肺脏最居先。大肠通道宣。
肺为华盖。居各藏之上。故曰居先。肺与大肠相为表里。灵兰秘典论云。
大肠者。传道之官。变化出焉。故云通道宣也。
按阴阳应象大论云。西方生燥燥生金。金生辛。辛生肺。肺生皮毛。皮毛
生肾。肺主鼻。其在天为燥。在地为金。在体为皮毛。在脏为肺。在色为白。
在音为商。在声为哭。其变动为咳。在窍为鼻。在味为辛。在志为忧。忧伤
肺。喜胜忧。热伤皮毛。寒胜热。辛伤皮毛。苦胜辛。金匮真言论云。西方色
白。入通于肺。开窍于鼻。藏精于肺。故病在背。其味辛。其类金。其畜马。其
谷稻。其应四时。上为太白星。是以知病之在皮毛也。其音商。其数九。其
臭腥。
兑为八卦地。
肺主西方金气。文王八卦。兑居于西。若以八卦言之。则肺居兑地也。戴
起宗以地字改为说。不通。
金属五行牵。
牵。合也。以五行言之。则肺合于金。
皮与毛相应。
五脏生成篇云。肺之合皮也。其荣毛也。
魂将魄共连。
或难曰。肝藏魂。肺藏魄。保以不歌于肝。而并歌于肺也。不知五脏之神。
虽各有所属。而其妙在于互融互摄。四十难中发明耳闻鼻臭之说。肝
木虽属东方。然受气于申。培胎于酉。肺金虽属西方。然受气于寅。培胎
于卯。故参同契云。举东以合西。魂魄自相拘。释云。举东以合西者。驱龙
而就虎也。魂魄自相拘者。移情而合性也。
按参同契二八弦气章云。偃月作鼎炉。白虎为熬枢。汞日为流珠。青龙
与之俱。举东以合西。魂魄自相拘。释云。今夫龙居于东。虎居于西。虽则
各守方隅。却有感通之理。故举东方之魂。以合西方之魄。则龙虎自然
交媾。相钤相制。而大药成矣。举东以合西者。驱龙以就虎也。魂魄自相
拘者。推情而合性也。
鼻闻香臭辨。壅塞气相煎。
经云。肺气通于鼻。鼻和则知香臭。邪气迫于肺。则鼻窍壅塞不通。而不
闻香臭。
语过多成嗽。
肺主气。语言太过。则气伤矣。肺气伤则发嗽矣。
疮浮酒灌穿。
酒。湿热之物也。疮湿热所生也。肺主皮毛。过于酒则肺经受伤。而皮上生疮矣。
猪膏凝者吉。枯骨命难全。
五脏生成篇云。白如豕膏者生言。白而明润也。故曰生。白如枯骨者死。
言白而惨暗也。故曰死。
按玉机真藏论云。真肺脉至大而虚。如以羽毛中人。肤色白赤不泽。毛
折乃死。
本积息奔患。乘春右胁边。
五十六难曰。肺之积。名曰息奔。在右胁下。覆大如杯。久不已。令人洒淅。
寒热喘咳。发肺壅。以春甲乙日得之。何以言之心病传肺。肺病传肝。肝
以春适旺。旺者不受邪。肺复欲还心。心不肯受。故留结为积。故知息贵
以春甲乙日得之。
顺时浮涩短。
肺王于秋。肺主皮毛。故脉浮。肺为气多血少之脏。故脉涩。秋属金。五行
之中。为金最少。故脉短。
按人镜经云。肺合皮毛。肺脉循皮毛而行。持脉指法。如三菽之重。按至
皮毛而得者。为浮。稍稍加力。脉道不利为涩。又稍加力。不及本位曰短
也。
反即大洪弦。
若秋时见大洪而弦之脉。谓之反四时。何也。洪大属火。火来克金。又且
兼弦。弦属木。木能生火。今肺脉洪而且弦。是母挟子势。而反来侮金。风
火相炽。而肺金受伤。故曰反也。
实梦兵戈竞。虚行涉水田。
肺气盛。则梦恐惧。哭泣飞扬。淫邪发梦篇云。厥气容于肺。则梦飞扬。见
金铁之奇物。客于大肠。则梦田野。今诀云。实梦兵戈竞。虚行涉水田者。
谓肺属秋金。主乎肃杀。肺实故梦兵戈争竞之事。北方属水。乃庚金衰
墓之乡。金虚故梦涉于水田也。
三斤三两重。六叶散分悬。
四十二难曰。肺重三斤三两。六叶两耳。凡八叶。主藏魄。
肺脏位于五脏之首。大肠是传导的通道，功能宣通。
肺被称为“华盖”（覆盖在五脏之上的脏器），位居各脏腑之上，所以说它居首位。肺与大肠互为表里关系。《灵兰秘典论》说：
大肠是传导之官，负责变化排泄糟粕。所以说它是通畅的通道。
