胃为水谷之海其 上在气街下在三里○冲脉为十二经之海其 上在于大杼下出于巨虚之
上下
廉○膻中为气之海其 上在于柱骨之上下在于人迎○脑为髓之海其 上在于其盖下在风府盖
即百会穴也(灵枢)
经曰留瘦不移节而刺之使十二经无过绝假令十二经中是何经络不通行当刺不通疑滞经俱
令
气过节无问其数以平为期○大接经治中风偏枯从阳引阴从阴引阳皆取十二经井穴也(纲目)
大概上部病多取手阳明中部病取足太阴下部病取足厥阴前膺取足阳明后背取足太阳因各
经之
病而取各经之穴者最为要决百病一针为率多则四针满身针者可恶(入门)○膏肓 三里涌泉百
病无所不治(入门)○若要安丹田里不曾干(资生)
身之穴三百六十有五其三十穴灸之有害七十九穴刺之为忧(叔和)○用针者先明孔穴补虚
泻实
勿失其理针皮肤腠理勿伤肌肉针肌肉勿伤筋脉针筋脉勿伤骨髓针骨髓勿伤诸络伤筋膜者愕视
失魂伤血脉者烦乱失神伤皮毛者上气失魂伤骨髓者呻吟失志伤肌肉者四肢不收失智此为五乱
有死之忧也(资生)
刺中五脏死候五脏主脏神不可伤伤之则死○刺中心一日死其动为噫○刺中肺三日死其动
○刺中肝五日死其动为语(一作欠)○刺中脾十日死其动为吞○刺中肾六日死(一作三日)其动
为嚏○刺中胆一日半死其动为呕○刺中膈为伤其病虽愈不过一岁必死(内经)
失针致伤 刺跗上中大脉血患不止死○刺阴中大脉血出不止死○刺面中溜脉不幸为盲○刺客主人(
上关
穴)内陷中脉为内漏为聋○刺头中脑户入脑立死○刺膝膑出液为跛○刺舌下中脉大过出血不
止为喑○刺臂太阴脉出血多立死○刺足布络中脉血不出为肿○刺足少阴脉重虚出血为舌难以
言○刺 中大脉令人伸脱色○刺膺中陷中肺为喘逆仰息○刺气冲中脉血不出为肿鼠 ○刺肘
中内陷气归之为不屈伸○刺脊间中髓为伛○刺阴股下三寸内陷令人遗尿○刺乳上中乳房为肿
根蚀○刺腋下胁间令人咳○刺缺盆中内陷气泄令人喘咳逆○刺小腹中膀胱尿出令人小腹满○
刺手鱼腹内陷为肿○刺眶上陷省中脉为漏为盲○刺关节中液出不得屈伸(内经)○刺上关去
○不能欠○刺下关者欠不能 刺犊鼻者屈不能伸○刺两关者伸不能屈(灵枢)
禁针穴 神庭 脑户 囟会 玉枕 络却 承灵 颅息 角孙 承泣 神道 灵台
肩中 膻中 缺盆 上关 鸠尾 五里手 青灵 合谷 神阙 横骨 气冲 箕门 承筋
三阴交 水分 会阴 石门 三阳络 人迎 乳中 然谷 伏兔(入门)
禁灸穴 哑门 风府 天柱 承光 临泣 头维 攒竹 睛明 素 禾 迎香 颧
下关 人迎 天牖 天府 周荣 渊腋 乳中 鸠尾 腹哀 肩贞 阳池 中冲 少商 鱼
际经渠 阳阙 脊中 隐白 漏谷 条口 地五会 犊鼻 阴市 伏兔 髀关 中腕 委
中阴陵泉 殷门 心 承扶 承泣 脉 丝竹空 喑门 耳门 石门 气冲 脑
户白环
胃被称为“水谷之海”，其上输注的穴位在气街，下输注的穴位在足三里。○冲脉被称为“十二经之海”，其上输注的穴位在大杼，下输注的穴位在巨虚的上廉和下廉。○膻中被称为“气之海”，其上输注的穴位在柱骨（脊柱）的上下，其外显的穴位在人迎。○脑被称为“髓之海”，其上输注的穴位在头顶的盖骨处，下输注的穴位在风府。（此处“盖”即指百会穴。）（出自《灵枢》）
经文说：对于形体消瘦且病位固定的患者，应按时令节气进行针刺，以使十二经的气血不致断绝。假如十二经中有哪条经络不通畅，就应当针刺那些不通或疑似阻滞的部位，使各经的气血都能通过关节，不以针刺次数为限，以气血平和为度。○大接经疗法用于治疗中风导致的半身不遂，遵循从阳引阴、从阴引阳的原则，均选取十二经的井穴。（出自《针灸资生经》引用的《纲目》）
大致而言，上部的病症多取手阳明经的穴位，中部的病症取足太阴经的穴位，下部的病症取足厥阴经的穴位；胸腹部前侧取足阳明经，背部后侧取足太阳经。根据各经的病变而选取该经的穴位，这是最为重要的决断原则。通常以一针治愈百病为准则，最多不超过四针，若满身都是针孔则令人厌恶。（出自《针灸入门》）○膏肓、足三里、涌泉这三个穴位，几乎无所不治。（出自《针灸入门》）○若要身体安康，丹田之气不可干涸。（出自《针灸资生经》）
人体共有三百六十五个穴位，其中三十个穴位施灸会有害处，七十九个穴位针刺会令人担忧。（出自王叔和的观点）○使用针刺的人，必须先明确孔穴的位置，掌握补虚泻实的道理，不要违背这一原则。针刺皮肤腠理时，不要损伤肌肉；针刺肌肉时，不要损伤筋脉；针刺筋脉时，不要损伤骨髓；针刺骨髓时，不要损伤诸络。如果伤及筋膜，患者会瞪眼直视、失魂；如果伤及血脉，患者会心烦意乱、失神；如果伤及皮毛，患者会气喘、失魂；如果伤及骨髓，患者会呻吟、失志；如果伤及肌肉，患者会四肢不能收持、失智。这称为“五乱”，有死亡的忧患。（出自《针灸资生经》）
针刺中五脏是致死的情况，因为五脏主宰脏神，不可伤害，伤害了就会死亡。○刺中心脏，一天后死亡，其表现为嗳气。○刺中肺脏，三天后死亡，其表现为咳嗽（原文缺字，据医理补）。○刺中肝脏，五天后死亡，其表现为胡言乱语（一作呵欠）。○刺中脾脏，十天后死亡，其表现为吞咽动作频繁。○刺中肾脏，六天后死亡（一作三天），其表现为打喷嚏。○刺中胆腑，一天半后死亡，其表现为呕吐。○刺中膈膜，虽然疾病看似痊愈，但不过一年内必死。（出自《内经》）
因失针或误针导致的伤害：○针刺足背上方，误中大脉，出血不止会导致死亡。○针刺阴部，误中大脉，出血不止会导致死亡。○针刺面部，误中流注之脉，不幸会导致失明。○刺客主人穴（即上关穴），进针过深伤及内部血脉，会导致内漏和耳聋。○针刺头部脑户穴，针入脑部，立即死亡。○针刺膝盖髌骨，流出积液，会导致跛行。○针刺舌下，误中大脉，出血不止会导致失音。○针刺手太阴肺经的脉，出血过多，立即死亡。○针刺足部布络中的脉，血液不出，会导致肿胀。○针刺足少阴肾经，若患者本已虚损又出血，会导致舌头僵硬难以言语。○针刺……（原文缺字）中大脉，使人面色改变、脱力。○针刺胸膺部，陷针伤肺，导致气喘逆乱、仰卧呼吸。○针刺气冲穴，误中大脉，血液不出，会导致腹股沟部肿胀。○针刺肘中，陷针伤气，气归于此，导致肢体不能屈伸。○针刺脊间，误中脊髓，导致驼背。○针刺大腿内侧下方三寸处，陷针伤及内部，导致遗尿。○针刺乳房上部，误中乳房，导致红肿溃烂如虫蚀。○针刺腋下胁间，导致咳嗽。○针刺缺盆穴，陷针伤气，导致气喘咳嗽逆乱。○针刺小腹部，误中膀胱，尿液流出，导致小腹胀满。○针刺手鱼际部位，陷针导致肿胀。○针刺眼眶上方，陷针伤省中脉，导致漏睛和失明。○针刺关节中，液体流出，导致关节不能屈伸。（出自《内经》）○针刺上关穴过度，导致不能打哈欠。○针刺下关穴，导致打哈欠不能停止。○针刺犊鼻穴，导致腿屈不能伸。○针刺两关穴，导致腿伸不能屈。（出自《灵枢》）
