∶下垂貌。又曰∶ ，避也。故诸家引以为注，似皆不合经义，殊无意味。尝闻俗语有战 之说，即
古人之遗言，意者 即战之属也。但因寒而战者，谓之寒战；其有战不因寒者，由气虚耳。盖胃为五脏六腑之海，故胃
不实则诸脉虚而懈惰生，再有行阴用力，则阳气益虚，故为战 。今见常有其候而未闻其名，愚谓即此，尚俟明者辨之。
，登可切。）因其所在，补分肉间。（四体战 ，各有分部，胃者肉其应，故当因病所在，补分肉间，以壮其胃气。）
黄帝曰∶人之哀而泣涕出者，何气使然？岐伯曰∶心者，五脏六腑之主也；目者，宗脉之所聚也，上液之道也。口
鼻者，气之门户也。故悲哀愁忧则心动，心动则五脏六腑皆摇，摇则宗脉感，宗脉感则液道开，液道开故泣涕出焉。（宗，
总也。凡五脏六腑之精气，皆上注于目而为之精，故目为宗脉之所聚，又为上液之道。气由口鼻出入，故为气之门户。
然气之所至，液必随之，如涎出于口，涕出于鼻，泣出于目，是皆上液之属也。人之泣涕上出者，皆本乎心。盖心为五
脏六腑之主，若悲哀忧愁动其心，则五脏六腑皆应而摇，脏腑摇则宗脉皆应而动，动则液道开而泣涕所以出也。）液者所
以灌精濡空窍者也，故上液之道开则泣，泣不止则液竭，液竭则精不灌，精不灌则目无所见矣，故命曰夺精。（精由液而
化，孔窍得液而充，故以灌精濡孔窍也。液去精伤则目昏，以至渐无所见者，是夺其精也。世之因泣而丧目者，盖亦不
少矣。此条义当与《解精微论》参看，详下编。空，孔同。）补天柱经挟颈。（天柱，足太阳膀胱经穴，其经挟颈项之后。）
黄帝曰∶人之太息者，何气使然？岐伯曰∶忧思则心系急，心系急则气道约，约则不利，故太息以伸出之。（太息者，
息长而大，即叹息也。约，犹束缚也。忧愁思虑，则气抑不伸而心系急，气道约，约则满闷于中，此叹息之不容已也。）
补手少阴、心主、足少阳留之也。（手少阴，心经也。心主，手厥阴经也。足少阳，胆经也。助木火之脏，则阳气可舒，
抑郁可解，故皆宜留针补之。）
黄帝曰∶人之涎下者，何气使然？岐伯曰∶饮食者皆入于胃，胃中有热则虫动，虫动则胃缓，胃缓则廉泉开，故涎
下。（足阳明之脉出于口，胃中有热则虫动胃缓，故廉泉开而涎下。凡目之多泪，鼻之多涕，亦皆因热而上液之道开也。
有谓肺热甚则鼻涕出者，义亦犹此。）补足少阴。（肾为胃关而脉系于舌，故当补之，以壮水制火，则液有所主而涎自止
也。）
黄帝曰∶人之耳中鸣者，何气使然？岐伯曰∶耳者宗脉之所聚也，故胃中空则宗脉虚，虚则下溜，脉有所竭者，故
耳鸣。（手足三阳三阴之脉皆入耳中，故耳亦宗脉之所聚也。阳明为诸脉之海，故胃中空则宗脉虚，宗脉虚则阳气不升而
下溜，下溜则上竭，轻则为鸣，甚则为聋矣。然少阳太盛、壅窒为鸣者亦有之，但虚者渐而实者暴，虚者多而实者少，
其辨在有邪无邪耳，学人当推展之。溜，力救切。）补客主人、手大指爪甲上与肉交者也。（客主人，足少阳经穴，为手
足少阳足阳明之会。手大指爪甲上者，手太阴之少商穴，为肺气所出之井。故皆当补之，以助其阳气。）
黄帝曰∶人之自啮舌者，何气使然？（缺岐伯曰。）此厥逆走上，脉气辈至也。少阴气至则啮舌，少阳气至则啮颊，
阳明气至则啮唇矣。（辈者，类也。厥逆走上，则血涌气腾，至生奇疾，所至之处，各有其部，如少阴之脉行舌本，少阳
之脉循耳颊，阳明之脉环唇口，故或为肿胀，或为怪痒，各因其处，随而啮之，不独止于舌也。辈，俗作HT 。
啮，尼结
切。）视主病者则补之。（察主病之经以补之也。）
凡此十二邪者，皆奇邪之走空窍者也。（不同常疾，故曰奇邪。）故邪之所在，皆为不足。（惟正气不足，然后邪得乘
之。故《七十五难》曰∶不能治其虚，安问其余？则深意可知矣。）故上气不足，脑为之不满，耳为之苦鸣，头为之苦倾，
目为之眩；（倾者，沉重不能支也。眩音玄，又去声。）中气不足，溲便为之变，肠为之苦鸣；水由气化，（故中气不足则
溲便变常，而或为黄赤，或为短涩，多有情欲劳倦、过伤精气而然，昧者概认为火，鲜不误矣。且中气不足，则浊气居
之，故肠胃为之苦鸣也。溲音搜。）下气不足，则乃为痿厥心 。（痿，足痿弱也。厥，四肢清冷也。 ，闷也。下气不
足，则升降不交，故心气不舒而为 闷。 ，母本切。）补足外踝下留之。（此昆仑穴也，为足太阳所行之经，凡于上中
下气虚之病，皆可留针补之。踝，胡寡切。）
黄帝曰∶治之奈何？（此下复问治法者，所以补上文之缺略也。）岐伯曰∶肾主为欠，取足少阴。（上文未言属肾，
故此复明之。）肺主为哕，取手太阴、足少阴。（上文言哕出于胃，此言哕主于肺，盖寒气上逆而为哕，气病于胃而主于
肺也。）唏者，阴与阳绝，故补足太阳，泻足少阴。（阴与阳绝则阳不附阴，补阳泻阴则刚柔相济，乖者和矣。）振寒者，
补诸阳。噫者，补足太阴、阳明。嚏者，补足太阳眉本。 ，因其所在补分肉间。泣出，补天柱经侠颈，侠颈者头中分
也。太息，补手少阴、心主、足少阳留之。涎下，补足少阴。耳鸣，补客主人、手大指爪甲上与肉交者。自啮舌，视主
病者则补之。目眩头倾，补足外踝下留之。（诸治俱同上文。）痿厥心 ，刺足大趾间上二寸留之，一曰足踝下留之。（大
趾间上二寸，足厥阴之太冲也，或曰足太阴之太白也，此与上文稍异。外踝下留之，义如前。）
（《灵枢·口问篇》全文）
黄帝在闲暇时，屏退左右侍从，向岐伯问道：我已经学习了九针的经典理论，阴阳顺逆及六经的论述也已完备，现在希望能了解关于“口问”的内容。岐伯离开座位，拜了两拜说：您问得真好啊！这是先师口头传授的知识。黄帝说：我希望听听这些口头传授的内容。岐伯回答说：各种疾病的发生，都源于风雨寒暑、阴阳失调、喜怒情绪、饮食起居不当，以及大惊大恐等因素，导致血气分离，阴阳破散，经络阻滞，脉道不通，阴阳之气相互逆乱，卫气滞留，经脉空虚，血气运行失去次序，从而失去了正常的生理状态。那些没有记载在经典中的内容，请允许我说明其道理。（以下诸问，既非风寒等外感病邪，也非情志等内伤因素，因未载于经典，故当以口传方式讲解，因此称为“口问”。）
黄帝说：人为什么会打哈欠？是什么气导致的？岐伯回答说：卫气白天行于阳分，半夜则行于阴分。阴分主夜间，夜间主睡眠。阳分主上部，阴分主下部。所以阴气积聚在下部，阳气尚未完全入阴，阳气牵引向上，阴气牵引向下，阴阳相互牵引，所以频繁打哈欠。（打哈欠，即张口呵气，或伸臂展腰，是由于阴阳相互牵引所致。阳主昼，阴主夜；阳主升，阴主降。人的清醒与睡眠，取决于卫气。卫气，白天行于阳分，则活动而清醒；夜晚行于阴分，则安静而入睡。所以人在想要睡觉但还未睡着的时候，必定先打哈欠，正是因为阳气将要进入阴分，阴气积聚在下部，阳气尚且未静，所以阳气想上升，阴气想下降，上下相互牵引，哈欠由此产生。现在有人因为神疲劳倦而打哈欠，这就是阳气不胜阴气的征候。）当阳气耗尽，阴气旺盛时，眼睛就闭合；当阴气耗尽，阳气旺盛时，人就清醒了。（《大惑论》说：卫气不能进入阴分，常停留在阳分。停留在阳分则阳气满盛，阳气满盛则阳跷脉旺盛，不能进入阴分则阴气虚弱，所以眼睛无法闭合。卫气停留在阴分，不能行于阳分。停留在阴分则阴气旺盛，阴气旺盛则阴跷脉满盛，不能进入阳分则阳气虚弱，所以眼睛闭合。吴玄纲说：觉醒与阳气相合，睡眠与阴气并聚。觉醒多的人魂魄强盛，睡眠久的人魄壮。魂魄强盛是生之徒，魄壮是死之徒。这都是阴阳盛衰的道理。瞑音明，又读上声。）治疗应泻足少阴肾经，补足太阳膀胱经。（卫气行于阳分始于足太阳膀胱经，行于阴分始于足少阴肾经，阴盛阳衰，所以出现打哈欠。因此应当泻足少阴经的照海穴，这是阴跷脉所出之处；补足太阳经的申脉穴，这是阳跷脉所出之处。选取阴阳跷脉的原因，意义如前节注释所述。）