按照《阴阳应象大论》所说：西方产生燥气，燥气产生金，金对应辛味，辛味滋养肺，肺滋养皮毛，皮毛滋养肾。肺主管鼻子，在天为燥气，在地为金，在人体形体为皮毛，在脏腑为肺，在五色为白色，在五音为商音，在五声为哭声，其变动表现为咳嗽，在孔窍为鼻，在五味为辛味，在五志为忧。忧伤肺，喜能胜忧。热邪损伤皮毛，寒能胜热。辛味损伤皮毛，苦能胜辛。《金匮真言论》说：西方色白，内通于肺，开窍于鼻，精气藏于肺。所以病变多在背部。其味辛，其类属金，其畜马，其谷稻，其对应四季中的秋季，天上对应太白星。因此知道病在皮毛。其音商，其数九，其气味腥。
兑卦代表八卦中的西方位置。
肺主西方的金气。文王八卦中，兑卦居于西方。如果从八卦角度讲，那么肺就位于兑卦之地。戴起宗将“地”字改为“说”，是不通的。
金属五行相牵连。
牵，意为合。从五行角度讲，肺合于金。
皮毛相互相应。
《五脏生成篇》说：肺合皮，其荣华表现在毛上。
魂与魄共同相连。
《难经》问：肝藏魂，肺藏魄，为什么不单独歌咏肝，而要并歌于肺呢？不知道五脏的神志，虽然各有归属，但其奥妙在于互相融合、互相摄取。《四十难》阐发了耳闻鼻嗅的道理。肝木虽然属于东方，但在申时受气，在酉时培胎；肺金虽然属于西方，但在寅时受气，在卯时培胎。所以《参同契》说：举东以合西，魂魄自然相互拘束。解释为：举东以合西，就是驱龙去就虎。魂魄自然相互拘束，就是移情而合性。
按《参同契·二八弦气章》说：偃月作为鼎炉，白虎作为熬炼的关键，汞日作为流珠，青龙与之俱来。举东以合西，魂魄自然相互拘束。解释为：现在龙居于东，虎居于西，虽然各自守住方位，却有感通的道理。所以举东方之魂，以合西方之魄，则龙虎自然交媾，相互制约，而大药就形成了。举东以合西，就是驱龙去就虎。魂魄自然相互拘束，就是推情而合性。
鼻子闻香臭辨别，壅塞导致气机煎熬。
经文说：肺气通于鼻，鼻调和就能分辨香臭。邪气迫近肺，则鼻窍壅塞不通，而不能闻香臭。
说话过多导致咳嗽。
肺主气，语言太过，就会伤气。肺气受伤就会引发咳嗽。
疮疡浮起如酒灌穿破。
酒是湿热之物。疮疡也是湿热所生。肺主皮毛，饮酒过度则肺经受伤，皮肤上就会生疮。
猪膏凝固者吉，枯骨般苍白者命难全。
《五脏生成篇》说：面色白如猪油者生，指白而明润。所以说生。面色白如枯骨者死，指白而惨暗。所以说死。
按《玉机真藏论》说：真肺脉至大而虚，像羽毛中人一样轻浮。肤色白赤无光泽，毛发折断乃死。
本积息贲患病，乘春时在右胁边。
《五十六难》说：肺的积病，名叫息贲，在右胁下，覆盖大如杯。久不愈，使人洒淅恶寒发热，喘咳，发为肺壅。如果在春季甲乙日得此病，为什么这样说？因为心病传肺，肺病传肝。肝在春季正当旺盛，旺盛的脏腑不受邪，肺想再传回给心，心不肯接受，所以停留结聚成为积。因此知道息贲是在春季甲乙日得的。
顺应时令脉象浮涩短。
肺旺于秋。肺主皮毛，所以脉浮。肺是气多血少的脏，所以脉涩。秋属金，在五行中金最少，所以脉短。
按《人镜经》说：肺合皮毛，肺脉循行于皮毛。诊脉指法，用三菽重的力量，按至皮毛而得者，为浮脉。稍稍加力，脉道不利为涩脉。又稍加力，不及本位曰短脉。
相反即见大洪弦脉。
如果在秋季见到洪大且弦的脉象，叫做反四时。为什么呢？洪大属火，火来克金。而且兼见弦脉，弦属木，木能生火。现在肺脉洪而且弦，这是母挟子势，反而来侮金。风火相炽，导致肺金受伤。所以叫反。
实证梦见兵戈争斗，虚证梦见涉水农田。
肺气盛，则梦恐惧、哭泣、飞扬。《淫邪发梦篇》说：厥气客于肺，则梦飞扬，见到金银铁器等奇异物体。客于大肠，则梦田野。现在的诀文说：实梦兵戈竞，虚行涉水田。意思是肺属秋金，主肃杀。肺实故梦兵戈争竞之事。北方属水，是庚金衰墓之乡。金虚故梦涉于水田也。
重三斤三两，六叶散分悬挂。
《四十二难》说：肺重三斤三两，有六叶两耳，共八叶。主要功能是藏魄。
The Lung organ is positioned first among the five zang organs. The Large Intestine serves as the channel of transmission, with its function being to disseminate and unblock.
