（《素问·逆调论》《腹中论》）
黄帝问曰∶人身非常温也，非常热也，为之热而烦满者何也？（《素问·逆调论》。非素所有，故曰非常。）岐伯对曰∶阴气少而阳气胜，故热而烦满也。（阴虚者阳必凑之，阳邪
实于阴分，故热而烦满。）帝曰∶人身非衣寒也，中非有寒气也，寒从中生者何？（无所因而寒者，寒生于中也。）岐伯
曰∶是人多痹气也，阳气少，阴气多，故身寒如从水中出。（痹者，正气不行也。阳少阴多，则营卫不能充达，故寒从中
生，即《寿夭刚柔篇》所谓寒痹之属。）帝曰∶人有四肢热，逢风寒如炙如火者何也？（凡有内热而风寒外束之，则热必
愈甚，故如炙如火也。）岐伯曰∶是人者阴气虚、阳气盛，四肢者阳也，两阳相得而阴气虚少，少水不能灭盛火而阳独治。
（四肢者，诸阳之本也。风者，阳气也。以四肢之热而逢风于外，是谓两阳相得；况乎阴气衰少，则水不胜火，故病为
阳独治。治言王也。）独治者，不能生长也，独胜而止耳。（阳独治者，孤阳也，故不能生长而止能为热耳。）逢风而如炙
如火者，是人当肉烁也。（肉者阴也，阳盛则伤阴，故令人肌肉消烁。）
帝曰∶人有身寒，汤火不能热，浓衣不能温，然不冻栗，是为何病？岐伯曰∶是人者，素肾气胜，以水为事，太阳
气衰，肾脂枯不长，一水不能胜两火，肾者水也，而生于骨，肾不生则髓不能满，故寒甚至骨也。（素肾气胜者，必恃胜
而多欲，故以水为事。太阳者，少阴之表，阴中之阳也。欲多则精伤于肾而脂枯不长，脂枯则水不胜火，火胜则肾水愈
虚，骨髓不充，气涸于内，故寒甚至骨也。）所以不能冻栗者，肝一阳也，心二阳也，肾孤脏也，一水不能胜二火，故不
能冻栗，病名曰骨痹，是人当挛节也。（肝有少阳之相火，心为少阴之君火，肾一水也，一水已竭，二火犹存，是阴气已
虚于中，而浮阳独胜于外，故身骨虽寒而不至冻栗，病名骨痹。然水不胜火，则筋骨皆失所滋，故肢节当为拘挛。）
帝曰∶人之肉苛者，虽近于衣絮，独尚苛也，是谓何疾？（苛者，顽木沉重之谓。苛音呵。）岐伯曰∶荣气虚、卫气
实也，荣气虚则不仁，卫气虚则不用，荣卫俱虚，则不仁且不用，肉如故也，人身与志不相有曰死。（不仁，不知痛痒寒
热也。不用，不能举动也。营气者，阴气也，主里；卫气者，阳气也，主表。上言卫气实者，言肌肉本无恙也；下言卫
气虚者，正言卫气之病也。荣卫俱虚，则血气俱病，血虚故为不仁，气虚故为不用。人之身体在外，五志在内，虽肌肉
如故而神气失守，则外虽有形而中已无主，若彼此不相有也，故当死。）
帝曰∶病热而有所痛者何也？
（《素问·腹中论》。）岐伯曰∶病热者阳脉也，以三阳之动也。（阳脉者，火邪也。凡病热者，必因于阳，故三阳之脉，
其动甚也。）人迎一盛少阳、二盛太阳，三盛阳明，入阴也。（人迎、足阳明脉，所以候阳也。如《终始》、《禁服》、《六
节藏象》等篇俱详明其义。言人迎一盛，病在足少阳；一盛而燥，病在手少阳。人迎二盛，病在足太阳；二盛而燥，病
在手太阳。人迎三盛，病在足阳明；三盛而燥，病在手阳明也。凡邪热在表，三阳既毕，则入于阴分矣。）夫阳入于阴，
故病在头与腹，乃 胀而头痛也。帝曰∶善。（头主阳，腹主阴。阳邪在头则头痛，及其入于阴分，则腹为 胀也。）
（《素问·逆调论》《腹中论》）
黄帝问道：人的身体并不像外界那样持续温暖，也不像外界那样持续炎热，但身体却出现发热并伴有烦闷的症状，这是什么原因呢？（《素问·逆调论》。指非外感所致，故称“非常”。）岐伯回答说：这是因为体内阴气不足而阳气偏盛，所以出现发热和烦闷。（阴虚则阳邪必凑集于内，阳邪实于阴分，因此发热且烦满。）
黄帝又问：人的身体并非因为穿衣太少受寒，体内也没有寒气侵入，但寒冷却从体内产生，这是为什么呢？（没有明显诱因而感到寒冷，说明寒气生于体内。）岐伯回答说：这类人多有痹气阻滞，阳气少而阴气多，所以身体感觉寒冷，就像刚从水中出来一样。（痹，是指正气运行不畅。阳气少、阴气多，导致营卫之气不能充盈通达，因此寒气从内生发，即《寿夭刚柔篇》所说的寒痹一类病症。）
黄帝问：有的人四肢发热，遇到风寒刺激时，感觉像被火烤灼一样痛苦，这是什么原因呢？（凡是有内热的人，若再受风寒外束，内热必然更加严重，所以感觉如炙如火。）岐伯回答说：这种人阴气虚弱、阳气亢盛。四肢属于阳，当四肢之热与外来风邪（亦属阳）相遇，称为“两阳相得”，此时阴气更加虚少，犹如少量的水无法扑灭旺盛的烈火，导致阳气独旺。（四肢是诸阳之本。风邪属阳。以四肢之热遇外风，谓之两阳相得；何况阴气衰少，水不胜火，故病为阳气独治。“治”意为王、盛。）所谓阳气独旺，就不能正常生长化育，只是单纯的阳热亢盛而已。（阳气独治即为孤阳，所以不能促进生长，只能表现为热症。）遇到风邪就感觉如炙如火的人，他的肌肉将会消烁。（肉属阴，阳盛则伤阴，所以使人肌肉消瘦枯槁。）