黄帝说：人为什么会呃逆？是什么气导致的？岐伯说：食物进入胃中，胃气向上注入肺脏。现在如果有旧的寒气与新进入的食物之气一起返还入胃，新旧之气相互扰乱，真气与邪气相互攻冲，气机并集而逆乱，再次从胃中出来，所以发生呃逆。（呃逆，即打嗝。义理详见针刺类第五十三。人的水谷进入胃中，其精微之气，必须向上注入肺脏，然后运行于脏腑和营卫之间。如果中焦先有寒气，那么新进入的谷气就会凝聚而不能运行，气不运行则新旧真邪之气停留于胃中，停留则逆而上出，所以发生呃逆。哕，音yuě，又音huì。）治疗应补手太阴肺经，泻足少阴肾经。（手太阴是肺经。足少阴是肾经。寒气自下而上升，逆乱则导致呃逆，所以应当补肺经于上以壮大肺气，泻肾经于下以引导寒气下行。大概寒气由水化生，呃逆的标在胃，呃逆的本在肾。）
黄帝说：人为什么会叹息抽泣？是什么气导致的？岐伯说：这是因为阴气旺盛而阳气虚弱，阴气运行急促而阳气运行缓慢，阴气极盛而阳气衰竭，所以发生叹息抽泣。（唏，同欷，即哭泣时的抽噎声。释义说：悲伤哭泣时气息哽咽而抽息。一说为哭泣后的余声。一说悲哀而不流泪叫唏。悲忧之气生于阴惨，所以是阴盛阳虚的征候。唏，音xī，又音xì。）治疗应补足太阳膀胱经，泻足少阴肾经。（应当也是取阳跷脉的申脉穴和阴跷脉的照海穴。义理见前文。）
黄帝说：人为什么会战栗发冷？是什么气导致的？岐伯说：寒气客居在皮肤表面，阴气旺盛，阳气虚弱，所以发生战栗发冷。治疗应补益诸阳经。（战栗发冷，指身体怯寒而颤抖。补益诸阳经，指凡手足三阳经的原穴、合穴以及阳跷脉等穴位，都可以酌情选用。）
黄帝说：人为什么会嗳气？是什么气导致的？岐伯说：寒气客居在胃中，厥逆之气从下向上散发，再次从胃中出来，所以发生嗳气。（嗳气，即饱食后排气。释义说：饱食后的呼吸声。义理详见本类前二十五条。按此节与上文提到的呃逆，都是因为寒气在胃中引起。但上文说“故寒气”，是指久寒在胃，言其深；这里说“寒客于胃”，像客人寄居一样，言其浅。所以厥逆之气，从下向上散发，则再次从胃中出来成为嗳气。噫，音yī，又音ài。）治疗应补足太阴脾经、足阳明胃经，一说补攒竹穴。（补足太阴、阳明二经，使脾胃气温和，则客居的寒气自然消散，嗳气可除。眉本，即足太阳膀胱经的攒竹穴，这也是补益阳气的方法。）
黄帝说：人为什么会打喷嚏？是什么气导致的？岐伯说：阳气和平顺利，充满于心，出于鼻，所以发生喷嚏。（阳气和平顺利而满溢于心，必然上达于肺，所以出于鼻而成为喷嚏。然而有人感受风寒而打喷嚏，是因为寒邪束缚于皮毛，阳气无处宣泄，所以喷涌而出。由此可见喷嚏是从阳气发出的，更加可以证实这一点。张仲景说：想打喷嚏却打不出来，这个人肚子里有寒。正是说的阳气虚弱。所以人患阳气虚弱等证候时，很久不打喷嚏忽然打了，则是阳气逐渐恢复的好兆头。嚏，音tì。）治疗应补足太阳经的荥穴眉本，一说补眉毛上方。（凡是阳气虚弱于下部，就不能上达而产生喷嚏。补足太阳经在眉毛部位的荣穴，名叫攒竹，一说在眉毛上方，也就是这个穴位。大概太阳经与肾经互为表里，所以能补益阴中之阳。看《宣明五气篇》说：肾表现为打哈欠和打喷嚏。其义理正与此相通。详见本类前二十五条。）
黄帝说：人为什么会身体颤抖下垂？是什么气导致的？岐伯说：胃气不实则各条经脉虚弱，各条经脉虚弱则筋脉懈怠松弛，筋脉懈怠松弛则在行走用力时，气不能恢复，所以发生颤抖下垂。（ ，释义为：下垂的样子。又说： ，通避。所以各家将其作为注解引用，似乎都不符合经文原意，毫无意味。曾听说俗语中有“战 ”的说法，即古人的遗言，推测 就是战的同类。但因为寒冷而战，叫做寒战；有不因寒冷而战的情况，是由气虚引起的。大概胃是五脏六腑的海，所以胃不实则各条经脉虚弱而生懈怠，再有行走用力，则阳气更加虚弱，所以发生战 。如今常见这种症状却未听闻其名，我认为就是此症，等待高明者辨别。 ，音dǔo。）根据病变所在的部位，补益分肉之间。（四肢战 ，各有分部，胃对应肌肉，所以应当因病所在，补益分肉之间，以壮胃气。）
黄帝说：人为什么悲哀哭泣流涕？是什么气导致的？岐伯说：心，是五脏六腑的主宰；目，是宗脉汇聚的地方，是上液通行的道路。口鼻，是气出入的门户。所以悲哀愁忧会使心动，心动则五脏六腑都摇动，摇动则宗脉感应，宗脉感应则液道打开，液道打开所以眼泪鼻涕流出。（宗，总的意思。凡五脏六腑的精气，都上注于目而构成眼珠，所以目是宗脉汇聚的地方，又是上液通行的道路。气由口鼻出入，所以是气的门户。然而气到达的地方，津液必然随之而来，如涎液出于口，鼻涕出于鼻，眼泪出于目，这些都是上液的所属。人的眼泪鼻涕上出，都根本于心。因为心是五脏六腑的主宰，如果悲哀忧愁触动心，则五脏六腑都会响应而摇动，脏腑摇动则宗脉都会响应而动，动则液道打开，眼泪鼻涕因此流出。）津液是用来灌注精气、滋润空窍的，所以上液之道打开则流泪，流泪不止则津液枯竭，津液枯竭则精气得不到灌注，精气得不到灌注则眼睛看不见东西了，所以命名为夺精。（精由津液化生，孔窍得到津液而充盈，所以用灌注精气滋润孔窍来解释。津液流失则精气受伤导致眼昏，以至渐渐看不见东西，这是剥夺其精气。世上因为哭泣而丧失视力的人，大概也不少。此条义理应当与《解精微论》参看，详见下编。空，通孔。）治疗应补天柱经挟颈部的穴位。（天柱，是足太阳膀胱经的穴位，该经挟持颈部后方。）
黄帝说：人为什么会长叹？是什么气导致的？岐伯说：忧愁思虑则心脉拘急，心脉拘急则气道约束，约束则不通利，所以通过长叹来舒展它。（太息，即呼吸深长而大，就是叹息。约，如同束缚。忧愁思虑，则气机压抑不能伸展而心脉拘急，气道约束，约束则胸中满闷，这是叹息不得不发的原因。）治疗应补手少阴心经、手厥阴心包经，并在足少阳胆经留针。（手少阴是心经。心主，即手厥阴经。足少阳是胆经。助益木火属性的脏腑，则阳气可以舒畅，抑郁可以解除，所以都适宜留针补益。）
黄帝说：人为什么会流口水？是什么气导致的？岐伯说：饮食都进入胃中，胃中有热则虫动，虫动则胃体弛缓，胃体弛缓则廉泉穴开放，所以口水流出。（足阳明胃经的脉气出于口，胃中有热则虫动胃缓，所以廉泉开放而口水流出。凡是眼睛多泪、鼻子多鼻涕，也都是因为热邪导致上液之道开放。有人说肺热甚则鼻涕出，义理也与此相同。）治疗应补足少阴肾经。（肾是胃的关隘且脉系于舌，所以应当补益肾经，以壮水制火，则津液有所主宰而口水自然停止。）
黄帝说：人为什么耳朵鸣响？是什么气导致的？岐伯说：耳，是宗脉汇聚的地方，所以胃中空虚则宗脉虚弱，虚弱则气向下溜，脉气有所竭绝，所以耳鸣。（手足三阳三阴的经脉都进入耳中，所以耳也是宗脉汇聚的地方。阳明经是诸脉的海，所以胃中空虚则宗脉虚弱，宗脉虚弱则阳气不升而向下溜，向下溜则上部竭绝，轻则耳鸣，重则耳聋。然而少阳经过盛、壅滞导致耳鸣的情况也有，但虚证是渐进的，实证是暴发的，虚证多而实证少，辨别在于有无邪气，学者应当推演扩展。溜，音liù。）治疗应补客主人穴、手大拇指爪甲上与肉交接处。（客主人，是足少阳胆经的穴位，为手足少阳、足阳明经的交会穴。手大拇指爪甲上处，是手太阴肺经的少商穴，为肺气所出的井穴。所以都应当补益，以助其阳气。）
黄帝说：人为什么会自己咬舌头？是什么气导致的？（缺少岐伯的回答。）这是厥逆之气走上，脉气类至的结果。少阴气至则咬舌头，少阳气至则咬脸颊，阳明气至则咬嘴唇。（辈，类的意思。厥逆之气走上，则血涌气腾，以至于产生怪疾，所到之处，各有其部位，如少阴经脉行于舌根，少阳经脉循行于耳颊，阳明经脉环绕唇口，所以或者肿胀，或者怪痒，各因其处，随着咬它，不只限于舌头。辈，俗写作HT。啮，音niè。）观察主要病变的经脉则补益它。（考察主病的经脉进行补益。）
