鼻者肺之官，目者肝之官，口唇者脾之官，舌者心之官，耳者肾之官。凡五官者，以候
五脏。肺病者喘息鼻张，肝病者目 青，脾病者唇黄，心病者舌卷颧赤，肾病者颧与颜黑
。故肺气通于鼻，鼻和则能知香臭矣。心气通于舌，舌和则能知五味矣。《素问》曰∶心在
窍为耳（一云舌）。夫心者火也，肾者水也，水火既济。心气通于舌，舌非窍也，其通于窍者
，寄在于耳（王冰云手少阴之络会于耳中）。故肝气通于目，目和则能视五色矣。《素问》曰
∶诸脉者皆属于目。又《九卷》曰∶心藏肺，肺舍神。神明通体，故云属目。脾气通于口，
口和则能别五谷味矣。肾气通于耳，耳和则能闻五音矣。
《素问》曰∶肾在窍为耳。然则肾气上通于耳，下通于阴也。五脏不和，则九窍不通。六
腑不和，则留结为痈。故邪在腑则阳脉不和，阳脉不和则气留之，气留之则阳气盛
矣。邪在脏则阴脉不和，阴脉不和则血留之，血留之则阴气盛矣。阴气太盛，则阳气
不得相营也，故曰格。阴阳俱盛，不得自相营也，故曰关格。关格者，不得尽（一作尽期）而
死矣。
黄帝问曰∶人俱受气于天，其有独尽天寿者，不免于病者，何也？岐伯对曰∶五脏者固
有大小高下坚脆端正偏倾者，六腑亦有大小长短浓薄结直缓急者。凡此二
十五变者，各各不同，或善或恶，或吉或凶也。
心小则安，邪弗能伤（《太素》云外邪不能伤），易伤于忧；心大则忧弗能伤，易伤于
邪（《太素》亦作外邪）；心高则满于肺中，闷而善忘，难开以言；心下则脏外，易伤于寒，
易恐以言；心坚则脏安守固；心脆则善病消瘅热中；心端正则和利难伤；心偏倾则操持不一
，无守司也。（杨上善云∶心脏言神有八变，后四脏但言脏变不言神变者，以神为魂魄意
之主，言其神变则四脏可知，故略而不言也。）
肺小则少饮，不病喘（一作喘喝）；肺大则多饮，善病胸痹逆气；肺高则上气喘息咳逆；
肺下则逼贲迫肺，善胁下痛；肺坚则不病咳逆上气；肺脆则善病消瘅易伤也（一云易伤于热
喘息鼻衄）；肺端正则和利难伤；肺偏倾则病胸胁偏痛。
肝小则安，无胁下之病；肝大则逼胃迫咽，迫咽则善（一作苦）膈中，且胁下痛；肝高则
上支贲加胁下急，为息贲；肝下则逼胃，胁下空，空则易受邪；肝坚则脏安难伤；肝脆则善
病消瘅易伤；肝端正则和利难伤；肝偏倾则胁下偏痛。
脾小则安，难伤于邪；脾大则苦腠 （音停）而痛，不能疾行；脾高则 引季胁
而痛；脾下则下加于大肠，下加于大肠则脏外易受邪；脾坚则脏安难伤；脾脆则善病消瘅
易伤；脾端正则和利难伤；脾偏倾则螈 善胀。
肾小则安难伤；肾大则（一本云耳聋或鸣，汁出）善病腰痛，不可以俯仰，易伤于邪；肾
高则善病腰膂痛，不可以俯仰（一本云背急缀耳脓血出或生肉塞）；肾下则腰尻痛，不可俯仰
，为狐疝；肾坚则不病腰痛；肾脆则善病消瘅易伤；肾端正则和利难伤；肾偏倾则善腰尻痛
。凡此二十五变者，人之所以善常病也。
曰∶何以知其然？曰∶赤色小理者心小，粗理者心大，无 者心高，
小短举者心下， 长者心坚， 弱小以薄者心脆，
直下不举者心端正， （一作面）一方者心偏倾。
白色小理者肺小，粗理者肺大，巨肩反（一作大）膺陷喉者肺高，合腋张胁者肺
下，好肩背浓者肺坚，肩背薄者肺脆，背膺浓者肺端正，膺偏竦（一作欹）者肺偏倾
。
青色小理者肝小，粗理者肝大，广胸反 者肝高，合胁脆 者肝下，
胸胁好者肝坚，胁骨弱者肝脆，膺胁腹好相得者肝端正，胁骨偏举者肝偏倾。
黄色小理者脾小，粗理者脾大，揭唇者脾高，唇下纵者脾下，唇坚者脾坚，
唇大而不坚者脾脆，唇上下好者脾端正，唇偏举者脾偏倾。
黑色小理者肾小，粗理者肾大，耳高者肾高，耳后陷者肾下，耳坚者肾坚，
耳薄不坚者肾脆，耳好前居牙车者肾端正，耳偏高者肾偏倾。凡此诸变者，持则安，
减则病也。
