下闭血，瘀血疼痛，女人带下血。燔之。味苦，无毒。
臣禹锡等谨按蜀本云∶沙牛角 ，味苦，温，无毒。主下闭瘀血，女子带下下血。烧以
为
灰
赤
白带下，止冷痢泻血。
水牛角 疗时气，寒热头痛。
臣禹锡等谨按药对云∶水牛角，平。药决云∶水牛角，味苦，冷，无毒。
髓 补中，填骨髓。久服增年。髓，味甘，温，无毒。主安五脏，平三焦，温骨
髓，补中，
续绝益气，止泄痢，消渴。以酒服之。
臣禹锡等谨按孟诜云∶黑牛髓和地黄汁、白蜜等分作煎服，治瘦病。
胆 可丸药。胆，味苦，大寒。除心腹热渴，利口焦燥，益目精。
陶隐居云∶此朱书牛角 、髓、其胆，《本经》附出牛黄条中，此以类相从耳，非上品
之药
，今拔出随例在此，不关件数，犹是黑书别品之限也。臣禹锡等谨按药性论云∶青牛胆，
君，无毒。主消渴，利大小肠。腊月牯牛胆，中盛黑豆一百粒，后一百日开取，食后、夜间
吞
二七枚，镇肝明目。黑豆盛浸不计多少。
心 主虚忘。
肝 主明目。
肾 主补肾气，益精。
齿 主小儿牛痫。
肉 味甘，平，无毒。主消渴，止 泄，安中益气，养脾胃，自死者不良。
屎 寒。主水肿，恶气。用涂门户，着壁者。燔之，主鼠 ，恶疮。
臣禹锡等谨按孟诜云∶乌牛粪为上。又小儿夜啼，取干牛粪如手大，安卧席下，勿令母
知
，子、母俱吉。
黄犍牛、乌牯牛溺 主水肿，腹胀脚满，利小便。
陶隐居云∶此牛，亦 牛为胜，青牛最良，水牛为可充食尔。自死谓疫死，肉多毒。青
牛肠
不可共犬肉、犬血食之，令人成病也。唐本注云∶《别录》云，牛鼻中木卷，疗小儿痫。草
卷烧之为屑，主小儿鼻下疮。耳中垢，主蛇伤，恶 毒。脐中毛，主小儿久不行。白牛悬蹄
，主妇人崩中，漏赤白。屎，主霍乱。屎中大豆，主小儿痫，妇人产难。特牛茎，主妇人漏
下赤白，无子。乌牛胆，主明目及疳湿，以酿槐子服之弥佳。脑，主消渴，风眩。齿，主小
儿惊痫。尿，主消渴，黄胆，水肿，香港脚，小理不通也。今按陈藏器本草云∶牛肉，平。消
水肿，除湿气，补虚，令人强筋骨，壮健。鼻和石燕煮汁服，主消渴。肝和腹内百叶，作生
姜、醋食之，主热气，水气，丹毒，压丹石发热，解酒劳。五脏，主人五脏。黄牛肉，小温
。补益腰脚。独肝者有大毒，食之，痢血至死。北人牛瘦，多以蛇从鼻灌之，则为独肝也。
水牛则无之。以前二色牛肉，自死者发痼疾 癖，令人成疰病。落崖死者良。黄牛乳，生服
利人，下热气，冷补，润肌，止渴。和蒜煎三、五沸食之，主冷气 癖，羸瘦。凡服乳，必
煮一、二沸，停冷啜之，热食则壅。不欲顿服，欲得渐消。与酸物相反，令人腹中结症。凡
以乳及溺、屎去病者，黑牛强于黄牛。酥堪合诸膏，摩风肿 跌，血瘀。醍醐更佳，性滑，
以物盛之皆透，唯鸡子壳及葫芦盛之不出。屎热灰敷炙疮不瘥者。水牛、黄牛角 及在粪土
中烂白者，烧为黑灰末服，主赤白痢。口中涎，主反胃。又取老牛涎沫如枣核大，置水中服
之，终身不噎。口中 （丑之反）草，绞取汁服，止哕。《本经》不言黄牛、乌牛、水牛，
但
言牛。牛有数种，南人以水牛为牛，北人以黄牛、乌牛为牛。牛种既殊，入用亦别也。臣禹
锡等谨按大腹水肿通用药云∶黄牛溺，寒。蜀本云∶黄犍牛溺，味苦、辛，微温，无毒。
孟诜云∶牛者，稼穑之资，不多屠杀，自死者，血脉已绝，骨髓已竭，不堪食。黄牛发药动
病
，黑牛尤不可食。黑牛尿及屎只入药。又头、蹄，下热风，患冷人不可食。其肝，醋煮食之
治瘦。日华子云∶水牛肉，冷，微毒。角，煎治热毒风并壮热。角 ，烧焦治肠风泻血痢，
崩中带下，水泻。涎，止反胃呕吐。治噎，要取即以水洗口后，盐涂之，则重吐出。黄牛肉
，温，微毒。益腰脚。大都食之发药毒动病，不如水牛也。唯酥乳佳。骨髓，温，无毒。治
吐血，鼻洪，崩中带下，肠风泻血并水泻。烧灰用。
图经文具第十六卷中牛黄条下。
食疗云∶肚，主消渴，风眩，补五脏，以醋煮食之。肝，治痢。肾，主补肾。髓，安五
脏，
平三焦，温中。久服增年。以酒送之。和地黄汁、白蜜作煎，服之治瘦病。恐是牛脂也。粪
，主霍乱，煮饮之。又，妇人无乳汁，取牛鼻作羹，空心食之。不过三、两日，有汁下无限
。若中年壮盛者，食之良。又，宰之尚不堪食，非论自死者。其牛肉取三斤，烂切，将啖解
槽咬人恶马，只两啖后，颇甚驯良。若三、五顿后，其马狞豚不堪骑。十二月勿食，伤神。
