舌属心。舌之中属心，舌根亦属心。舌之四围属脾。舌边红，属心火。舌苔白寒黄热，
焦黄热甚，黑者热极，若黑而润为假热。喉之左右通舌根，属肝。小舌名帝丁。属胃，又属肾。
右喉属肺胃，左咽属肝心。右为喉，左为咽。口上颚属胃。下颚属脾。牙上龈属胃。下龈属
脾。唇之属与龈同。齿属肾。上齿为胃脉所经，下齿为大肠脉所经。小肠三焦循心，上入于
咽。肾之脉循喉咙，挟舌本。外两耳垂下属肝经，绕咽，并耳后清空之地，亦属肝经。喉花
为帝中（性命所关），舌下紫筋为舌系，下通于肾。【谔按∶挟舌本下二句，疑有误，考《内
经》肾之脉，正者，至舌本而尽。汪 庵注∶谓络于横骨，终于会厌，未尝走及两耳，而肝
之脉，循喉咙之后，上入颃颡，连目系，上出额，与督脉会于巅，肾肝二经，并非行于两耳
，惟足少阳胆，正者，下耳后，其支者，从耳后入耳中，出走耳前。此是胆脉之误，兹特订
正之。（是）】
夫咽者，水谷之道路，喉者，呼吸之门户，乃人身要害之地。症虽不一，大要总归于火
，盖少阴少阳，君相二火。其脉并络于咽喉，故往往为症之所结叙。经云∶一阳一阴，结为喉痹
。痹者，闭也。不通其闭，则火郁痰塞而死。火乃痰之本，痰乃火之标，故言火，则痰在其
中，言咽喉，则牙舌亦包罗于内矣。【谔按∶湿夹热而生痰，火载气而上逆，痰随气涌，化
痰以降气为先，气因火逆，降气以清火为要，此为治喉症之不二法门，即伏邪之已化热而挟
痰火者，亦当宗之。若表未清而挟饮邪，热未化而有食滞者，不可轻试。】火有虚实。实火
，因过食煎炒炙爆，蕴热积毒，其症烦渴，二便闭塞，风火生痰上壅，将发喉痹，必先三日
，胸膈不利，脉弦而数。治宜先去风痰，后解热毒。虚火，或饮食太过，或因忿怒，或因色
欲，火痰上攻，咽喉干燥，必二便如常，少阴脉微虚。治宜补虚降火。【谔按∶此补字宜看
得活。】凡用药不可纯用寒凉，取效目前。【谔按∶早用寒凉，炉焰之火虽熄，灰中尚有余
火也。】盖上热未除，中寒复起，毒瓦斯乘虚入腹，胸前高起，上喘下泄，手足指甲青黑色，
七日以后，全不进食，口如鱼口者死。治喉症最忌发汗，误人不浅，如针出血，即汗之之义
。若寒伤于肾，及帝中肿者，尤不宜针，至如内伤虚损，咽喉失音，无法可疗。喉症初发，
一日即见寒战，战后身凉，口不碎，又无重舌，或二便俱利，不可认作热症，此上盛下虚，
其痰不可提尽，此痰即津液所化，只宜消降，亦不可太降，其与热症乳蛾、HT 舌之痰毒肿一
处，以消尽毒痰而愈者不同。若提尽，则津竭神枯，必死。须以吹药，或用灯草取嚏，使喉
一通，即服煎剂。第一剂，发散和解。第二剂，养阴温补。设三四日后。再发寒战，或心痛
、骨痛、脚痛、等症，皆属难治。发时牙关紧闭，喉舌俱胀，口碎而臭，或有重舌，及舌有
黄屑。发后，下午再发寒热，二便闭寒，即作热症。【谔按∶天气弥漫郁蒸，地道必不能通
，所以果属热症，大便必坚。】芩连败毒散主之，此亦易愈之症。如渐至三四日后，而寒热
者，虽凶亦不为患。惟牙关反不紧闭，唇不肿，口不臭，又无表热者，难治。舌、以筋押之
，其色雪白，起筋即紫红色，此血肉已死。（原注∶舌押之即白，未必为死也。）然口臭者，
或有可生。【谔按∶胃气尚存，故得上熏于喉而为臭，其毒有向外出之机也。】若口渴气急
，痰多而稠，如桃胶者，则死期已速。一颈具红肿者，亦危症也。面带紫色，面青带白，神
气虚者，俱难救，不语者死。略能语者，尚有可生之机。面色无神，喜坐低处，难治。喉花为
帝中，性命所关，舌下紫筋为舌系，下通于肾，白肿不治，伤之即死。凡治不可不审之。
舌归属于心。舌的中央部位属于心，舌根也属于心。舌的四周边缘属于脾。舌边发红，属于心火。舌苔白色主寒，黄色主热，焦黄色表示热势严重，黑色表示热极，如果黑色且湿润则是假热。咽喉的左右两侧连通舌根，归属于肝。小舌名为帝丁（悬雍垂），归属于胃，同时也归属于肾。右侧咽喉归属于肺和胃，左侧咽部归属于肝和心。右边称为喉，左边称为咽。口腔上颚归属于胃。下颚归属于脾。上牙龈归属于胃。下牙龈归属于脾。嘴唇的归属与牙龈相同。牙齿归属于肾。上齿为胃经所经过，下齿为大肠经所经过。小肠和三焦经脉循行于心，向上进入咽部。肾的经脉循行于喉咙，夹持舌根。外耳垂下方属于肝经，环绕咽喉，以及耳后的清空部位，也属于肝经。喉花位于帝中（性命攸关之处），舌下的紫色筋脉称为舌系，向下连通于肾。【谔按：关于“夹持舌根”以下的两句，怀疑有误，考证《内经》中肾的经脉，正常的走向是至舌根而止。汪昂注解说：谓络于横骨，终于会厌，从未走到两耳，而肝的经脉，循行于喉咙之后，向上进入颃颡，连接目系，向上出于额部，与督脉交会于头顶，肾和肝二经，并非行于两耳，只有足少阳胆经，正常的走向是下行至耳后，其支脉从耳后入耳中，走出耳前。这是胆经脉络的错误，特此订正。（是）】