曰∶愿闻人之有不可病者，至尽天寿，虽有深忧大恐怵惕之志，犹弗能感也，大寒甚热
弗能伤也；其有不离屏蔽室内，又无怵惕之恐，然不免于病者何也？曰∶五脏六腑，邪之舍
也。五脏皆小者，少病，善焦心，人愁忧。五脏皆大者，缓于事，难使以忧。五脏皆高者，
好高举措。五脏皆下者，好出人下。五脏皆坚者，无病。五脏皆脆者，不离于病。五脏皆端
正者，和利得人心。五脏皆偏倾者，邪心善盗，不可为人，平反复言语也。
曰∶愿闻六腑之应。曰∶肺合大肠，大肠者，皮其应也。《素问》曰∶肺之合皮也，其
荣毛也，其主心也。下章言肾之应毫毛，于义为错。
心合小肠，小肠者，脉其应也。《素问》曰∶心之合脉也，其荣色也，其主肾也。其义
相顺。
肝合胆，胆者，筋其应也。《素问》曰∶肝之合筋也，其荣爪也，其主肺也。其义相顺
。
脾合胃，胃者，肉其应也。《素问》曰∶脾之合肉也，其荣唇也，其主肝也。其义相顺
。
肾合三焦膀胱，三焦膀胱者，腠理毫毛其应也。《九卷》又曰∶肾合骨。《素问》
曰∶肾之合骨也，其荣发也，其主脾也。其义相同。
曰∶应之奈何？曰∶肺应皮。皮浓者大肠浓，皮薄者大肠薄，皮缓腹里大者大肠
缓而长，皮急者大肠急而短，皮滑者大肠直，皮肉不相离者大肠结。
心应脉。皮浓者脉浓，脉浓者小肠浓，皮薄者脉薄；脉薄者小肠薄；皮缓者
脉缓，脉缓者小肠大而长；皮薄而脉波小者；小肠小而短；诸阳经脉皆多纡曲者，小肠结
。
脾应肉。肉 坚大者胃浓，肉 么者胃薄，肉 小而么者胃不坚，肉
不称其身者胃下，胃下者小脘约不利，（《太素》作下脘未约。）肉 不坚者胃
缓，肉 无小裹 标紧，（一本作无小裹累）者胃急，肉 多小裹
（一本亦作累字）者胃结，胃结者上脘约不利。
肝应筋。爪浓色黄者胆浓，爪薄色红者胆薄，爪坚色青者胆急，爪濡色赤者胆
缓，爪直色白无约者胆直，爪恶色黑多文者胆结。
肾应骨。密理浓皮者三焦膀胱浓，粗理薄皮者三焦膀胱薄，腠理疏者三焦
膀胱缓，皮急而无毫毛者三焦膀胱急，毫毛美而粗者三焦膀胱直，稀毫毛者三焦
膀胱结。
曰∶薄浓美恶皆有其形，愿闻其所病。曰∶各视其外应以知其五内，则知所病矣。
鼻子是肺的外候器官，眼睛是肝的外候器官，口唇是脾的外候器官，舌头是心的外候器官，耳朵是肾的外候器官。这五官是用来观察五脏状况的。患肺病的人会出现喘息、鼻孔张大的症状；患肝病的人目睛周围发青；患脾病的人嘴唇发黄；患心病的人舌体卷缩、颧骨部位发红；患肾病的人颧骨与颜面部位发黑。所以肺气通于鼻，鼻功能调和就能辨别香臭气味。心气通于舌，舌功能调和就能辨别五味。《素问》说：心在窍为耳（另一种说法认为是舌）。因为心属火，肾属水，水火相互既济。心气通于舌，但舌并非传统意义上的“窍”，其通向孔窍的功能，寄托在耳中（王冰注解说手少阴心经的络脉交会于耳中）。所以肝气通于目，目功能调和就能看清五色。《素问》说：所有的脉络都归属于目。又《九卷》（即《灵枢》）说：心藏神，肺舍神。神明贯通全身，所以说归属于目。脾气通于口，口功能调和就能分辨五谷的味道。肾气通于耳，耳功能调和就能听到五音。
《素问》说：肾在窍为耳。那么肾气上通于耳，下通于前阴。如果五脏不和，就会导致九窍不通。六腑不和，就会留滞结聚形成痈肿。所以邪气在腑，则阳脉不和，阳脉不和则气机留滞，气机留滞则阳气亢盛。邪气在脏，则阴脉不和，阴脉不和则血行留滞，血行留滞则阴气亢盛。阴气太盛，阳气就不能与之相营卫协调，这就叫做“格”。阴阳都亢盛，不能互相营卫协调，这就叫做“关格”。患关格病的人，活不到预期的寿命期限就会死亡。
黄帝问道：人都从天那里接受元气，为什么有的人能独享天年，而有的人却难免生病呢？岐伯回答说：五脏本来就有大小、高低、坚脆、端正或偏斜的区别，六腑也有大小、长短、厚薄、结直、缓急的不同。这二十五种变化，各不相同，有的好有的坏，有的吉有的凶。