外台秘要大病后不足，病虚劳，补虚。取七岁以下，五岁以上黄牛乳一升，水四升，煎取一
升，如人饥，稍稍饮，不得多，十日服不住，佳。又方∶必效治上吐下利者，为湿霍乱。黄
牛屎半升，水一升，煮三、两沸，和牛屎滤过取汁，服半升则止。牛子屎亦得，又方∶治久
患
气胀。乌牛尿，空心温服一升，日一服，气散则止。千金方∶鼻中生疮，黑牛耳垢敷之良。
又
方∶治痔。腊月牛脾一具，熟食之尽，瘥。勿与盐、酱，未瘥再作。又方∶主喉痹。烧牛角
末，
酒服方寸匕。又方∶五色丹名油肿，若犯多致死，不可轻之。以屎敷之，干即易。千金翼主
症癖及主鼓胀满。黑牛尿一升，微火煎如稠糖。空心饮服一大枣许，当转病出，隔日更服之。
又
方∶治甘虫蚀鼻生疮。取乌牛耳中垢敷之，良。肘后方∶治伤寒时气，毒攻手足肿，疼痛欲
断，牛肉裹肿处止。《外台秘要》同。又方∶风毒香港脚，若经已满，捻之没指。但勤饮乌
牛溺
二
取
牛耳中垢封之，愈。又方∶治鼠 肿核痛，若已有疮口脓血出者，以热屎敷之。日三。经验
方
∶痔漏张用方∶犍牛儿胆、 胆各一个，用腻粉五十文，麝香二十文，将 胆汁、腻粉、麝
香
和
是
验，疮口渐合，生面盖疮内一遍，出恶物。经验后方∶治冷痢。沙角 烧灰，粥饮调下两钱
。
梅师方∶治卒阴肾痛。烧牛屎末，和酒敷之，干即易。又方∶治霍乱，吐痢不止，心烦，四
肢逆冷，黄牛屎一升，以水二升，煎取一升，以绵滤过，去滓顿服。又方∶治水肿，小便涩。
黄
牛
以鸡子白和敷之，干即易。食医心镜主水浮气肿，腹肚胀满，小便涩少。水牛蹄一只，汤洗
去毛如食法，隔夜煮令烂熟取汁作羹。蹄切，空心饱食。又主水气，大腹浮肿，小便涩少。
水牛尾涤洗，去毛细切，作 KT 极熟吃之。煮食亦佳。又，牛肉一斤熟蒸，以姜、醋，
空心
食。水牛皮烂煮熟蒸切于豉汁中食之。又乌犍牛尿半升，空心饮之利小便。又牛盛热时卒死
，其脑食之生肠痈。集验方∶治淋。取牛耳中毛，烧取半钱，水服瘥。孙用和方∶治赤白带
下。牛角 烧令烟断，附子以盐水浸泡七度去皮，右件等分，捣罗为末。每空心酒下二钱匕。
兵
部手集治水病初得危急。乌牛尿，每服一合，瘥。塞上方∶主鼠奶痔。牛角 烧作灰末，空
心酒服方寸匕。姚氏方∶卒得淋。取牛尾烧灰，水服半钱，瘥。又方∶汤火烧灼疮，单敷湿
屎，立痛止，常日用良。又方∶治毒蛇螫人，牛耳垢敷之佳。子母秘录∶治血气逆，心烦闷
满，心
痛。烧水牛角末，酒服方寸匕。又方∶小儿白秃疮，头上疮团团白色。以牛屎敷之。产书主
难
产。牛粪中大豆一枚，擘作两片，一片书父，一片书子，却合，以少水吞之，立产。耳珠先
生固
牙齿法良。杀牛齿三十枚，固济瓶中， 令通赤，取细研为末。水一盏，末二钱匕，煎令热
，含浸牙齿，冷即吐却，永坚牢。或有损动者，末揩之。礼记牛夜鸣则 ，不可食。丹房镜
源云∶牛屎，抽铜晕。
衍义曰∶牛角 ，此则黄牛角 。用尖烧为黑灰，微存性，治妇人血崩，大便血及冷痢。
又
白水牛鼻，干、湿皆可用，治偏风口 斜，以火炙热，于不患处一边熨之，渐正。
（牛角）能治疗下部闭塞出血、瘀血疼痛以及妇女带下出血。将其烧成灰使用。味道苦，无毒。
臣禹锡等人谨按《蜀本》记载：沙牛角，味道苦，性温，无毒。主治下部闭塞瘀血，女子带下出血。烧成灰，可治赤白带下，止住冷痢和泻血。
臣禹锡等人谨按《药对》记载：水牛角，性平。《药决》记载：水牛角，味道苦，性冷，无毒。
牛髓能补益中焦，填补骨髓。长期服用可增加寿命。牛髓味道甘，性温，无毒。主治安定五脏，调和三焦，温暖骨髓，补益中气，接续绝伤，益气，止住泄痢，消除消渴症状。用酒送服。
臣禹锡等人谨按孟诜记载：黑牛髓与地黄汁、白蜜各取等分制成煎剂服用，可治疗瘦病（消瘦羸弱之症）。
牛胆可用于制作丸药。牛胆味道苦，大寒。能清除心腹部的热渴，缓解口舌焦燥，有益目精。
陶隐居说：这些朱书标注的牛角、髓、其胆，《本经》附在牛黄条中，这里是因为同类相从而收录，并非上品药物，现在将其拔出并随例在此，不计入总数，仍属于黑书别品的范围。臣禹锡等人谨按《药性论》记载：青牛胆，作为君药，无毒。主治消渴，通利大小肠。腊月公牛胆，内盛黑豆一百粒，过一百天后取出，饭后及夜间吞服十四枚，可镇肝明目。黑豆浸泡的数量不限。
牛肝主治明目。
牛肉味道甘，性平，无毒。主治消渴，止住泄痢，安定中焦益气，滋养脾胃，自死的牛肉质不良，不宜食用。