黄帝问：有的人身体寒冷，喝热水或用火烤都不能使其温暖，穿厚衣服也不能使其暖和，但是却不发生战栗，这是什么病？岐伯回答说：这种人平素肾气偏胜，纵欲过度，导致太阳经气衰弱，肾精枯竭不能滋养骨骼。肾属水，主骨生髓，一水不能胜两火（指心肝之火），肾不生则骨髓不能充盈，所以寒冷甚至深入骨髓。（平素肾气胜者，往往倚仗肾气强盛而多欲，故纵欲耗精。太阳经为少阴肾经之表，属阴中之阳。欲望过多则肾精受伤，肾脂枯竭不长；肾脂枯则水不胜火，火胜则肾水更虚，骨髓不充，元气枯竭于内，所以寒冷甚至达于骨髓。）之所以不发生战栗，是因为肝为一阳，心为二阳，而肾为孤脏（仅有一水）。一水不能胜二火，所以虽然身寒但不冻栗，这种病名叫骨痹，这样的人关节应当会出现拘挛。（肝中有少阳相火，心为少阴君火，肾为一水。一水已竭，二火犹存，说明阴气已在内部亏虚，而浮阳独胜于外部，所以虽然骨头寒冷但不至于战栗，病名骨痹。然而水不胜火，筋骨失去滋养，所以肢节应当拘挛。）
黄帝问：有的人肌肉沉重麻木，即使靠近棉絮也依然感到沉重麻木，这是什么疾病？（苛，指顽木沉重之感。苛音呵。）岐伯回答说：这是营气虚弱、卫气壅实所致。营气虚则感觉迟钝（不仁），卫气虚则运动障碍（不用），如果营卫都虚弱，就会既感觉迟钝又运动障碍，肌肉看似正常，但如果人体形体与神志不相维系，则预后不良（死）。（不仁，指不知痛痒寒热。不用，指不能活动。营气属阴，主里；卫气属阳，主表。上文说卫气实，是指肌肉本体尚无病变；下文说卫气虚，才是指卫气的病理状态。营卫俱虚，则气血皆病，血虚故为不仁，气虚故为不用。人的身体在外，五志在内，虽然肌肉外观如常，但若神气失守，则外虽有形而内无主宰，如同彼此不相联系，所以会死亡。）
黄帝问：患热病却伴有疼痛症状，是什么原因呢？（《素问·腹中论》。）岐伯回答说：热病属于阳脉病变，是由于三阳经气动的缘故。（阳脉，指火邪。凡是患热病，必定因于阳邪，所以三阳经脉的搏动非常剧烈。）人迎脉（足阳明胃经动脉）搏动比寸口脉大一倍，病在足少阳胆经；大两倍，病在足太阳膀胱经；大三倍，病在足阳明胃经，此时邪气将入阴分。（人迎脉候阳。如《终始》、《禁服》、《六节藏象》等篇详细阐述了其义。人迎大一倍，病在足少阳；若兼见燥象，病在手少阳。人迎大二倍，病在足太阳；若兼见燥象，病在手太阳。人迎大三倍，病在足阳明；若兼见燥象，病在手阳明。凡邪热在表，经过三阳阶段后，就会传入阴分。）阳气入于阴分，所以病位在头部和腹部，表现为腹胀和头痛。黄帝说：讲得好。（头主阳，腹主阴。阳邪在头部则头痛，等到邪气进入阴分，则腹部胀满。）
(Suwen: Ni Tiao Lun; Fu Zhong Lun)
The Yellow Emperor asked, "Why does a person's body feel neither constantly warm nor constantly hot like the external environment, yet experience fever accompanied by vexation and fullness?" (Suwen: Ni Tiao Lun. This refers to conditions not caused by external pathogens, hence termed 'extraordinary'.)
Qibo replied, "This occurs when Yin Qi is deficient and Yang Qi is excessive, resulting in heat and vexation/fullness. When Yin is deficient, Yang pathogenic factors inevitably encroach upon it; Yang excess within the Yin aspect causes heat and vexation."