心脏小则安定，外邪不能伤害它，但容易受忧思所伤；心脏大则忧思不能伤害它，但容易受外邪侵袭；心脏位置高则压迫肺中，使人胸闷且健忘，难以用言语开导；心脏位置低则脏器外露，容易受寒邪伤害，容易因言语而惊恐；心脏坚实则脏器安守稳固；心脏脆弱则容易患消瘅、热中等病；心脏位置端正则气血和利，难以受伤；心脏偏斜则操持不一，缺乏坚守的主见。（杨上善注解说：关于心脏论述了神的八种变化，后四脏只论述脏器的变化而不论述神的变化，是因为神是魂、魄、意的主宰，论述了神的变化，其他四脏的情况就可以推知，所以省略不言。）
肺脏小则饮水少，不患喘证；肺脏大则多饮水，容易患胸痹、逆气等病；肺脏位置高则气机上逆，出现喘息、咳嗽；肺脏位置低则压迫贲门并逼近肺部，容易胁下疼痛；肺脏坚实则不患咳逆上气之病；肺脏脆弱则容易患消瘅，易受外邪伤害（另一种说法是易受热邪伤害，出现喘息、鼻衄）；肺脏位置端正则气血和利，难以受伤；肺脏偏斜则容易出现胸胁偏侧疼痛。
肝脏小则安定，没有胁下的疾病；肝脏大则压迫胃部和咽部，压迫咽部则容易感到膈中不适，并且胁下疼痛；肝脏位置高则向上支撑贲门并加剧胁下紧迫，形成息贂病；肝脏位置低则压迫胃部，导致胁下空虚，空虚则容易受邪气侵袭；肝脏坚实则脏器安守，难以受伤；肝脏脆弱则容易患消瘅，易受外邪伤害；肝脏位置端正则气血和利，难以受伤；肝脏偏斜则胁下偏侧疼痛。
脾脏小则安定，难被邪气伤害；脾脏大则腠理致密而疼痛，不能快速行走；脾脏位置高则牵引季胁部位疼痛；脾脏位置低则下垂压迫大肠，压迫大肠则脏器外露，容易受邪气伤害；脾脏坚实则脏器安守，难以受伤；脾脏脆弱则容易患消瘅，易受外邪伤害；脾脏位置端正则气血和利，难以受伤；脾脏偏斜则出现抽搐且容易腹胀。
肾脏小则安定，难被伤害；肾脏大则容易患腰痛，不能俯仰，易受邪气伤害（另一版本说是耳聋或耳鸣，出汗）；肾脏位置高则容易患腰背部疼痛，不能俯仰（另一版本说是背部拘急，耳中流出脓血或生肉堵塞）；肾脏位置低则腰尻疼痛，不能俯仰，形成狐疝；肾脏坚实则不患腰痛；肾脏脆弱则容易患消瘅，易受外邪伤害；肾脏位置端正则气血和利，难以受伤；肾脏偏斜则容易患腰尻疼痛。以上这二十五种变化，是人之所以容易患病或保持健康的原因。
问：怎么知道这些情况呢？答：面色红赤且纹理细密的，心脏小；纹理粗大的，心脏大；无凹陷的，心脏高；短小而上举的，心脏低；长形的，心脏坚实；弱小且薄的，心脏脆弱；平直向下不隆起的，心脏端正；偏向一面的，心脏偏斜。
面色白且纹理细密的，肺脏小；纹理粗大的，肺脏大；肩膀宽大、胸部反张、喉结凹陷的，肺脏高；腋下合拢、胁肋开张的，肺脏低；肩背丰厚的，肺脏坚实；肩背瘦薄的，肺脏脆弱；背部和胸部丰厚的，肺脏端正；胸部偏斜高耸的，肺脏偏斜。
面色青且纹理细密的，肝脏小；纹理粗大的，肝脏大；胸廓宽阔、肋骨反张的，肝脏高；胁肋收敛、肋骨脆弱的，肝脏低；胸胁形态良好的，肝脏坚实；胁骨弱小的，肝脏脆弱；胸、胁、腹形态良好且协调的，肝脏端正；胁骨偏斜上举的，肝脏偏斜。
面色黄且纹理细密的，脾脏小；纹理粗大的，脾脏大；嘴唇上掀的，脾脏高；嘴唇下垂松弛的，脾脏低；嘴唇坚实的，脾脏坚实；嘴唇大但不坚实的，脾脏脆弱；嘴唇上下形态良好的，脾脏端正；嘴唇偏斜上举的，脾脏偏斜。
面色黑且纹理细密的，肾脏小；纹理粗大的，肾脏大；耳朵高的，肾脏高；耳后凹陷的，肾脏低；耳朵坚实的，肾脏坚实；耳朵薄且不坚实的，肾脏脆弱；耳朵形态良好且向前居于牙车之前的，肾脏端正；耳朵偏高的，肾脏偏斜。以上各种变化，保养得当则安康，亏损则生病。