牛屎性寒。主治水肿，恶气。用于涂抹门户，贴在墙壁上。烧成灰，主治鼠瘘（淋巴结核），恶疮。
臣禹锡等人谨按孟诜记载：乌牛粪为上品。另外，小儿夜啼，取如手掌大小的干牛粪，放在卧席下，不要让母亲知道，母子皆吉。
陶隐居说：这些牛中，也是以黄牛为胜，青牛最好，水牛可以充作食用而已。自死指疫病死亡，肉多有毒。青牛的肠不可与犬肉、犬血同食，否则会使人致病。《唐本注》记载：《别录》说，牛鼻中的木卷，治疗小儿癫痫。草卷烧成屑，主治小儿鼻下疮。耳中垢，主治蛇伤，恶毒。脐中毛，主治小儿久不能行走。白牛悬蹄，主治妇人崩漏，赤白带下。屎，主治霍乱。屎中的大豆，主治小儿癫痫，妇人难产。特牛的生殖器，主治妇人漏下赤白，不孕。乌牛胆，主治明目及疳湿，用槐子酿制后服用更佳。脑，主治消渴，风眩。齿，主治小儿惊痫。尿，主治消渴，黄疸，水肿，香港脚（足部肿痛），小便不通。
如今按陈藏器《本草》记载：牛肉，性平。消除水肿，除湿气，补虚，使人筋骨强健，身体壮健。鼻与石燕煮汁服用，主治消渴。肝与腹内百叶，加生姜、醋生吃，主治热气，水气，丹毒，压制丹石发热，解酒劳。五脏，主治人五脏。黄牛肉，小温。补益腰脚。独肝者有大毒，食用后会痢血致死。北方人的牛瘦，多以蛇从鼻孔灌入，则成为独肝。水牛则没有这种情况。前两种颜色的牛肉，自死者会引发痼疾癖块，使人患上注病（慢性传染病）。落崖死的牛良。黄牛乳，生服对人有利，降热气，冷补，润肌，止渴。与蒜一起煎煮三、五沸后食用，主治冷气癖块，消瘦羸弱。凡是服用乳汁，必须煮沸一、二沸，冷却后饮用，热食则会壅滞。不想一次性服用，想要逐渐消化。与酸物相反，令人腹中结症。凡是利用乳汁、尿、屎治病，黑牛强于黄牛。酥可以合诸膏，按摩风肿跌打，血瘀。醍醐更好，性质滑利，用物品盛装都会渗透，只有鸡蛋壳及葫芦盛装才不流出。屎的热灰敷贴灸疮不愈者。水牛、黄牛角以及在粪土中烂白者，烧成黑灰末服用，主治赤白痢。口中涎，主治反胃。又取老牛涎沫如枣核大，放入水中服用，终身不噎。口中（丑之反，即“哕”字异体或误写，此处依文意理解为呕吐相关）草，绞取汁服用，止住呃逆。《本经》未言黄牛、乌牛、水牛，只言牛。牛有多种，南方人以水牛为牛，北方人以黄牛、乌牛为牛。牛的种类既然不同，入药使用也有区别。
臣禹锡等人谨按《大腹水肿通用药》记载：黄牛尿，性寒。《蜀本》记载：黄犍牛尿，味道苦、辛，微温，无毒。孟诜说：牛是农耕的重要资源，不应多杀，自死的牛，血脉已断，骨髓已竭，不堪食用。黄牛发药动病，黑牛尤其不可食。黑牛尿及屎只入药。另外头、蹄，下热风，患冷病的人不可食。其肝，醋煮食可治瘦病。日华子说：水牛肉，冷，微毒。角，煎治热毒风并壮热。角烧焦治肠风泻血痢，崩中带下，水泻。涎，止反胃呕吐。治噎，要取即用后水洗口，盐涂之，则重吐出。黄牛肉，温，微毒。益腰脚。大都食之发药毒动病，不如水牛。唯酥乳佳。骨髓，温，无毒。治吐血，鼻洪，崩中带下，肠风泻血并水泻。烧灰用。
《食疗》记载：肚，主治消渴，风眩，补五脏，以醋煮食之。肝，治痢。肾，主补肾。髓，安五脏，平三焦，温中。久服增年。以酒送之。和地黄汁、白蜜作煎，服之治瘦病。恐是牛脂也。粪，主霍乱，煮饮之。又，妇人无乳汁，取牛鼻作羹，空心食之。不过三、两日，有汁下无限。若中年壮盛者，食之良。又，宰之尚不堪食，非论自死者。其牛肉取三斤，烂切，将啖解槽咬人恶马，只两啖后，颇甚驯良。若三、五顿后，其马狞豚不堪骑。十二月勿食，伤神。
《外台秘要》大病后不足，病虚劳，补虚。取七岁以下，五岁以上黄牛乳一升，水四升，煎取一升，如人饥，稍稍饮，不得多，十日服不住，佳。又方∶必效治上吐下利者，为湿霍乱。黄牛屎半升，水一升，煮三、两沸，和牛屎滤过取汁，服半升则止。牛子屎亦得，又方∶治久患气胀。乌牛尿，空心温服一升，日一服，气散则止。
《千金方》∶鼻中生疮，黑牛耳垢敷之良。又方∶治痔。腊月牛脾一具，熟食之尽，瘥。勿与盐、酱，未瘥再作。又方∶主喉痹。烧牛角末，酒服方寸匕。又方∶五色丹名油肿，若犯多致死，不可轻之。以屎敷之，干即易。
《千金翼》主症癖及主鼓胀满。黑牛尿一升，微火煎如稠糖。空心饮服一大枣许，当转病出，隔日更服之。又方∶治甘虫蚀鼻生疮。取乌牛耳中垢敷之，良。