The Lung is referred to as the "Canopy" (the organ covering the other five zang organs), residing above all other viscera; hence it is said to be in the foremost position. The Lung and the Large Intestine are exteriorly-interiorly related. The *Ling Shu: Ling Lan Mi Dian Lun* states:
"The Large Intestine is the official of transmission, responsible for transformation and excretion." Thus, it is described as a smooth channel.
According to the *Su Wen: Yin Yang Ying Xiang Da Lun*: "In the West arises Dryness; Dryness generates Metal; Metal corresponds to Pungency; Pungency nourishes the Lung; the Lung nourishes the skin and hair; the skin and hair nourish the Kidney. The Lung governs the nose. In Heaven it corresponds to Dryness, on Earth to Metal, in the body structure to skin and hair, in the viscera to the Lung, in colors to White, in musical tones to Shang, in vocal sounds to Weeping, in pathological changes to Cough, in orifices to the Nose, in flavors to Pungency, and in emotions to Sorrow. Excessive Sorrow damages the Lung, while Joy overcomes Sorrow. Heat damages the skin and hair, while Cold overcomes Heat. Pungency damages the skin and hair, while Bitterness overcomes Pungency." The *Jin Gui Zhen Yan Lun* states: "The color of the West is White, internally connecting to the Lung, opening into the Nose, and storing essence within the Lung. Therefore, diseases manifest in the back. Its flavor is Pungent, its category is Metal, its associated animal is the Horse, its grain is Rice, and it corresponds to the four seasons, specifically appearing as the Tai Bai Star in the heavens. Thus, one knows that disease resides in the skin and hair. Its tone is Shang, its number is nine, and its odor is Fishy."
Dui represents the western position in the Eight Trigrams.
The Lung governs the Metal Qi of the West. In King Wen's Bagua arrangement, Dui is located in the West. Speaking from the perspective of the Eight Trigrams, the Lung resides in the land of Dui. Dai Qizong's alteration of the character "Di" (Land) to "Shuo" (Saying) is incorrect.
Metal connects through the Five Phases.
"Qian" means to combine. From the perspective of the Five Phases, the Lung combines with Metal.
Skin and hair correspond to each other.
The *Zang Fu Sheng Cheng Pian* states: "The Lung combines with the skin, and its flourishing manifestation is in the hair."
Hun (Ethereal Soul) and Po (Corporeal Soul) are interconnected.
A question from the *Nan Jing* asks: "The Liver stores Hun, and the Lung stores Po. Why is there no separate verse for the Liver, but rather a combined verse for the Lung?" The answer lies in understanding that although the spirits of the five zang organs have their respective domains, their subtlety lies in mutual integration and absorption. The *Fortieth Difficulty* elucidates the concepts of hearing and smelling. Although Wood belongs to the East, it receives Qi at Shen hour and nurtures its fetus at You hour; although Metal belongs to the West, it receives Qi at Yin hour and nurtures its fetus at Mao hour. Thus, the *Cantong Qi* states: "Raising the East to unite with the West, Hun and Po naturally constrain each other." This is explained as: Raising the East to unite with the West refers to driving the Dragon to join the Tiger. Hun and Po naturally constraining each other refers to transforming emotion to harmonize nature.
According to the *Cantong Qi, Chapter on Two-Eighth String Qi*: "The Crescent Moon serves as the tripod and furnace, the White Tiger as the key to refining, Mercury-Sun as the flowing pearl, and the Green Dragon comes along with it. Raising the East to unite with the West, Hun and Po naturally constrain each other." The explanation is: Now, the Dragon resides in the East, and the Tiger in the West. Although they guard their respective directions, there is a principle of mutual resonance. Therefore, raising the Hun of the East to unite with the Po of the West allows the Dragon and Tiger to naturally cohabit, mutually regulating and controlling each other, thus forming the Great Medicine. Raising the East to unite with the West means driving the Dragon to join the Tiger. Hun and Po naturally constraining each other means pushing emotion to harmonize nature.