禁针穴位：神庭、脑户、囟会、玉枕、络却、承灵、颅息、角孙、承泣、神道、灵台、肩中俞、膻中、缺盆、上关、鸠尾、五里、手青灵、合谷、神阙、横骨、气冲、箕门、承筋、三阴交、水分、会阴、石门、三阳络、人迎、乳中、然谷、伏兔。（出自《针灸入门》）
禁灸穴位：哑门、风府、天柱、承光、临泣、头维、攒竹、睛明、素髎、禾髎、迎香、颧髎、下关、人迎、天牖、天府、周荣、渊腋、乳中、鸠尾、腹哀、肩贞、阳池、中冲、少商、鱼际、经渠、阳阙、脊中、隐白、漏谷、条口、地五会、犊鼻、阴市、伏兔、髀关、中脘、委中、阴陵泉、殷门、心俞、承扶、承泣、脉门、丝竹空、喑门、耳门、石门、气冲、脑户、白环俞。
The Stomach is the "Sea of Water and Grain." Its upper connecting point is at Qichuan (ST30), and its lower connecting point is at Zusanli (ST36). ○ The Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) is the "Sea of the Twelve Channels." Its upper connecting point is at Dazhu (BL11), and its lower connecting points are at Shanglian (ST34) and Xialian (ST37). ○ The Danzhong (Conception Vessel, located in the chest) is the "Sea of Qi." Its upper connecting point is at the upper and lower parts of the vertebral column, and its external manifestation is at Renying (ST9). ○ The Brain is the "Sea of Marrow." Its upper connecting point is at the crown of the head (Gai, which refers to Baihui GV20), and its lower connecting point is at Fengfu (GV16). (From *Ling Shu*)
The classic states: For patients who are emaciated and whose disease location is fixed, puncture according to the solar terms so that the Qi of the Twelve Channels does not cease. If any of the Twelve Channels is blocked, puncture the blocked or suspected obstructed areas until the Qi of all channels passes through the joints. Do not limit the number of punctures; stop when balance is achieved. ○ The "Da Jie Jing" (Great Connecting Meridians) therapy treats hemiplegia caused by stroke, following the principle of drawing Yin from Yang and Yang from Yin, utilizing the Jing-Well points of the Twelve Channels. (From *Zhen Jiu Zi Sheng Jing* citing *Gang Mu*)
Generally, diseases of the upper body often utilize points on the Hand-Yangming Channel; diseases of the middle body utilize points on the Foot-Taiyin Channel; diseases of the lower body utilize points on the Foot-Jueyin Channel. For the anterior chest and abdomen, utilize the Foot-Yangming Channel; for the back, utilize the Foot-Taiyang Channel. Selecting points from the respective channel based on the disease of that channel is the most crucial principle. Ideally, one needle cures a hundred diseases; do not exceed four needles. Having needles all over the body is repulsive. (From *Zhen Jiu Ru Men*) ○ Gao Huang (BL43), Zusanli (ST36), and Yongquan (KI1) can treat almost all diseases. (From *Zhen Jiu Ru Men*) ○ To maintain health, the Qi of the Dantian must not be depleted. (From *Zhen Jiu Zi Sheng Jing*)