凡是这十二种邪气，都是奇邪走窜空窍所致。（不同于常疾，所以叫奇邪。）所以邪气所在的地方，都是因为正气不足。（只有正气不足，然后邪气才能乘虚而入。所以《难经·七十五难》说：不能治其虚，怎么问其余？其中的深意可知了。）所以上部气不足，头脑就会感觉不满，耳朵会痛苦地鸣响，头部会沉重难以支撑，眼睛会眩晕；（倾，指沉重不能支撑。眩，音xuàn，又去声。）中部气不足，大小便就会异常，肠道会痛苦地鸣响；水液由气化生，（所以中部气不足则大小便变常，或者黄赤，或者短涩，多有因情欲劳倦、过度损伤精气而导致，愚昧的人一概认为是火邪，很少不误诊的。而且中部气不足，则浊气占据，所以肠胃痛苦地鸣响。溲，音sōu。）下部气不足，就会发生痿证、厥冷和心中烦闷。（痿，脚部痿弱无力。厥，四肢清冷。 ，指烦闷。下部气不足，则升降不交，所以心气不舒而为烦闷。 ，音mèn。）治疗应补益足外踝下方的穴位并留针。（这是昆仑穴，为足太阳膀胱经所行的经穴，凡上中下气虚的病，都可以留针补益。踝，音huái。）
黄帝说：如何治疗？（以下再次询问治疗方法，是为了补充上文内容的缺失。）岐伯说：肾主司打哈欠，取足少阴经。肺主司呃逆，取手太阴经、足少阴经。（上文未提及属于肾，所以此处再次明确。上文说呃逆出于胃，此处说呃逆主于肺，大概寒气上逆导致呃逆，气病在胃而主责在肺。）叹息抽泣，是阴与阳隔绝，所以补足太阳经，泻足少阴经。（阴与阳隔绝则阳不附阴，补阳泻阴则刚柔相济，乖戾之气调和。）战栗发冷，补益诸阳经。嗳气，补足太阴经、足阳明经。打喷嚏，补足太阳经眉本穴。身体颤抖下垂，根据病变所在补益分肉间。流泪，补天柱经挟颈部位，挟颈指头部分中线处。长叹，补手少阴经、手厥阴经，足少阳经留针。流口水，补足少阴经。耳鸣，补客主人穴、手大拇指爪甲上与肉交接处。自己咬舌头，观察主病经脉则补益。眼睛眩晕头部沉重，补足外踝下方并留针。（各种治疗都与上文相同。痿证厥冷心中烦闷，刺足大趾间上方二寸处并留针，一说补足踝下方。（大趾间上方二寸，是足厥阴肝经的太冲穴，或者说足太阴脾经的太白穴，这与上文稍有不同。外踝下方留针，义理如前所述。）
(Full text of *Ling Shu: Kou Wen* Chapter)
When Huangdi was at leisure, he dismissed his attendants and asked Qibo: "I have already studied the classic theories of the Nine Needles, and the discussions on Yin-Yang, reversals, and the Six Meridians are complete. I now wish to learn about 'Kou Wen' (Questions from the Mouth)." Qibo rose from his seat, bowed twice, and said: "Excellent is your question! This is knowledge orally transmitted by our former masters." Huangdi said: "I wish to hear this oral transmission." Qibo replied: "The onset of all diseases arises from wind, rain, cold, and heat; imbalances in Yin-Yang and emotions such as joy and anger; improper diet and living habits; as well as sudden fright and terror. These factors cause the separation of blood and Qi, the disintegration of Yin and Yang, the blockage of collaterals, the obstruction of pulse pathways, the reversal of Yin and Yang Qi, the stagnation of Wei Qi (Defensive Qi), the emptiness of meridians, and the disorderly flow of blood and Qi, thereby losing their normal state. Regarding those matters not recorded in the classics, please allow me to explain their principles. (The following questions concern neither external pathogens like wind-cold nor internal injuries from emotions. Since they are not recorded in the classics, they should be taught orally, hence the name 'Kou Wen'.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why do people yawn? What Qi causes this?" Qibo answered: "Wei Qi (Defensive Qi) travels through the Yang aspects during the day and through the Yin aspects at midnight. Yin governs the night, and the night governs sleep. Yang governs the upper part, and Yin governs the lower part. Therefore, when Yin Qi accumulates in the lower part while Yang Qi has not yet fully entered Yin, Yang pulls upward and Yin pulls downward. The mutual attraction of Yin and Yang results in frequent yawning. (Yawning involves opening the mouth to breathe or stretching arms and waist, caused by the mutual attraction of Yin and Yang. Yang governs the day and ascending; Yin governs the night and descending. A person's wakefulness and sleep depend on Wei Qi. When Wei Qi travels through Yang during the day, the person is active and awake; when