The Yellow Emperor asked again, "Why does cold arise from within the body when there is no lack of clothing to cause external cold, nor any internal invasion of cold pathogens?" (Cold without an obvious external cause indicates that cold originates internally.)
Qibo answered, "Such individuals often have Bi Qi (obstructive qi stagnation). With little Yang Qi and much Yin Qi, they feel cold as if emerging from water. 'Bi' refers to the failure of healthy Qi to circulate freely. When Yang is scarce and Yin abundant, Ying (Nutritive) and Wei (Defensive) Qi cannot adequately permeate the body, leading to internal generation of cold, similar to the 'Han Bi' (Cold Bi) described in the Shou Yao Gang Rou chapter."
The Yellow Emperor asked, "Why do some people experience heat in their four limbs, which feels like burning or roasting when exposed to wind and cold?" (Internal heat combined with external constriction by wind and cold exacerbates the heat, causing a sensation of roasting.)
Qibo replied, "In such persons, Yin Qi is deficient and Yang Qi is excessive. The four limbs are the root of Yang. When the heat of the limbs encounters external wind (also Yang), it is called 'Two Yangs meeting.' With diminished Yin Qi, it is like insufficient water failing to extinguish a raging fire, leading to the exclusive dominance of Yang. The term 'Zhi' (govern/dominant) here implies prosperity or excess. Exclusive Yang dominance prevents normal growth and transformation, resulting only in pure heat. Such individuals, feeling roasted upon encountering wind, will likely experience emaciation of their muscles. Muscles belong to Yin; Yang excess injures Yin, causing muscle wasting."
The Yellow Emperor asked, "Why do some people feel cold internally, unable to be warmed by hot drinks, fire, or thick clothing, yet without shivering?"