The nose distinguishes odors; obstruction causes Qi to be tormented.
The classics state: "Lung Qi connects to the nose. When the nose is harmonious, one can distinguish fragrant and foul odors. When pathogenic Qi presses upon the Lung, the nasal orifice becomes obstructed and blocked, resulting in the inability to smell."
Excessive speech leads to cough.
The Lung governs Qi. Excessive speech injures Qi. When Lung Qi is injured, cough develops.
Sores float as if pierced by wine infusion.
Wine is a damp-heat substance. Sores are also generated by damp-heat. The Lung governs the skin and hair. Excessive wine consumption injures the Lung meridian, causing sores to appear on the skin.
If the complexion is white like congealed pig fat, it indicates good prognosis; if white like dry bone, life is hard to preserve.
The *Zang Fu Sheng Cheng Pian* states: "White like pig fat indicates survival," referring to a white and lustrous complexion. Hence, it indicates life. "White like dry bone indicates death," referring to a white and dull complexion. Hence, it indicates death.
According to the *Yu Ji Zhen Zang Lun*: "The True Lung pulse is large and empty, feeling light like a feather touching the person. If the skin color is white-red without luster and hair breaks off, death ensues."
The accumulation of Xi Ben causes illness, occurring on the right hypochondrium during Spring.
The *Fifty-Sixth Difficulty* states: "The accumulation of the Lung is named Xi Ben (Breathful Accumulation). It is located under the right hypochondrium, covering an area as large as a cup. If untreated for a long time, it causes chills and fever, wheezing, and cough, developing into Lung obstruction. If contracted on Jia or Yi days in Spring, why is this? Because Heart disease transmits to the Lung, and Lung disease transmits to the Liver. The Liver is prosperous in Spring; a prosperous organ does not accept pathogenic factors. The Lung attempts to transmit back to the Heart, but the Heart refuses to accept it. Thus, it remains and knots to form an accumulation. Therefore, we know Xi Ben is contracted on Jia or Yi days in Spring."
Following the season, the pulse is Floating, Choppy, and Short.
The Lung prospers in Autumn. As the Lung governs the skin and hair, the pulse is Floating. The Lung is an organ with abundant Qi and scarce Blood, so the pulse is Choppy. Autumn belongs to Metal, which is the least abundant among the Five Phases, so the pulse is Short.
According to the *Ren Jing Jing*: "The Lung combines with the skin and hair, and the Lung pulse travels along the skin and hair. In pulse diagnosis, applying pressure equivalent to three beans' weight, reaching the skin and hair to perceive the pulse, constitutes a Floating pulse. Slightly increasing pressure, where the pulse channel is not smooth, constitutes a Choppy pulse. Increasing pressure further, but not reaching the proper depth, constitutes a Short pulse."
Reversal manifests as Large, Surging, and Wiry pulses.
If a Large, Surging, and Wiry pulse is seen in Autumn, it is called contrary to the four seasons. Why? Surging and Large belong to Fire, which overacts on Metal. Furthermore, the presence of a Wiry pulse, belonging to Wood, implies Wood generating Fire. Here, the Lung pulse is both Surging and Wiry, indicating the Mother (Fire) leveraging the Child (Wood) to insult Metal. Wind and Fire blaze together, injuring Lung Metal. Hence, it is termed "reversal."
Excess conditions dream of weapons and conflict; Deficiency conditions dream of wading through water fields.
When Lung Qi is excessive, one dreams of fear, crying, and flying. The *Yin Xie Fa Meng Pian* states: "When Jue Qi lodges in the Lung, one dreams of flying and seeing strange objects like gold, iron, or metal. When it lodges in the Large Intestine, one dreams of fields." The current rhyme text states: "Excess dreams of weapons and conflict; Deficiency dreams of wading through water fields." This means the Lung belongs to Autumn Metal, governing肃杀 (severing and killing). Due to Lung Excess, one dreams of conflicts involving weapons. The North belongs to Water, which is the place of decline and tomb for Geng Metal. Due to Metal Deficiency, one dreams of wading through water fields.
Weighing three jin and three liang, six lobes suspended separately.
The *Forty-Second Difficulty* states: "The Lung weighs three jin and three liang. It has six lobes and two ears, totaling eight lobes. Its primary function is to store Po."