it travels through Yin at night, the person is quiet and asleep. Thus, just before falling asleep, one must yawn because Yang Qi is about to enter Yin, Yin accumulates below, and Yang is still unsettled. Yang desires to ascend, Yin desires to descend, and their mutual attraction generates yawning. Now, some people yawn due to mental fatigue and weariness, which is a sign that Yang cannot overcome Yin.) When Yang Qi is exhausted and Yin Qi is abundant, the eyes close; when Yin Qi is exhausted and Yang Qi is abundant, the person awakens. (*Da Huo Lun* states: If Wei Qi cannot enter Yin and remains in Yang, Yang becomes full and Yang Qiao Mai becomes strong. Unable to enter Yin, Yin becomes deficient, so the eyes cannot close. If Wei Qi remains in Yin and cannot travel to Yang, Yin becomes full and Yin Qiao Mai becomes strong. Unable to enter Yang, Yang becomes deficient, so the eyes remain closed. Wu Xuangang said: Awakening combines with Yang, sleep merges with Yin. Those who awaken often have strong Hun (Ethereal Soul); those who sleep long have strong Po (Corporeal Soul). Strong Hun leads to life; strong Po leads to death. These illustrate the principles of Yin-Yang abundance and deficiency. Ming sounds like 'ming', also pronounced with the rising tone.) Treatment should involve reducing Foot Shaoyin (Kidney Meridian) and tonifying Foot Taiyang (Bladder Meridian). (Wei Qi begins its journey through Yang from Foot Taiyang and through Yin from Foot Shaoyin. Yin excess and Yang deficiency cause yawning. Therefore, one should reduce Zhaohai (KI6) of Foot Shaoyin, where Yin Qiao Mai originates, and tonify Shenmai (BL62) of Foot Taiyang, where Yang Qiao Mai originates. The rationale for selecting Yin and Yang Qiao Mai is explained in the previous note.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why do people hiccup? What Qi causes this?" Qibo said: "Food enters the stomach, and Stomach Qi flows upward into the Lungs. However, if old cold pathogen and new food Qi both return to the stomach, the new and old mix chaotically, Zheng Qi (Upright Qi) and Xie Qi (Pathogenic Qi) attack each other, Qi gathers and rebels, and re-emerges from the stomach, causing hiccups. (Hiccup refers to eructation or diaphragmatic spasm. See Acupuncture Category 53 for details. When water and food enter the stomach, their refined Qi must flow upward to the Lungs before circulating to the Zang-Fu organs and Ying-Wei. If there is pre-existing cold in the Middle Jiao, the newly ingested food Qi condenses and fails to move. Lack of movement causes old and new pathogenic Qi to remain in the stomach. Stagnation leads to rebellion and upward exit, causing hiccups. Yue sounds like 'yue', also 'hui'.) Treatment should involve tonifying Hand Taiyin (Lung Meridian) and reducing Foot Shaoyin (Kidney Meridian). (Hand Taiyin is the Lung Meridian. Foot Shaoyin is the Kidney Meridian. Cold pathogen rises from below and rebels, causing hiccups. Therefore, one should tonify the Lung above to strengthen Qi and reduce the Kidney below to guide cold downward. Generally, cold transforms from Water. The branch of hiccups is in the Stomach, but the root is in the Kidney.