脉 脉紧细而微。或涩而数。为火燥。短涩。为血虚而燥。浮数而弦。为风燥。尺寸紧数。
为火盛水枯。燥极之候也。
症 按内经云∶诸涩枯涸。干劲皴揭。皆属于燥。易曰燥万物者莫 乎火。盖干为天而为燥
金。坤为地而为湿土。天地相反。燥湿异用。故燥金主于紧敛。而湿土主于纵缓也。譬犹长
夏地湿。则纵缓滑泽。秋干则紧缩燥涩。皴揭之理。显可见焉。
治 内经云∶肾恶燥。急食辛以润之。古方以血药治燥者。
甘辛以润之也。热者清之。黄芩、山栀、麦门冬、槐实之类。燥者。当归、生地黄、桃仁
、麻仁、之类。风者平之。天麻、防风、荆芥、之类。凡治燥药。必以清金为主。养血疏风
佐之。
方 清金润燥汤治诸燥。
麦门冬（一钱五分） 黄芩（一钱） 当归（一钱五分） 生地黄（一钱） 黄柏（一钱） 五味（五
分） 人参（八分） 黄 （八分蜜灸） 防风（五分） 枸杞子（一钱）
上作一服。水煎。食远服。
皮肤燥痒。加白芷、牛蒡子（各二钱），去参、 五味、枸杞、辰舌生疮燥裂。加黄连（八
分）、白芍药（一钱），去参、 、五味。
大便闭结。亦由肺经燥热。移于大肠所致。亦有血虚秘结。亦有热生风而结血秘者。加桃仁
、麻仁、大黄、倍当归、甚者。桃仁承气汤下之。风热秘者。加皂仁、麻仁、槐实、大黄、
倍防风、并减参 、枸杞、五味、下并用蜜导法。
皮肉燥湿。毛发焦枯。加天麻、荆芥穗、地骨皮、槐实（各一钱）。
脉象：脉象紧细而微弱，或涩而数，属于火燥；脉短且涩，属于血虚导致的燥；脉浮数且弦，属于风燥；寸部和尺部脉象紧数，属于火盛水枯，是燥邪极盛的征候。
症状：根据《内经》记载：“各种涩滞、干枯、涸竭、皮肤干硬皲裂的现象，都归属于燥。”《易经》说：“使万物干燥的，没有比火更厉害的了。”大概天干为天，对应燥金；地坤为地，对应湿土。天地性质相反，燥与湿作用不同。所以燥金主收敛紧缩，而湿土主舒展缓和。这就好比长夏时节地面潮湿，则显得舒展滑润；秋季干燥，则变得紧缩涩滞。皮肤皲裂的道理，显而易见。
治法：《内经》说：“肾厌恶燥，应紧急食用辛味食物来滋润它。”古方用补血药治疗燥证，是用甘辛之品来滋润它。有热者清热，用黄芩、山栀、麦门冬、槐实之类。燥者（津液不足），用当归、生地黄、桃仁、麻仁之类。有风者平熄风邪，用天麻、防风、荆芥之类。凡是治疗燥证的药物，必须以清肃肺气（清金）为主，辅以养血疏风。
方剂：清金润燥汤治疗各种燥证。
麦门冬（一钱五分）、黄芩（一钱）、当归（一钱五分）、生地黄（一钱）、黄柏（一钱）、五味子（五分）、人参（八分）、黄芪（八分，蜜炙）、防风（五分）、枸杞子（一钱）。
以上为一服量，用水煎煮，饭后服用。
若皮肤干燥瘙痒，加白芷、牛蒡子（各二钱），去掉人参、五味子、枸杞子。
若舌面生疮、干燥开裂，加黄连（八分）、白芍药（一钱），去掉人参、黄芪、五味子。
大便闭结，也是由肺经燥热，移热于大肠所致。也有因血虚导致的秘结，也有因热生风导致血液凝涩而秘结的。加桃仁、麻仁、大黄，加倍使用当归；病情严重的，用桃仁承气汤攻下。若是风热秘结，加皂角仁、麻仁、槐实、大黄，加倍使用防风，并减少人参、黄芪、枸杞子、五味子的用量，同时配合蜜导法通便。
若皮肉干燥兼有湿气，毛发焦枯，加天麻、荆芥穗、地骨皮、槐实（各一钱）。
(Dryness Syndrome, Wei Syndrome [Flaccidity Syndrome], Xiao Ke Disease [Wasting and Thirsting], Ge Ye [Dysphagia])
Pulse: A pulse that is tight, fine, and faint, or choppy and rapid, indicates Fire Dryness. A short and choppy pulse indicates Dryness due to Blood Deficiency. A floating, rapid, and wiry pulse indicates Wind Dryness. A tight and rapid pulse at both the Cun (inch) and Chi (cubit) positions indicates Excessive Fire with Depleted Water, which is a sign of extreme Dryness.