所谓咽，是水谷通行的道路；所谓喉，是呼吸出入的门户，这是人身要害之地。病症虽然不一，大要总归于火，因为少阴和少阳，分别是君火和相火。它们的经脉都联络于咽喉，所以往往成为病症结聚之处。经文说：“一阳一阴，结为喉痹。”痹，就是闭塞的意思。如果不通其闭塞，则火郁痰塞而死。火是痰的根本，痰是火的标象，所以说火，痰就在其中；说咽喉，牙和舌也包罗在内了。【谔按：湿夹杂热而生痰，火携带气而上逆，痰随着气涌动，化痰以降气为先，气因火逆，降气以清火为要，这是治疗喉症的不二法门，即使是伏邪已经化热而夹杂痰火的，也应当遵循此法。如果表证未清而夹杂饮邪，热未化而有食滞者，不可轻易尝试。】火有虚实之分。实火，是因为过食煎炒炙爆食物，蕴积热毒，症状表现为烦渴，大小便闭塞，风火生痰上壅，将要发作喉痹之前，必先三日出现胸膈不利，脉象弦而数。治疗宜先去风痰，后解热毒。虚火，或因饮食太过，或因忿怒，或因色欲，火痰上攻，咽喉干燥，必定大小便如常，少阴脉微虚。治疗宜补虚降火。【谔按：这个“补”字应该灵活看待。】凡用药不可纯用寒凉，只求眼前见效。【谔按：过早使用寒凉，炉中之火虽熄，灰中尚有余火也。】因为上热未除，中寒复起，毒瓦斯乘虚入腹，胸前高起，上喘下泄，手足指甲青黑色，七日以后，完全不能进食，口如鱼口者死。治疗喉症最忌发汗，误人不浅，如针刺出血，即具有发汗的意义。如果寒伤于肾，及帝中肿者，尤其不宜针刺，至于内伤虚损，咽喉失音，无法可疗。喉症初发，一日即见寒战，战后身凉，口不碎（溃烂），又无重舌，或大小便俱利，不可认作热症，这是上盛下虚，其痰不可提尽，此痰即津液所化，只宜消降，也不可太降，这与热症乳蛾、HT舌之痰毒肿一处，以消尽毒痰而愈者不同。若提尽，则津竭神枯，必死。须以吹药，或用灯草取嚏，使喉一通，即服煎剂。第一剂，发散和解。第二剂，养阴温补。设三四日后，再发寒战，或心痛、骨痛、脚痛等症，皆属难治。发作时牙关紧闭，喉舌俱胀，口碎而臭，或有重舌，及舌有黄屑。发作后，下午再发寒热，大小便闭寒，即作热症。【谔按：天气弥漫郁蒸，地道必不能通，所以果属热症，大便必坚。】芩连败毒散主之，这也是易愈之症。如渐至三四日后，而仍有寒热者，虽凶亦不为患。惟牙关反不紧闭，唇不肿，口不臭，又无表热者，难治。舌，以筋押之，其色雪白，起筋即紫红色，此血肉已死。（原注：舌押之即白，未必为死也。）然口臭者，或有可生。【谔按：胃气尚存，故得上熏于喉而为臭，其毒有向外出之机也。】若口渴气急，痰多而稠，如桃胶者，则死期已速。一颈具红肿者，亦危症也。面带紫色，面青带白，神气虚者，俱难救，不语者死。略能语者，尚有可生之机。面色无神，喜坐低处，难治。喉花为帝中，性命所关，舌下紫筋为舌系，下通于肾，白肿不治，伤之即死。凡治不可不审之。
The tongue belongs to the Heart. The center of the tongue belongs to the Heart, and the root of the tongue also belongs to the Heart. The four peripheries of the tongue belong to the Spleen. Redness on the sides of the tongue indicates Heart Fire (Xin Huo). A white tongue coating indicates Cold, while a yellow one indicates Heat; scorched yellow indicates severe Heat, and black indicates extreme Heat. If it is black yet moist, it is False Heat. The left and right sides of the throat connect to the root of the tongue and belong to the Liver. The uvula is named "Di Ding" (Imperial Ding) and belongs to the Stomach, as well as to the Kidney. The right side of the throat belongs to the Lung and Stomach, while the left