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why do people sigh and sob? What Qi causes this?" Qibo said: "This occurs when Yin Qi is excessive and Yang Qi is deficient, Yin moves rapidly while Yang moves slowly, and Yin is extremely abundant while Yang is depleted, resulting in sighing and sobbing. (Xi is synonymous with Xi, referring to the gasping sound during crying. Definitions describe it as gasping and drawing breath while weeping bitterly. Some say it is the lingering sound after crying. Others say it is grief without tears. Grief and sorrow arise from Yin and gloom, making it a sign of Yin excess and Yang deficiency. Xi sounds like 'xi', also 'xi'.) Treatment should involve tonifying Foot Taiyang (Bladder Meridian) and reducing Foot Shaoyin (Kidney Meridian). (It should also refer to Shenmai (BL62) of Yang Qiao Mai and Zhaohai (KI6) of Yin Qiao Mai. Rationale seen previously.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why do people shiver with cold? What Qi causes this?" Qibo said: "Cold pathogen lodges in the skin, Yin Qi is excessive, and Yang Qi is deficient, causing shivering and chills. Treatment should involve tonifying all Yang meridians. (Shivering with cold means feeling fearful of cold and trembling. Tonifying all Yang meridians refers to selecting appropriate points from the Yuan and He points of the three Yang meridities of the hands and feet, as well as Yang Qiao Mai, etc.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why do people belch? What Qi causes this?" Qibo said: "Cold pathogen lodges in the stomach, Jue Ni (Rebellious Qi) scatters upward from below and re-emerges from the stomach, causing belching. (Belching refers to expelling air after eating. Definition: breathing after a full meal. Rationale seen in Category 25 earlier. Note that this section and the previous mention of hiccups are both caused by cold in the stomach. However, 'old cold' implies deep-seated chronic cold, whereas 'cold lodging' implies superficial, transient cold. Thus, rebellious Qi scatters upward and emerges from the stomach as belching. Yi sounds like 'yi', also 'ai'.) Treatment should involve tonifying Foot Taiyin (Spleen Meridian) and Foot Yangming (Stomach Meridian), or alternatively tonifying Cuanzhu (BL2). (Tonifying Taiyin and Yangming warms the Spleen and Stomach, dispersing lodged cold and eliminating belching. Meiben refers to Cuanzhu (BL2) of Foot Taiyang, which also tonifies Yang Qi.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why do people sneeze? What Qi causes this?" Qibo said: "When Yang Qi is peaceful and smooth, filling the Heart and emerging from the nose, sneezing occurs. (Peaceful and smooth Yang Qi overflows from the Heart, reaches the Lungs, and emerges from the nose as a sneeze. However, sneezing triggered by wind-cold occurs because cold pathogen binds the skin and hair, trapping Yang Qi which then erupts upward. This confirms that sneezing originates from Yang Qi. Zhang Zhongjing said: 'If one wants to sneeze but cannot, there is cold in the abdomen,' indicating Yang