Symptoms: According to the *Nei Jing* (Inner Canon): "All cases of stagnation, dryness, depletion, and rough, cracked skin belong to Dryness." The *I Ching* (Book of Changes) states: "Nothing dries up the myriad things more than Fire." Generally, Heaven is Dry and corresponds to Metal of Dryness; Earth is Wet and corresponds to Soil of Dampness. Heaven and Earth are opposite in nature, and Dryness and Dampness have different functions. Therefore, Metal of Dryness governs contraction and tightening, while Soil of Dampness governs relaxation and looseness. This is like the ground being damp during the late summer, appearing relaxed and smooth; whereas in autumn, when it is dry, it becomes contracted, stiff, and astringent. The principle of skin cracking is thus clearly visible.
Treatment: The *Nei Jing* states: "The Kidney dislikes Dryness; urgently consume pungent foods to moisten it." Ancient formulas treat Dryness using blood-nourishing herbs, employing sweet and pungent substances to moisten. For Heat, clear it using Scutellariae Radix (Huangqin), Gardeniae Fructus (Shanzhi), Ophiopogonis Radix (Maimendong), and Sophorae Fructus (Huai Shi). For Dryness (fluid deficiency), use Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui), Rehmanniae Radix Recens (Shengdihuang), Persicae Semen (Taoren), and Cannabis Fructus (Maren). For Wind, calm it using Gastrodiae Rhizoma (Tianma), Saposhnikoviae Radix (Fangfeng), and Schizonepetae Herba (Jingjie). In treating Dryness, the primary method must be to Clear Lung Metal (Qing Jin), assisted by nourishing Blood and dispersing Wind.
Formula: Qingjin Runzao Tang (Clear Metal and Moisten Dryness Decoction) treats various forms of Dryness.
Ophiopogonis Radix (Maimendong, 1.5 qian), Scutellariae Radix (Huangqin, 1 qian), Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui, 1.5 qian), Rehmanniae Radix Recens (Shengdihuang, 1 qian), Phellodendri Cortex (Huangbai, 1 qian), Schisandrae Fructus (Wuweizi, 0.5 qian), Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen, 0.8 qian), Astragali Radix (Huangqi, 0.8 qian, honey-fried), Saposhnikoviae Radix (Fangfeng, 0.5 qian), Lycii Fructus (Gouqizi, 1 qian).
Take as one dose, decoct in water, and take after meals.
If there is dry, itchy skin, add Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Baizhi) and Arctii Fructus (Niubangzi) (2 qian each), and remove Renshen, Wuweizi, and Gouqizi.
If there are sores on the tongue with dryness and cracking, add Coptidis Rhizoma (Huanglian, 0.8 qian) and Paeoniae Radix Alba (Baishao, 1 qian), and remove Renshen, Huangqi, and Wuweizi.
Constipation is also caused by Dryness-Heat in the Lung Meridian transferring to the Large Intestine. There are also cases of constipation due to Blood Deficiency, and cases where Heat generates Wind leading to blood stasis and constipation. Add Persicae Semen (Taoren), Cannabis Fructus (Maren), and Rheum Palmatum (Dahuang); double the dosage of Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui). In severe cases, administer Tao Ren Cheng Qi Tang (Persicae Seed and Magnolia Bark Decoction) to purge. If it is constipation due to Wind-Heat, add Gleditsiae Spina (Zaoren), Cannabis Fructus (Maren), Sophorae Fructus (Huai Shi), and Rheum Palmatum (Dahuang); double the dosage of Saposhnikoviae Radix (Fangfeng), and reduce the dosages of Renshen, Huangqi, Gouqizi, and Wuweizi. Additionally, use Honey Suppository Method (Mi Dao Fa).
If the skin and flesh are dry with dampness, and hair is scorched and withered, add Gastrodiae Rhizoma (Tianma), Schizonepetae Spike (Jingsui), Phellodendri Cortex (Digupi), and Sophorae Fructus (Huai Shi) (1 qian each).