side of the pharynx belongs to the Liver and Heart. The right is called the throat (Hou), and the left is called the pharynx (Yan). The hard palate belongs to the Stomach. The mandible belongs to the Spleen. The upper gingiva belongs to the Stomach, and the lower gingiva belongs to the Spleen. The lips share the same affiliation as the gingiva. The teeth belong to the Kidney. The upper teeth are traversed by the Stomach Meridian, and the lower teeth are traversed by the Large Intestine Meridian. The Small Intestine and Sanjiao (Triple Burner) meridians circulate through the Heart and ascend into the pharynx. The Kidney meridian circulates along the throat and flanks the root of the tongue. The area below the earlobes externally belongs to the Liver Meridian, which winds around the throat, as does the clear space behind the ears, also belonging to the Liver Meridian. The "throat flower" (pharyngeal follicles/lymphoid tissue) is located at "Di Zhong" (the vital center related to life), and the purple veins under the tongue are called the lingual frenulum, connecting downward to the Kidney. [Commentary: The last two sentences regarding "flanking the root of the tongue" are suspected to be erroneous. According to the *Nei Jing* (Inner Canon), the normal path of the Kidney meridian ends at the root of the tongue. Wang Ang's annotation states it connects to the hyoid bone and ends at the epiglottis, never reaching the ears. Conversely, the Liver meridian circulates behind the throat, ascends to the nasopharynx, connects to the eye system, emerges above the forehead, and meets the Du Meridian at the vertex. Neither the Kidney nor Liver meridians traverse the ears; only the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian descends behind the ear, with its branch entering the ear from behind and exiting in front. This is an error regarding the Gallbladder meridian, hereby corrected.]