There are 365 acupoints in the body. Moxibustion on thirty of them is harmful, and needling seventy-nine of them requires caution. (According to Wang Shuhe) ○ Practitioners must first understand the acupoints and the principles of tonifying deficiency and sedating excess. When needling the skin and interstices, do not damage the muscles; when needling muscles, do not damage the sinews and vessels; when needling sinews and vessels, do not damage the bone marrow; when needling bone marrow, do not damage the collateral vessels. Injury to sinews causes staring eyes and loss of Hun (ethereal soul); injury to blood vessels causes restlessness and loss of Shen (spirit); injury to skin and hair causes panting and loss of Hun; injury to bone marrow causes groaning and loss of Zhi (will); injury to muscles causes inability to control the limbs and loss of Zhi (intellect). This is called "Five Disorders," carrying the risk of death. (From *Zhen Jiu Zi Sheng Jing*)
Puncturing the Five Zang Organs leads to death because they house the Zang Spirits. Puncturing the Heart leads to death within one day, with symptoms of belching. Puncturing the Lung leads to death within three days, with symptoms of coughing. Puncturing the Liver leads to death within five days, with symptoms of incoherent speech (or yawning). Puncturing the Spleen leads to death within ten days, with symptoms of frequent swallowing. Puncturing the Kidney leads to death within six days (or three days), with symptoms of sneezing. Puncturing the Gallbladder leads to death within half a day, with symptoms of vomiting. Puncturing the Diaphragm results in death within a year, even if the illness appears cured initially. (From *Nei Jing*)
Injuries caused by improper needling: Puncturing the dorsum pedis and hitting a major vessel with uncontrolled bleeding leads to death. Puncturing the yin region and hitting a major vessel with uncontrolled bleeding leads to death. Puncturing the face and hitting a flowing vessel may cause blindness. Puncturing Shangguan (GB7) too deeply and damaging internal vessels causes internal leakage and deafness. Puncturing Naohu (GV17) and entering the brain causes immediate death. Puncturing the patella and causing effusion leads to limping. Puncturing under the tongue and hitting a major vessel with uncontrolled bleeding causes aphonia. Puncturing the Hand-Taiyin vessel with excessive bleeding causes immediate death. Puncturing the foot collaterals without blood flow causes swelling. Puncturing the Foot-Shaoyin vessel in a severely deficient patient, causing bleeding, leads to stiff tongue and difficulty speaking. Puncturing [missing text] major vessels causes pallor and collapse. Puncturing the chest and penetrating