问：我想听听那些不会生病的人，直到享尽天年，即使有深重的忧愁、巨大的恐惧惊惕的念头，也不能感动他们，严寒酷暑也不能伤害他们的道理；以及那些不离遮蔽室内，又没有恐惧惊惕的念头，然而不免于生病的人是怎么回事？答：五脏六腑是邪气寄居的场所。五脏都小的人，很少生病，但喜欢焦心，常怀愁忧。五脏都大的人，处事迟缓，不易被忧思所困扰。五脏都高的人，喜好高远的举措。五脏都低的人，喜好屈居人下。五脏都坚实的人，没有疾病。五脏都脆弱的人，离不开疾病。五脏都端正的人，气血和利，得人心。五脏都偏斜的人，心存邪念，善于盗窃，不可信赖，说话反复无常。
问：我想听听六腑对应的表现。答：肺与大肠相合，大肠对应皮肤。《素问》说：肺合皮，其荣华在毫毛，其制约者是心。下一章讲肾对应毫毛，这在义理上是错误的。
心与小肠相合，小肠对应血脉。《素问》说：心合脉，其荣华在面色，其制约者是肾。这与上述义理相符。
肝与胆相合，胆对应筋。《素问》说：肝合筋，其荣华在爪甲，其制约者是肺。这与上述义理相符。
脾与胃相合，胃对应肌肉。《素问》说：脾合肉，其荣华在口唇，其制约者是肝。这与上述义理相符。
肾与三焦、膀胱相合，三焦和膀胱对应腠理和毫毛。《九卷》又说：肾合骨。《素问》说：肾合骨，其荣华在头发，其制约者是脾。这与上述义理相同。
问：如何应验这种对应关系呢？答：肺对应皮肤。皮肤厚实的人，大肠也厚实；皮肤薄的人，大肠也薄；皮肤松弛且腹部宽大的，大肠松弛而长；皮肤紧绷的人，大肠紧缩而短；皮肤光滑的人，大肠正直；皮肉紧密结合不分离的人，大肠结聚。
心对应血脉。皮肤厚实的人，血脉也厚实，血脉厚实的人，小肠也厚实；皮肤薄的人，血脉也薄，血脉薄的人，小肠也薄；皮肤松弛的人，血脉也松弛，血脉松弛的人，小肠大而长；皮肤薄且脉搏微弱细小的，小肠小而短；所有阳经脉络大多迂曲的，小肠结聚。
脾对应肌肉。肌肉丰厚坚大的人，胃也厚实；肌肉细小的人，胃也薄；肌肉细小且软弱的人，胃不坚实；肌肉与身体不相称的人，胃位置低，胃位置低则下脘约束不利（《太素》作下脘未约）；肌肉不坚实的人，胃松弛；肌肉没有小结节状紧致特征的人，胃紧急；肌肉有很多小结节的人，胃结聚，胃结聚则上脘约束不利。
肝对应筋。爪甲厚实颜色黄者，胆厚实；爪甲薄颜色红者，胆薄；爪甲坚硬颜色青者，胆紧急；爪甲濡软颜色赤者，胆松弛；爪甲直挺颜色白而无约束者，胆正直；爪甲恶浊颜色黑且纹理多者，胆结聚。
肾对应骨。纹理细密、皮肤厚实的人，三焦和膀胱厚实；纹理粗糙、皮肤薄的人，三焦和膀胱薄弱；腠理疏松的人，三焦和膀胱松弛；皮肤紧绷且无毫毛的人，三焦和膀胱紧急；毫毛美观而粗长者，三焦和膀胱正直；毫毛稀疏的人，三焦和膀胱结聚。
问：无论厚薄美丑都有相应的形体表现，我想听听它们所导致的疾病。答：只要观察外部表现以推断内部五脏的状态，就知道会患什么病了。
The nose is the external orifice of the Lung, the eyes are the external orifice of the Liver, the lips and mouth are the external orifice of the Spleen, the tongue is the external orifice of the Heart, and the ears are the external orifice of the Kidney. These five orifices are used to observe the condition of the five Zang organs. In cases of