deficiency. Thus, for patients with Yang deficiency who suddenly sneeze after a long period, it is a good omen of returning Yang Qi. Ti sounds like 'ti'.) Treatment should involve tonifying the Ying point of Foot Taiyang at Meiben, or alternatively above the eyebrows. (When Yang is deficient below, it cannot reach above to cause sneezing. Tonifying the Ying point of Foot Taiyang at Meiben, named Cuanzhu or located above the eyebrow, tonifies Yang within Yin. As stated in *Xuan Ming Wu Qi Pian*: 'The Kidney manifests as yawning and sneezing.' This aligns with the current explanation. See Category 25 earlier.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why does the body tremble and sag? What Qi causes this?" Qibo said: "If Stomach Qi is insufficient, all pulses become weak. Weak pulses lead to laxity of sinews and vessels. Laxity causes weakness when exerting force during walking, and Qi cannot recover, resulting in trembling and sagging. ( , defined as a drooping appearance. Also interpreted as avoiding. Previous commentators used these definitions, but they seem inconsistent with the classic meaning. I recall the colloquial term 'Zhan ', likely an ancient remnant, suggesting is related to trembling. Trembling due to cold is called 'Han Zhan'; trembling not due to cold is caused by Qi deficiency. The Stomach is the Sea of the Five Zang and Six Fu organs. If Stomach Qi is insufficient, pulses weaken and laxity arises. Exertion further depletes Yang Qi, causing trembling. Although this symptom is common, its name is rarely heard. I believe it refers to this condition, awaiting clarification by experts. Duo sounds like 'duo'.) Treatment depends on the location, tonifying the space between muscles and flesh. (Trembling in the four limbs has specific locations. The Stomach corresponds to muscle. Therefore, treat based on the location, tonifying the intermuscular spaces to strengthen Stomach Qi.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why do people cry and shed tears and mucus when grieving? What Qi causes this?" Qibo said: "The Heart is the master of the Five Zang and Six Fu organs. The eyes are the gathering place of Zong Mai (Major Vessels) and the pathway for upper fluids. The mouth and nose are the gates of Qi. Therefore, grief and sorrow move the Heart, causing all Zang-Fu to tremble. Trembling stimulates Zong Mai, opening the fluid pathways, leading to the discharge of tears and mucus. (Zong means total/gathering. Essence-Qi of all Zang-Fu ascends to the eyes, making them the gathering place of Zong Mai and the pathway for upper fluids. Qi enters and exits via mouth and nose, serving as the gate. Where Qi goes, fluids follow: saliva from the mouth, nasal mucus from the nose, tears from the eyes. All are upper fluids. Discharge originates from the Heart. As master of Zang-Fu, if grief moves the Heart, Zang-Fu respond and tremble, stimulating Zong Mai, opening fluid pathways, and causing tears/mucus. Fluids nourish essence and moisten orifices. If upper fluid pathways open, tears flow. Unceasing tearing depletes fluids. Depleted fluids fail to nourish essence. Without essence