《肘后方》∶治伤寒时气，毒攻手足肿，疼痛欲断，牛肉裹肿处止。《外台秘要》同。又方∶风毒香港脚，若经已满，捻之没指。但勤饮乌牛溺二取牛耳中垢封之，愈。又方∶治鼠 肿核痛，若已有疮口脓血出者，以热屎敷之。日三。
《经验方》∶痔漏张用方∶犍牛儿胆、 胆各一个，用腻粉五十文，麝香二十文，将 胆汁、腻粉、麝香和是验，疮口渐合，生面盖疮内一遍，出恶物。
《梅师方》∶治卒阴肾痛。烧牛屎末，和酒敷之，干即易。又方∶治霍乱，吐痢不止，心烦，四肢逆冷，黄牛屎一升，以水二升，煎取一升，以绵滤过，去滓顿服。又方∶治水肿，小便涩。黄牛以鸡子白和敷之，干即易。
《食医心镜》主水浮气肿，腹肚胀满，小便涩少。水牛蹄一只，汤洗去毛如食法，隔夜煮令烂熟取汁作羹。蹄切，空心饱食。又主水气，大腹浮肿，小便涩少。水牛尾涤洗，去毛细切，作 KT 极熟吃之。煮食亦佳。又，牛肉一斤熟蒸，以姜、醋，空心食。水牛皮烂煮熟蒸切于豉汁中食之。又乌犍牛尿半升，空心饮之利小便。又牛盛热时卒死，其脑食之生肠痈。
孙用和方∶治赤白带下。牛角 烧令烟断，附子以盐水浸泡七度去皮，右件等分，捣罗为末。每空心酒下二钱匕。
姚氏方∶卒得淋。取牛尾烧灰，水服半钱，瘥。又方∶汤火烧灼疮，单敷湿屎，立痛止，常日用良。又方∶治毒蛇螫人，牛耳垢敷之佳。
《子母秘录》∶治血气逆，心烦闷满，心痛。烧水牛角末，酒服方寸匕。又方∶小儿白秃疮，头上疮团团白色。以牛屎敷之。
《产书》主难产。牛粪中大豆一枚，擘作两片，一片书父，一片书子，却合，以少水吞之，立产。
耳珠先生固牙齿法良。杀牛齿三十枚，固济瓶中， 令通赤，取细研为末。水一盏，末二钱匕，煎令热，含浸牙齿，冷即吐却，永坚牢。或有损动者，末揩之。
《丹房镜源》云∶牛屎，抽铜晕。
《衍义》曰∶牛角 ，此则黄牛角 。用尖烧为黑灰，微存性，治妇人血崩，大便血及冷痢。又白水牛鼻，干、湿皆可用，治偏风口 斜，以火炙热，于不患处一边熨之，渐正。
(Niu Jiao, Horn of Cattle) treats lower obstruction with bleeding, pain from blood stasis, and leukorrhea with blood in women. Calcine it. Bitter in taste, non-toxic.
Chen Yuxi et al. respectfully note that the *Shu Ben* states: Sha Niu Jiao (Horn of Sha Cattle), bitter in taste, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats lower obstruction with blood stasis and leukorrhea with blood in women. Calcined into ash, it treats red and white leukorrhea, stops cold dysentery and bloody diarrhea.
Shui Niu Jiao (Water Buffalo Horn) treats epidemic febrile diseases, alleviating headache caused by alternating chills and fever.
Chen Yuxi et al. respectfully note that *Yao Dui* states: Shui Niu Jiao is neutral in nature. *Yao Jue* states: Shui Niu Jiao is bitter in taste, cold in nature, non-toxic.