Lung disease, there is panting and flaring of the nostrils; in cases of Liver disease, the area around the eyes turns greenish; in cases of Spleen disease, the lips turn yellow; in cases of Heart disease, the tongue curls and the malar region becomes red; in cases of Kidney disease, the malar region and the face turn black. Thus, Lung Qi connects with the nose; when the nose is harmonious, one can distinguish odors. Heart Qi connects with the tongue; when the tongue is harmonious, one can distinguish the five flavors. The *Su Wen* states: "The Heart opens into the ear" (another version says the tongue). Since the Heart belongs to Fire and the Kidney to Water, they achieve mutual interaction (Water-Fire Ji Ji). Heart Qi connects with the tongue, but the tongue is not traditionally considered a "orifice"; its function of connecting to an orifice is entrusted to the ear (Wang Bing notes that the collateral of the Hand-Shaoyin Heart meridian converges in the ear). Thus, Liver Qi connects with the eyes; when the eyes are harmonious, one can see the five colors. The *Su Wen* states: "All meridians belong to the eyes." Furthermore, the *Jiu Juan* (i.e., *Ling Shu*) states: "The Heart stores Shen (Spirit), and the Lung houses Shen." Shen permeates the whole body, hence it is said to belong to the eyes. Spleen Qi connects with the mouth; when the mouth is harmonious, one can distinguish the flavors of the five grains. Kidney Qi connects with the ears; when the ears are harmonious, one can hear the five tones.