nourishment, vision is lost, termed 'Duojing' (Deprivation of Essence). Essence transforms from fluids; orifices are filled by fluids. Loss of fluids injures essence, causing dimness and eventual blindness. Many lose sight due to excessive crying. Compare this with *Jie Jing Wei Lun*, see lower volume. Kong is synonymous with Kong.) Treatment should involve tonifying Tianzhu (BL10) along the neck. (Tianzhu is a point on Foot Taiyang Bladder Meridian, located alongside the posterior neck.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why do people sigh deeply? What Qi causes this?" Qibo said: "Worry and thought cause tension in the Xin Mai (Heart Vessel). Tension restricts the Qi pathway, causing obstruction. Deep sighing expands the chest to relieve this. (Tai Xi is a long, deep breath, i.e., sighing. Yue means binding. Worry and thought suppress Qi, causing Heart Vessel tension and Qi pathway restriction, leading to chest fullness. Sighing is involuntary.) Treatment should involve tonifying Hand Shaoyin (Heart Meridian) and Hand Jueyin (Pericardium Meridian), and retaining needle in Foot Shaoyang (Gallbladder Meridian). (Hand Shaoyin is Heart. Xin Zhu is Pericardium. Foot Shaoyang is Gallbladder. Supporting Wood and Fire organs soothes Yang Qi and resolves depression, warranting needle retention for tonification.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why does saliva flow excessively? What Qi causes this?" Qibo said: "Food enters the stomach. Heat in the stomach causes worms to move. Worm movement relaxes the stomach. Relaxation opens Lianquan, causing saliva to flow. (Foot Yangming meridian emerges from the mouth. Heat causes worm movement and stomach relaxation, opening Lianquan. Excessive tearing and rhinorrhea also result from heat opening upper fluid pathways. Some say severe Lung heat causes rhinorrhea, similar principle.) Treatment should involve tonifying Foot Shaoyin (Kidney Meridian). (The Kidney is the gate of the Stomach and its meridian connects to the tongue. Tonifying strengthens Water to control Fire, governing fluids and stopping salivation.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why does the ear ring? What Qi causes this?" Qibo said: "The ear is the gathering place of Zong Mai. Emptiness of the Stomach leads to weakness of Zong Mai. Weakness causes Qi to sink, exhausting the pulses, resulting in tinnitus. (All hand and foot Yin and Yang meridians enter the ear, making it a gathering place of Zong Mai. Yangming is the sea of pulses. Stomach emptiness weakens Zong Mai, preventing Yang Qi from ascending and causing it to sink. Sinking exhausts the upper part, causing mild tinnitus or severe deafness. Shaoyang excess can also cause tinnitus due to blockage, but deficiency is gradual while excess is sudden. Differentiation lies in the presence of pathogen. Liu sounds like 'liu'.) Treatment should involve tonifying Keyuren (ST7) and the point where the nail meets flesh on the thumb. (Keyuren is Foot Shaoyang, meeting point of Shaoyang and Yangming. Thumb point is Shaoshang (LU11), Jing-well point of Lung. Tonifying both aids Yang Qi.)"