the lung causes dyspnea and orthopnea. Puncturing Qichong (ST30) and hitting a major vessel without blood flow causes inguinal swelling. Puncturing the elbow and sinking the needle causes Qi stagnation and inability to flex or extend the limb. Puncturing the interspinous space and damaging the spinal cord causes kyphosis. Puncturing three cun below the inner thigh and sinking the needle causes enuresis. Puncturing above the breast and damaging the mammary gland causes swelling and ulceration. Puncturing the axilla and intercostal space causes coughing. Puncturing Quepen (LI12) and sinking the needle causes Qi leakage, leading to wheezing and coughing. Puncturing the lower abdomen and damaging the bladder causes urine leakage and abdominal fullness. Puncturing the thenar eminence and sinking the needle causes swelling. Puncturing above the orbit and damaging the Shengzhong vessel causes lacrimal fistula and blindness. Puncturing the joint and causing effusion leads to immobility. (From *Nei Jing*) Over-puncturing Shangguan (GB7) prevents yawning. Puncturing Xiaguan (ST7) causes uncontrollable yawning. Puncturing Dubi (ST35) causes inability to flex the leg. Puncturing both Guan points causes inability to extend the leg. (From *Ling Shu*)
Acupoints contraindicated for needling: Shenting (GV24), Naohu (GV17), Xinhui (GV22), Yuzhen (GB9), Luoque (BL8), Chengling (GB19), Luxi (TE14), Jiaosun (TE6), Chengqi (ST1), Shendao (GV11), Lingtai (GV10), Jianzhongshu (SI11), Danzhong (CV17), Quepen (LI12), Shangguan (GB7), Jiawei (CV15), Wuli (ST31), Qingling (HT8), Hegu (LI4), Shenque (CV8), Henggu (KI12), Qichong (ST30), Jimen (LR11), Chengjin (BL56), Sanyinjiao (SP6), Shuifen (CV9), Huiyin (CV1), Shimen (CV5), Sanyangluo (TE7), Renying (ST9), Ruzhong (ST18), RanGu (KI2), Futu (ST32). (From *Zhen Jiu Ru Men*)
Acupoints contraindicated for moxibustion: Yamenh (GV15), Fengfu (GV16), Tianzhu (BL10), Chengguang (BL6), Linqi (GB15), Touwei (ST8), Cuanzhu (BL2), Jingming (BL1), Suliao (DU26), Heliao (SI18), Yingxiang (LI20), Quanliao (SI18), Xiaguan (ST7), Renying (ST9), Tianyou (TE16), Tianfu (LU3), Zhourong (CH14), Yuanye (SI9), Ruzhong (ST18), Jiawei (CV15), Fu'ai (ST25), Jianzhen (SI9), Yangchi (TE4), Zhongchong (PC9), Shaoshang (LU11), Yuji (LU10), Jingqu (LU8), Yangque (SI6), Jizhong (GV12), Yinbai (SP1), Lougu (SP9), Tiaokou (ST38), Diwuhui (ST39), Dubi (ST35), Yinshi (ST33), Futu (ST32), Biguan (ST31), Zhongwan (CV12), Weizhong (BL40), Yinlingquan (SP9), Yinmen (BL37), Xinxu (BL13), Chengfu (BL36), Chengqi (ST1), Maimen (BL63), Sizhukong (TE23), Yanmen (EX-HN13), Ermen (TE21), Shimen (CV5), Qichong (ST30), Naohu (GV17), Baihuanxu (BL30).