The *Su Wen* states: "The Kidney opens into the ears." Therefore, Kidney Qi connects upward to the ears and downward to the genitalia. If the five Zang organs are not harmonious, the nine orifices will be blocked. If the six Fu organs are not harmonious, stagnation and accumulation will form abscesses. Thus, if pathogenic factors are in the Fu organs, the Yang meridians are disharmonious; disharmony of the Yang meridians leads to Qi stagnation, and Qi stagnation results in excess Yang Qi. If pathogenic factors are in the Zang organs, the Yin meridians are disharmonious; disharmony of the Yin meridians leads to Blood stagnation, and Blood stagnation results in excess Yin Qi. When Yin Qi is excessively strong, Yang Qi cannot interact with it harmoniously, which is called "Ge" (blocking/rejection). When both Yin and Yang are excessive and cannot interact harmoniously, it is called "Guan Ge" (closing and blocking). Those suffering from Guan Ge will die before their natural lifespan expires.
Yellow Emperor asked: "All humans receive Qi from Heaven. Why do some enjoy a full natural lifespan while others inevitably fall ill?" Qibo replied: "The five Zang organs naturally vary in size, position (high/low), firmness, and alignment (straight/oblique). The six Fu organs also vary in size, length, thickness, structure (tied/straight), and tension (tight/loose). These twenty-five variations differ from person to person, being either favorable or unfavorable, auspicious or inauspicious."
A small Heart is stable and resistant to external pathogens but susceptible to worry; a large Heart is resistant to worry but susceptible to external pathogens; a high-positioned Heart compresses the Lungs, causing chest stuffiness, forgetfulness, and difficulty in verbal communication; a low-positioned Heart exposes the organ, making it susceptible to Cold and fear induced by speech; a firm Heart ensures stability and security; a fragile Heart is prone to Xiao Dan (wasting-thirst) and internal heat; a properly aligned Heart is harmonious and difficult to injure; an obliquely positioned Heart lacks consistency and resolve. (Yang Shangshan notes: The Heart is described with eight variations of Shen, while the other four Zang organs only describe physical variations because Shen is the master of Hun, Po, Yi, etc.; describing Shen's variations implies the state of the other organs, so it is omitted.)
A small Lung drinks little water and does not suffer from asthma; a large Lung drinks much water and is prone to Xiong Bi (chest bi-syndrome) and rebellious Qi; a high-positioned Lung causes rebellious Qi, panting, and cough; a low-positioned Lung compresses the贲门 (cardia) and presses on the Lung, causing hypochondriac pain; a firm Lung does not suffer from cough and rebellious Qi; a fragile Lung is prone to Xiao Dan and susceptibility to pathogens (another version adds susceptibility to Heat, panting, and epistaxis); a properly aligned Lung is harmonious and difficult to injure; an obliquely positioned Lung causes unilateral chest and hypochondriac pain.