Qibo replied, "These individuals typically have an inherent excess of Kidney Qi but engage in excessive sexual activity, depleting the Taiyang (Bladder) Qi. The Kidney essence dries up and fails to nourish the bones. The Kidney belongs to Water and governs bone marrow. One unit of Water cannot overcome two units of Fire (referring to Heart and Liver fires). If the Kidney fails to generate, marrow cannot fill, leading to cold penetrating to the bones. Those with inherent Kidney excess often indulge desires, damaging Kidney essence and drying up Kidney fat/essence. Since Taiyang is the exterior of Shaoyin (Kidney), excessive desire damages Kidney Jing, leading to dryness. Dryness means Water cannot overcome Fire; Fire excess further depletes Kidney Water, leaving marrow unfilled and Qi dried internally, causing cold to reach the bones. They do not shiver because the Liver is one Yang, the Heart is two Yangs, while the Kidney is a solitary organ (Water). One Water cannot overcome two Fires. Thus, although the body feels cold, there is no shivering. This disease is named Gu Bi (Bone Bi), and these individuals will likely experience joint contracture. The Liver contains Shaoyang Ministerial Fire, and the Heart is Shaoyin Sovereign Fire. With exhausted Water and remaining Fires, Yin deficiency exists internally while floating Yang dominates externally. Although bones feel cold, shivering does not occur. However, since Water cannot overcome Fire, tendons and bones lose nourishment, leading to limb contracture."
The Yellow Emperor asked, "Why do some people suffer from He Ke (heavy numbness) in their flesh, feeling heavy and numb even near cotton wadding? What disease is this?" ('He' describes a sensation of hardness, numbness, and heaviness. Pronounced 'he'.)
Qibo replied, "This is due to deficiency of Ying Qi and excess/stagnation of Wei Qi. Ying Qi deficiency leads to An Ren (numbness/loss of sensation); Wei Qi deficiency leads to Bu Yong (immobility). If both Ying and Wei Qi are deficient, there is both numbness and immobility. Although the flesh appears normal, if the body and Shen (Spirit/Mind) are disconnected, death ensues. 'An Ren' means inability to perceive pain, itching, heat, or cold. 'Bu Yong' means inability to move. Ying Qi is Yin, governing the interior; Wei Qi is Yang, governing the exterior. The previous mention of 'Wei Qi excess' referred to the state of the muscles themselves being intact, whereas the subsequent mention of 'Wei Qi deficiency' referred to the pathological state of Wei Qi itself. When Ying and Wei are both deficient, Blood and Qi are both diseased. Blood deficiency causes numbness; Qi deficiency causes immobility. The body is external, while the Five Zang Spirits reside internally. Even if muscles appear normal, if Shen loses its residence, the exterior has form but the interior lacks mastery, akin to mutual disconnection, leading to death."
The Yellow Emperor asked, "Why do patients with heat diseases experience pain?" (Suwen: Fu Zhong Lun.)
Qibo replied, "Heat diseases involve Yang pulses due to the movement of the Three Yang meridians. Yang pulses indicate Fire pathogenic factors. All heat diseases stem from Yang pathogens, causing vigorous pulsation in the Three Yang meridians. If the Renying pulse (on the carotid artery, reflecting Stomach/Yang status) beats one times faster than the Cunkou pulse, the disease is in the Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian; if accompanied by dryness, it involves the Hand Shaoyang Sanjiao Meridian. Two times faster indicates Foot Taiyang Bladder Meridian; with dryness, Hand Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian. Three times faster indicates Foot Yangming Stomach Meridian; with dryness, Hand Yangming Large Intestine Meridian. Once pathogenic heat passes through the Three Yang stages, it enters the Yin aspect. Yang entering Yin causes disease in the head and abdomen, manifesting as abdominal distension and headache."
The Yellow Emperor said, "Excellent. The head governs Yang, and the abdomen governs Yin. Yang pathogens in the head cause headache; when entering the Yin aspect, they cause abdominal distension."