Niu Sui (Cattle Marrow) tonifies the Middle Jiao and fills the bone marrow. Long-term consumption increases longevity. Sweet in taste, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily calms the Five Zang organs, harmonizes the Three Jiao, warms the bone marrow, tonifies the Middle, reconnects severed injuries, benefits Qi, stops diarrhea and dysentery, and eliminates Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome). Take with wine.
Chen Yuxi et al. respectfully note that Meng Shen states: Black cattle marrow mixed with equal parts of Di Huang Zhi (Rehmannia Juice) and Bai Mi (White Honey), prepared as a decoction/jelly, treats emaciation.
Niu Dan (Cattle Gallbladder) can be used to make pills. Bitter in taste, very cold. It clears heat and thirst in the heart and abdomen, relieves dryness and irritation of the mouth, and benefits eye essence.
Tao Hongjing says: These items marked in vermilion ink—Niu Jiao, Niu Sui, and its Dan—are attached to the entry for Niu Huang (Calculus Bovis) in the *Ben Jing*. They are included here due to similarity in category, not because they are Superior grade medicines. They have now been extracted and placed here according to convention, not counted in the total number, remaining within the limit of the Black Book's separate category. Chen Yuxi et al. respectfully note that *Yao Xing Lun* states: Qing Niu Dan (Green Cattle Gallbladder) serves as the Sovereign herb, non-toxic. It treats Xiao Ke and promotes urination and bowel movements. The gallbladder of an ox in the twelfth lunar month, filled with one hundred black beans, opened after one hundred days, taken as fourteen pills after meals and at night, calms the Liver and brightens the eyes. The amount of soaked black beans is unlimited.
Niu Xin (Cattle Heart) treats forgetfulness and deficiency.
Niu Gan (Cattle Liver) treats vision impairment.
Niu Shen (Cattle Kidney) tonifies Kidney Qi and benefits Essence.