A small Liver is stable and free from hypochondriac disease; a large Liver compresses the Stomach and pharynx, causing dysphagia and hypochondriac pain; a high-positioned Liver supports upwards against the cardia, causing tightness in the hypochondrium and Xi Ben syndrome; a low-positioned Liver compresses the Stomach, leaving the hypochondrium empty and susceptible to pathogens; a firm Liver is stable and hard to injure; a fragile Liver is prone to Xiao Dan and susceptibility to pathogens; a properly aligned Liver is harmonious and difficult to injure; an obliquely positioned Liver causes unilateral hypochondriac pain.
A small Spleen is stable and resistant to pathogens; a large Spleen causes dense interstices with pain and inability to walk quickly; a high-positioned Spleen pulls on the costal margin causing pain; a low-positioned Spleen presses on the Large Intestine, exposing the organ and making it susceptible to pathogens; a firm Spleen is stable and hard to injure; a fragile Spleen is prone to Xiao Dan and susceptibility to pathogens; a properly aligned Spleen is harmonious and difficult to injure; an obliquely positioned Spleen causes convulsions and distension.
A small Kidney is stable and resistant to injury; a large Kidney is prone to lower back pain, inability to bend or twist, and susceptibility to pathogens (another version mentions deafness, tinnitus, and sweating); a high-positioned Kidney causes lower back and spine pain, inability to bend or twist (another version mentions back stiffness, purulent otorrhea, or flesh growth); a low-positioned Kidney causes buttock pain, inability to bend or twist, and Hu Shan hernia; a firm Kidney does not suffer from lower back pain; a fragile Kidney is prone to Xiao Dan and susceptibility to pathogens; a properly aligned Kidney is harmonious and difficult to injure; an obliquely positioned Kidney is prone to lower back and buttock pain. These twenty-five variations explain why people are either healthy or prone to disease.
Question: How do we know this? Answer: Red complexion with fine texture indicates a small Heart; coarse texture indicates a large Heart; no depression indicates a high Heart; short and raised indicates a low Heart; elongated indicates a firm Heart; small, weak, and thin indicates a fragile Heart; straight and downward without protrusion indicates a properly aligned Heart; asymmetrical indicates an oblique Heart.
White complexion with fine texture indicates a small Lung; coarse texture indicates a large Lung; broad shoulders, reversed chest, and depressed larynx indicate a high Lung; closed axillae and spread ribs indicate a low Lung; thick shoulders and back indicate a firm Lung; thin shoulders and back indicate a fragile Lung; thick back and chest indicate a properly aligned Lung; crooked chest indicates an oblique Lung.
Green complexion with fine texture indicates a small Liver; coarse texture indicates a large Liver; broad chest and reversed ribs indicate a high Liver; contracted ribs and fragile ribs indicate a low Liver; good chest and rib shape indicate a firm Liver; weak rib bones indicate a fragile Liver; well-proportioned chest, ribs, and abdomen indicate a properly aligned Liver; elevated unilateral rib bones indicate an oblique Liver.
Yellow complexion with fine texture indicates a small Spleen; coarse texture indicates a large Spleen; upturned lips indicate a high Spleen; drooping lips indicate a low Spleen; firm lips indicate a firm Spleen; large but soft lips indicate a fragile Spleen; well-formed upper and lower lips indicate a properly aligned Spleen; unilateral elevated lip indicates an oblique Spleen.
Black complexion with fine texture indicates a small Kidney; coarse texture indicates a large Kidney; high ears indicate a high Kidney; depressed behind ears indicate a low Kidney; firm ears indicate a firm Kidney; thin and non-firm ears indicate a fragile Kidney; well-shaped ears positioned forward near the jaw indicate a properly aligned Kidney; high-set ears indicate an oblique Kidney. Maintaining these structures ensures health; diminishing them leads to disease.
Question: I wish to hear about those who do not get sick, live out their natural years, and remain unaffected by deep sorrow, great fear, extreme cold, or intense heat. And why do some who stay indoors without fear still fall ill? Answer: The five Zang and six Fu organs are abodes for pathogens. Those with small Zang organs rarely get sick but are prone to anxiety and worry. Those with large Zang organs are slow in affairs and hard to worry. Those with high Zang organs aspire to lofty actions. Those with low Zang organs prefer to submit to others. Those with firm Zang organs have no disease. Those with fragile Zang organs are constantly ill. Those with properly aligned Zang organs are harmonious and popular. Those with oblique Zang organs harbor evil thoughts, steal, are untrustworthy, and speak inconsistently.