Huangdi asked: "Why does one bite one's own tongue? What Qi causes this?" (Qibo's answer is missing.) "This is due to Jue Ni (Rebellious Qi) rising, with pulse Qi arriving in clusters. Arrival of Shaoyin Qi bites the tongue; Shaoyang Qi bites the cheek; Yangming Qi bites the lip. (Bei means category/class. Rising rebellious Qi causes surging blood and Qi, creating strange disorders. Each location has specific sites: Shaoyin runs to the tongue base, Shaoyang to the jaw, Yangming around the lips. Swelling or itching occurs depending on the site, leading to biting. Bei is vulgarly written as HT. Nie sounds like 'nie'.) Observe the primary diseased meridian and tonify it. (Tonify the meridian identified as the main pathology.)"
"These twelve evils are all odd pathogens affecting the orifices. (Unlike common diseases, hence 'odd pathogens'.) Wherever the pathogen resides, it is due to deficiency. (Only when Zheng Qi is deficient can Xie Qi invade. *Nan Jing 75* states: 'If you cannot treat the deficiency, how can you ask about the rest?' implying this deep meaning.) If Upper Qi is insufficient, the head feels empty, ears ring painfully, the head feels heavy and inclined, and the eyes dizzy. (Qing means heavy/unable to support. Xuan sounds like 'xuan', also departing tone.) If Middle Qi is insufficient, urination and defecation become abnormal, and the intestines rumble painfully. Water transformation relies on Qi. (Thus, Middle Qi insufficiency alters urine/stool color and volume, often due to desire, fatigue, or essence depletion. Ignorant practitioners mistake this for Fire, leading to errors. Middle Qi insufficiency allows turbid Qi to occupy, causing intestinal rumbling. Sou sounds like 'sou'.) If Lower Qi is insufficient, Wei (atrophy) and Jue (cold extremities) occur, along with heart . (Wei is leg weakness. Jue is cold limbs. refers to stifling sensation. Lower Qi insufficiency disrupts ascent/descent, causing Heart Qi stagnation and stifling. Mu sounds like 'mu'.) Treatment should involve tonifying the point below the lateral malleolus and retaining the needle. (This is Kunlun (BL60), a Jing-river point of Foot Taiyang. It treats Qi deficiency in upper, middle, and lower Jiao. Huai sounds like 'huai'.)"
Huangdi asked: "How to treat them?" (Asking again to supplement previous omissions.) Qibo said: "Kidney governs yawning; take Foot Shaoyin. Lung governs hiccups; take Hand Taiyin and Foot Shaoyin. (Previous text didn't link yawning to Kidney, clarified here. Hiccups originate in Stomach but are governed by Lung due to cold rebelling upward, affecting Qi in Stomach but rooted in Lung.) For Xi (sighing/sobbing), Yin and Yang are severed; tonify Foot Taiyang, reduce Foot Shaoyin. (Severance means Yang doesn't attach to Yin. Tonifying Yang and reducing Yin harmonizes rigidity and flexibility.) For Zhen Han (shivering), tonify all Yang. For Yi (belching), tonify Foot Taiyin and Yangming. For Ti (sneezing), tonify Foot Taiyang Meiben. For (trembling), tonify intermuscular spaces at the affected site. For crying, tonify Tianzhu along the neck (neck midline). For Tai Xi (sighing), tonify Hand Shaoyin, Pericardium, and retain needle in Foot Shaoyang. For saliva flow, tonify Foot Shaoyin. For tinnitus, tonify Keyuren and thumb nail junction. For self-biting, tonify the primary diseased meridian. For dizziness and head heaviness, tonify below lateral malleolus and retain needle. (Treatments match previous text. For Wei/Jue/heart stifling, prick two cun above the big toe joint and retain, or below ankle. Two cun above big toe is Taichong (LR3) of Liver, or Taibai (SP3) of Spleen, differing slightly from above. Below ankle refers to previous explanation.)"