Niu Chi (Cattle Teeth) treats pediatric Niu Xian (a type of epilepsy).
Niu Rou (Cattle Meat) is sweet in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. It treats Xiao Ke, stops diarrhea, calms the Middle and benefits Qi, nourishes the Spleen and Stomach. Meat from self-dead cattle is of poor quality and should not be eaten.
Niu Shi (Cattle Dung) is cold in nature. It treats edema and malignant qi. Used to smear doors and walls. Calcined, it treats Shu Lou (scrofula/lymphatic tuberculosis) and malignant sores.
Chen Yuxi et al. respectfully note that Meng Shen states: Wu Niu Fen (Black Cattle Dung) is superior. Additionally, for infant night crying, take a piece of dry cattle dung the size of a hand, place it under the sleeping mat without the mother knowing; this brings auspiciousness to both mother and child.
Huang Jian Niu Niao (Yellow Castrated Bull Urine) and Wu Gu Niu Niao (Black Ox Urine) treat edema, abdominal distension, and leg swelling, promoting urination.
Tao Hongjing says: Among these cattle, Yellow Cattle is best, Green Cattle is excellent, and Water Buffalo can suffice for food. Self-death refers to death from plague; the meat contains much toxin. The intestines of Green Cattle should not be eaten with Dog Meat or Dog Blood, as this causes disease. *Tang Ben Zhu* notes: *Bie Lu* states that the wooden curl from the cow's nose treats pediatric epilepsy. Grass curls calcined into powder treat sores under the nose in children. Ear wax treats snake bites and toxic infections. Hair from the umbilicus treats infants who cannot walk for a long time. Bai Niu Xuan Ti (White Cattle Suspended Hoof) treats uterine bleeding (Beng Zhong) and leukorrhea with red and white discharge. Dung treats Cholera. Soybeans found in dung treat pediatric epilepsy and difficult labor in women. Te Niu Jing (Stem of Special Bull) treats leukorrhea with red and white discharge and infertility. Wu Niu Dan (Black Cattle Gallbladder) brightens the eyes and treats Gan Shi (childhood malnutrition with dampness); brewing it with Huai Zi (Sophora Seeds) is even better. Brain treats Xiao Ke and Feng Xuan (wind-induced vertigo). Teeth treat pediatric Jing Xian (convulsive epilepsy). Urine treats Xiao Ke, Huang Dan (jaundice), edema, Hong Zhang Jiao (podagra/swollen feet), and difficulty in urination.
According to Chen Cangqi's *Ben Cao*: Beef is neutral in nature. It reduces edema, removes dampness, tonifies deficiency, strengthens sinews and bones, and enhances vitality. Nose boiled with Shi Yan (Swallow Stone) juice treats Xiao Ke. Liver eaten raw with Abaiye (Rumen) and ginger/vinegar treats Heat Qi, Water Qi, Dan Du (erysipelas), suppresses heat from mineral drugs, and resolves alcohol fatigue. Five Zang organs treat human Five Zang disorders. Yellow Beef is slightly warm. It tonifies the waist and legs. Du Gan (Single Lobe Liver) has high toxicity; eating it causes bloody dysentery leading to death. Northern cattle are thin; snakes are often injected through the nose to create a single lobe. Water buffalo do not have this condition. Beef of the previous two colors from self-dead cattle induces chronic diseases and masses, causing Zhu Bing (infectious wasting disease). Cattle that died falling from cliffs are good. Yellow Cow Milk, taken raw, benefits humans, clears heat, provides cold tonification, moistens skin, and stops thirst. Boiled with garlic for three to five boils and eaten, it treats Cold Qi masses and emaciation. When consuming milk, it must be boiled for one to two boils and cooled before drinking; hot consumption causes stagnation. It is better to consume gradually rather than all at once. It conflicts with sour foods, causing abdominal masses. For treating diseases with milk, urine, and dung, Black Cattle is stronger than Yellow Cattle. Su (Ghee) can be combined with various plasters to massage wind-induced swelling and bruises/blood stasis. Ti Hu (Clarified Butter) is better; it is slippery and permeates most containers, except chicken eggshells and gourds. Hot ash from dung applied to unhealed moxibustion sores is effective. Shui Niu Jiao and Huang Niu Jiao that have turned white and rotten in manure/soil, calcined into black ash powder, treat red and white dysentery. Mouth saliva treats Fan Wei (regurgitation). Taking old cattle saliva the size of a jujube pit, dissolved in water, prevents lifelong dysphagia. Grass chewed in the mouth (character variant for retching), juiced and drunk, stops hiccups. The *Ben Jing* does not specify Yellow, Black, or Water Cattle, only "Cattle." There are several types; Southerners call Water Buffalo "Cattle," while Northerners call Yellow and Black Cattle "Cattle." Since the species differ, their medicinal uses also differ.