Question: I wish to hear about the correspondences of the six Fu organs. Answer: The Lung combines with the Large Intestine; the Large Intestine corresponds to the skin. The *Su Wen* states: "The Lung combines with the skin, its flourishing aspect is in the hair, and it is controlled by the Heart." The next chapter stating the Kidney corresponds to hair is erroneous in meaning.
The Heart combines with the Small Intestine; the Small Intestine corresponds to the vessels. The *Su Wen* states: "The Heart combines with the vessels, its flourishing aspect is in the complexion, and it is controlled by the Kidney." This is consistent.
The Liver combines with the Gallbladder; the Gallbladder corresponds to the sinews. The *Su Wen* states: "The Liver combines with the sinews, its flourishing aspect is in the nails, and it is controlled by the Lung." This is consistent.
The Spleen combines with the Stomach; the Stomach corresponds to the muscles. The *Su Wen* states: "The Spleen combines with the muscles, its flourishing aspect is in the lips, and it is controlled by the Liver." This is consistent.
The Kidney combines with the San Jiao and Bladder; the San Jiao and Bladder correspond to the interstices and hair. The *Jiu Juan* also states: "The Kidney combines with the bones." The *Su Wen* states: "The Kidney combines with the bones, its flourishing aspect is in the hair, and it is controlled by the Spleen." This is identical in meaning.
Question: How are these correspondences manifested? Answer: The Lung corresponds to the skin. Thick skin indicates a thick Large Intestine; thin skin indicates a thin Large Intestine; loose skin with a large abdomen indicates a loose and long Large Intestine; tight skin indicates a tight and short Large Intestine; smooth skin indicates a straight Large Intestine; skin and flesh tightly adhered indicate a knotted Large Intestine.
The Heart corresponds to the vessels. Thick skin indicates thick vessels, which indicate a thick Small Intestine; thin skin indicates thin vessels, which indicate a thin Small Intestine; loose skin indicates loose vessels, which indicate a large and long Small Intestine; thin skin with small, faint pulses indicates a small and short Small Intestine; many tortuous Yang meridians indicate a knotted Small Intestine.
The Spleen corresponds to the muscles. Firm and large muscles indicate a thick Stomach; small muscles indicate a thin Stomach; small and weak muscles indicate an insecure Stomach; muscles disproportionate to the body indicate a low Stomach, where the lower Wan (lower orifice) is constrained (*Tai Su* reads "lower Wan not yet constrained"); non-firm muscles indicate a loose Stomach; muscles lacking small nodular tightness indicate a tense Stomach; muscles with many small nodules indicate a knotted Stomach, where the upper Wan (upper orifice) is constrained.
The Liver corresponds to the sinews. Thick, yellow nails indicate a thick Gallbladder; thin, red nails indicate a thin Gallbladder; firm, blue-green nails indicate a tense Gallbladder; soft, red nails indicate a loose Gallbladder; straight, white nails without constraint indicate a straight Gallbladder; ugly, black nails with many markings indicate a knotted Gallbladder.
The Kidney corresponds to the bones. Fine texture and thick skin indicate a thick San Jiao and Bladder; coarse texture and thin skin indicate a thin San Jiao and Bladder; loose interstices indicate a loose San Jiao and Bladder; tight skin without hair indicates a tense San Jiao and Bladder; beautiful and coarse hair indicates a straight San Jiao and Bladder; sparse hair indicates a knotted San Jiao and Bladder.
Question: Regardless of thickness or beauty, all have corresponding forms. I wish to hear about the diseases they cause. Answer: By observing external signs to infer the internal state of the five Zang organs, one can know the potential diseases.