The pharynx (Yan) is the pathway for food and drink, and the throat (Hou) is the portal for respiration; these are critical areas of the human body. Although symptoms vary, they generally归结 to Fire, as the Shaoyin and Shaoyang correspond to Ministerial Fire and Sovereign Fire. Their meridians both network with the throat and pharynx, making them common sites for pathological accumulation. The classics state: "One Yang and One Yin knotting together forms Hou Bi (Throat Bi)." Bi means obstruction. If this obstruction is not cleared, Fire stagnates and Phlegm blocks, leading to death. Fire is the root of Phlegm, and Phlegm is the manifestation of Fire. Thus, speaking of Fire implies Phlegm is involved; speaking of the throat and pharynx encompasses the teeth and tongue. [Commentary: Dampness combined with Heat generates Phlegm; Fire carries Qi upward in rebellion. Phlegm surges with Qi. To resolve Phlegm, regulating Qi downward is primary; since Qi rebels due to Fire, clearing Fire to regulate Qi downward is essential. This is the fundamental method for treating throat disorders, applicable even when latent pathogens have transformed into Heat complicated by Phlegm-Fire. However, if the exterior is unresolving with fluid retention, or if Heat has not transformed but food stagnation exists, one should not lightly attempt this.] Fire can be Excess or Deficiency. Excess Fire arises from overconsumption of fried, roasted, and spicy foods, accumulating heat and toxins. Symptoms include irritability, thirst, constipation, and urinary retention, with Wind-Fire generating Phlegm that obstructs upwards. Three days before the onset of Throat Bi, there is often chest and diaphragmatic discomfort, with a wiry and rapid pulse. Treatment should first dispel Wind-Phlegm, then resolve Heat-Toxins. Deficiency Fire may result from excessive diet, anger, or sexual indulgence, causing Fire-Phlegm to attack upwards, leading to dry throat and pharynx. Bowel movements and urination remain normal, and the Shaoyin pulse is slightly deficient. Treatment should tonify deficiency and descend Fire. [Commentary: The character "tonify" here should be interpreted flexibly.] Medications should not rely solely on cold-natured herbs for immediate effect. [Commentary: Using cold herbs too early extinguishes the surface fire, but residual heat remains in the ashes.] Because upper Heat is not resolved, Middle Cold arises again, allowing toxic vapors to enter the abdomen via deficiency. This presents with swelling in the chest, upper wheezing, lower diarrhea, cyanosis of fingernails and toenails. If after seven days the patient cannot eat at all and the mouth resembles a fish's gills, death ensues. Sweating is strictly contraindicated in treating throat disorders, as it causes significant harm. Pricking to bleed serves a function similar to inducing sweating. If Cold injures the Kidney, or if the Di Zhong swells, pricking is especially inadvisable. In cases of internal injury and deficiency where the throat loses voice, there is no effective treatment. In the initial stage of throat disorders, if chills appear on the first day followed by fever resolution, without oral ulceration or double tongue, or if bowel and bladder functions are free, it should not be diagnosed as a Heat syndrome. This is Upper Excess and Lower Deficiency. The Phlegm should not be completely extracted, as this Phlegm is derived from Body Fluids. It should only be gently reduced, not excessively drained. This differs from Heat syndromes like Mutton Tongue (Ru E) or HT tongue with Phlegm-Toxin swelling, which heal by completely eliminating toxic Phlegm. Complete extraction leads to exhaustion of fluids and spirit, resulting in death. Blowing medicaments or using rush grass to induce sneezing can open the throat, followed by decoction. The first dose disperses and harmonizes; the second nourishes Yin and warms tonifies. If chills recur after three to four days, accompanied by heartache, bone pain, or leg pain, the prognosis is poor. During attacks, the jaw is tightly closed, throat and tongue swell, the mouth is ulcerated and foul-smelling, possibly with double tongue or yellow scales on the tongue. After the attack, afternoon chills and fever, along with closed bowels and cold urine, indicate a Heat syndrome. [Commentary: When atmospheric moisture and heat are stagnant, earthy pathways are blocked; thus, if truly a Heat syndrome, stools must be hard.] Qin Lian Bai Du San (Scutellaria and Coptis Decoction to Defeat Toxins) is the main formula; this is also an easily curable condition. If chills and fever persist after three to four days, although serious, it is not necessarily fatal. However, if the jaw is not tightly closed, lips are not swollen, breath is not foul, and there is no exterior Heat, it is difficult to treat. Pressing the tongue reveals a snow-white color; if vessels become visible and turn purplish-red, the flesh and blood are dead. (Original note: Whiteness upon pressing does not necessarily mean death.) However, foul breath suggests potential survival. [Commentary: Stomach Qi still exists, thus steaming upward to cause odor, indicating the toxin has a tendency to exit outward.] If there is thirst, shortness of breath, profuse thick sputum resembling peach gum, death is imminent. Generalized neck redness and swelling is also a critical condition. A purple complexion, greenish face with white patches, and deficient spirit are all difficult to save. Mutism indicates death. Slight ability to speak suggests a chance of survival. A spiritless complexion and preference for sitting low are difficult to treat. The throat flower is at Di Zhong, vital to life. The purple vein under the tongue is the lingual frenulum, connecting to the Kidney. White swelling untreated, or injury to it, leads to death. All treatments require careful examination.