Chen Yuxi et al. respectfully note *Da Fu Shui Zhong Tong Yong Yao*: Yellow Cow Urine is cold. *Shu Ben* states: Huang Jian Niu Niao is bitter and pungent, slightly warm, non-toxic. Meng Shen says: Cattle are essential for agriculture; do not slaughter them excessively. Self-dead cattle have cut blood vessels and exhausted marrow; their meat is unfit for consumption. Yellow Cattle can trigger drug reactions and exacerbate diseases; Black Cattle is especially inadvisable. Black Cattle urine and dung are used only medicinally. Heads and hooves clear Wind-Heat; those with Cold conditions should not eat them. The liver, cooked with vinegar, treats emaciation. Ri Hua Zi says: Water Buffalo Meat is cold and slightly toxic. Horns, decocted, treat Heat-Toxic Wind and high fever. Calcined horns treat Chang Feng Xie Xue Li (intestinal wind bloody diarrhea), Beng Zhong Dai Xia (uterine bleeding and leukorrhea), and watery diarrhea. Saliva stops regurgitation and vomiting. To treat dysphagia, wash the mouth after collection, apply salt, and induce heavy spitting. Yellow Beef is warm and slightly toxic. It benefits the waist and legs. Generally, eating it triggers drug toxins and exacerbates diseases; it is inferior to Water Buffalo. Only ghee and milk are excellent. Bone Marrow is warm and non-toxic. It treats hematemesis, epistaxis, Beng Zhong Dai Xia, Chang Feng Xie Xue Li, and watery diarrhea. Use calcined ash.
*TU JING* details are in Volume 16 under the Niu Huang entry.
*Shi Liao* states: Abomasum treats Xiao Ke, Feng Xuan, and tonifies the Five Zang; cook with vinegar. Liver treats dysentery. Kidney tonifies Kidney. Marrow calms the Five Zang, harmonizes the Three Jiao, and warms the Middle. Long-term use increases longevity. Take with wine. Mixed with Di Huang Zhi and Bai Mi as a jelly, it treats emaciation. This might be Niu Zhi (Cattle Fat). Dung treats Cholera; boil and drink. Also, for women with no milk, make a soup with the cow's nose and eat on an empty stomach. Within two to three days, abundant milk will flow. This is good for robust middle-aged people. If slaughtered, it is still unfit; this does not apply to self-dead cattle. Take three jin of beef, chop finely, and feed to a vicious horse biting people; after two bites, it becomes tame. After three to five meals, the horse becomes gentle and rideable. Do not eat in the twelfth month; it harms the Spirit.
*Wai Tai Mi Yao* for insufficiency after severe illness, deficiency consumptive disease, tonifying deficiency: Take one sheng of milk from a yellow calf aged five to seven years, four sheng of water, decoct to one sheng. Drink slowly when hungry, not too much. Continue for ten days if possible, which is better. Another prescription: Bi Xiao treats upper vomiting and lower diarrhea as Wet Cholera. Half a sheng of yellow cow dung, one sheng of water, boil three to five times, filter through cloth to get juice, take half a sheng to stop symptoms. Calf dung is also acceptable. Another prescription: Treats chronic Qi distension. Warm one sheng of black ox urine on an empty stomach, once a day; stop when Qi disperses.
*Qian Jin Fang*: Sores in the nose: Apply black cattle ear wax, which is effective. Another prescription: Treats hemorrhoids. Cook and eat one whole ox spleen in the twelfth lunar month until finished; it cures. Do not add salt or soy sauce; repeat if not cured. Another prescription: Treats Hou Bi (sore throat). Calcine horn into powder, take with wine using a square-inch measure. Another prescription: Wu Se Dan named You Zhong (oil swelling); if contracted, it often leads to death, do not轻视 it. Apply dung; change when dry.
*Qian Jin Yi* treats Zheng Pi and Drum Distension. One sheng of black cattle urine, simmer over low fire until thick like syrup. Drink a date-sized amount on an empty stomach; the disease should pass out. Take every other day. Another prescription: Treats Gan Chong (sweet worms) eroding the nose causing sores. Apply black cattle ear wax, which is effective.
*Zhou Hou Fang*: Treats Shang Han Shi Qi (cold damage and epidemic qi), where toxins attack hands and feet causing swelling and pain almost severing them. Wrap swollen areas with beef to stop pain. Same as *Wai Tai Mi Yao*. Another prescription: Feng Du Hong Zhang Jiao (Wind-Toxic Podagra); if full duration reached and indentation remains when pressed. Drink black cattle urine frequently. Apply ear wax to seal it, and it heals. Another prescription: Treats Shu Lou swollen nodes with pain. If there is an open sore with pus and blood, apply hot dung. Three times daily.
*Jing Yan Fang*: Zhang Yong's prescription for Hemorrhoid Fistula: One Jian Niu Er Dan (Castrated Bull Ear Gallbladder) and [Missing Character] Dan, fifty wen of Ni Fen (Calamine/Lead Powder?), twenty wen of She Xiang (Musk). Mix bile, Ni Fen, and Musk. This is effective; the sore gradually closes. Apply Sheng Mian (raw cotton/gauze) inside the sore once to expel foul matter.
*Jing Yan Hou Fang*: Treats Cold Dysentery. Sha Jiao (Sha Horn) calcined into ash, mixed with rice gruel, taken with two qian.
*Mei Shi Fang*: Treats sudden Yin Kidney pain. Burn cattle dung into powder, mix with wine, apply; change when dry. Another prescription: Treats Cholera with continuous vomiting/diarrhea, restlessness, and cold limbs. One sheng of yellow cow dung, two sheng of water, decoct to one sheng, filter through silk, take in one dose. Another prescription: Treats edema and scanty urination. Mix yellow cow [dung?] with egg white, apply; change when dry.
*Shi Yi Xin Jing* treats Water Floating Qi Edema, abdominal distension, and scanty urination. One Water Buffalo hoof, wash with hot water to remove hair as for food, boil overnight until soft, take juice to make soup. Cut hoof, eat full on empty stomach. Also treats Water Qi, large abdominal edema, and scanty urination. Wash Water Buffalo tail, remove fine hairs, chop finely, cook thoroughly and eat. Boiling is also good. Also, steam one jin of beef熟, eat with ginger and vinegar on an empty stomach. Boil Water Buffalo hide until soft, steam, cut, and eat in bean paste sauce. Half a sheng of Wu Jian Niu Niao (Black Castrated Bull Urine), drink on empty stomach to promote urination. If a cattle dies suddenly during extreme heat, eating its brain causes Intestinal Abscess.
*Ji Yan Fang*: Treats Lin Syndrome (dysuria). Burn hair from cattle ear to half a qian, take with water to cure.
Sun Yonghe's Prescription: Treats Red and White Leukorrhea. Burn Niu Jiao until smoke stops. Pa Zi (Aconite) soaked in salt water seven times, peel off skin. Equal parts of both, grind to powder. Take two qian with wine on empty stomach.
*Bing Bu Shou Ji* treats critical early stage of Water Disease. One he of Wu Niu Niao (Black Cattle Urine) per dose; it cures.
Sai Shang Fang: Treats Shu Nai Zhi (Mouse Milk Hemorrhoid). Calcine Niu Jiao into ash, take one square-inch measure with wine on empty stomach.
Yao Shi Fang: Sudden Lin Syndrome. Burn cattle tail to ash, take half a qian with water; it cures. Another prescription: Scalds and burns. Apply wet dung alone; pain stops immediately. Good for daily use. Another prescription: Snake bites. Apply cattle ear wax, which is good.
*Zi Mu Mi Lu*: Treats reversed Blood and Qi, restlessness, chest fullness, and heart pain. Calcine Shui Niu Jiao into powder, take with wine using a square-inch measure. Another prescription: Pediatric Bai Tu Chuang (white ringworm/scalp tinea). Apply cattle dung.
*Chan Shu* treats difficult labor. One soybean from cattle dung, split into two pieces, write "Father" on one and "Son" on the other, put them back together, swallow with a little water; labor proceeds immediately.
Er Zhu Xian Sheng's Method for Strengthening Teeth is good. Kill thirty cattle teeth, seal in a bottle, heat until red-hot. Grind into fine powder. One cup of water, two qian of powder, boil until hot, hold in mouth to soak teeth, spit out when cool; teeth become permanently firm. For damaged teeth, rub with powder.
*Liji* states: If a cow moos at night, it is [defective/sick], do not eat.
*Dan Fang Jing Yuan* states: Cattle dung extracts copper halo.
*Yan Yi* says: Niu Jiao [specific type] is actually Huang Niu Jiao (Yellow Cattle Horn). Use the tip, calcine into black ash, preserving some properties. It treats women's metrorrhagia, bloody stools, and cold dysentery. Also, Bai Shui Niu Bi (White Water Buffalo Nose), dry or wet, can be used to treat facial paralysis (wind-stroke deviation). Heat with fire, apply to the unaffected side, gradually correcting the deviation.