《素问》阴阳应象大论曰∶在脏为肾，在志为恐。宣明五气篇曰∶精气并于肾则恐。邪
气脏
腑病形篇曰∶恐惧则伤心，神伤则恐也。调经论曰∶血不足则恐。本神篇曰∶肝气虚则恐，
以肝为将军之官，肝气不足，则怯而恐也。戴人曰∶肝者敢也，惊恐则肝伤矣。肝胆实则怒
而勇敢，虚则怒而不敢也。玉机真脏论曰∶恐则脾气乘矣，以肾虚而脾胜之也。宣明五气篇
曰
∶胃为气逆，为哕为恐者，以阳明土胜，亦伤肾也。又运气善恐皆属肝木虚。五常政大论曰
∶木不及曰委和，委和之纪，其病淫动。注∶恐是心肾肝脾胃皆主于恐也，甚则精却。恐则
气下，人目中一点黑莹，乃先天真一之水所化，全赖精气神包裹，而能鉴察万物。精却则不
能化气，而瞳神有昏 之患矣。气下则不能摄精，而瞳神有散大之患。急宜补养肝肾，固其
精气，以复神光。盖心以神为主，阳为用。肾以志为主，阴为用。阳则气也，火也。阴则精
也，水也。水火交为既济，全在阴精上奉以安其神，阳气下脏以定其志，不然，则神不安于
内，阳气散于外，志不戢于中，阴精走于下，水火不交，而目未有不病者也。
《素问》金匮真言论曰∶东方青色，入通于肝，其病发为惊骇，以肝应东方风木，风主
震动
而连乎胆也。气厥论曰∶脾移热于肝，则为惊衄。阳明脉解篇曰∶足阳明之脉病，恶人与火
，闻木音则惕然而惊。阳明胃脉也，胃者土也，闻木音而惊者，土恶木也。又曰∶阳气与阴
气相搏，水火相恶，故惕然而惊也。举痛论曰∶惊则心无所倚，神无所归，心神散失也。此
肝胆胃心四脏皆病于惊，而气为之乱也。又运气惊有三∶一肝木不及，金来乘之。五常政大
论曰∶木不及曰委和，委和之纪，其发惊骇。至真要大论曰∶阳明之复，甚则入肝，惊骇筋
挛。二火邪助心。六元纪大论曰∶少阳所至为惊躁。至真要大论曰∶少阳之胜善惊。三寒邪
伤心。气交变大论曰∶岁水太过，寒气流行，民病烦心躁悸，胆为中正之官，五脏六腑，皆
取决于胆。胆主清净，不受浊秽，故胆汁上溢，则为口苦，胆精不足，则为目昏，眼中一点
神膏，乃胆中精汁，渗润而成者也，能涵养瞳神，清莹澄澈。凡人惊者，起于猝然，心主震
动，遂伤及胆，其症为目睛不转，为瞳神散大，为青膜遮掩。治宜安神定志，使气之散者得
以复聚。张子和曰∶惊者平之。平，常也。使病者闻之习熟，见之惯常，自然不惊。且肝胆
相为表里，其色为青，故人之受惊者，其面色必青也。临症审辨，何难施治哉！
《素问·阴阳应象大论》说：在五脏中对应肾，在五志中对应恐。《素问·宣明五气篇》说：精气汇聚于肾则产生恐惧感。《素问·邪气脏腑病形篇》说：恐惧会损伤心，心神受损就会出现恐惧。《素问·调经论》说：血不足就会产生恐惧。《素问·本神篇》说：肝气虚则会产生恐惧，因为肝被称为将军之官，肝气不足，就会胆怯而恐惧。戴人（张从正）说：肝主决断，惊恐会损伤肝脏。肝胆实证表现为愤怒且勇敢，虚证表现为愤怒却不敢行动。《素问·玉机真脏论》说：恐惧会导致脾气被克制，这是因为肾虚而脾土胜克所致。《素问·宣明五气篇》说：胃气上逆，出现呃逆和恐惧，是因为阳明土气过盛，同时也损伤了肾。另外，运气学说中善恐多属于肝木虚弱。《素问·五常政大论》说：木运不及称为“委和”，委和之年，其病症表现为淫乱动摇。注释说：恐惧是心、肾、肝、脾、胃五脏都主管的情志，严重时会导致精气退却。恐惧会使气机下陷，人眼中那一点黑亮晶莹的部分，是由先天真一之水化生而来，完全依赖精气神的包裹，才能洞察万物。精气退却就不能化生为气，导致瞳神出现昏花的问题；气机下陷就不能固摄精气，导致瞳神出现散大的问题。应当紧急补养肝肾，巩固精气，以恢复神光。大概心以神为主宰，阳为功能运用；肾以志为主宰，阴为物质基础。阳就是气，就是火；阴就是精，就是水。水火相交称为既济，全赖阴精上奉以安定心神，阳气下潜以定住意志，否则，神不能安守于内，阳气散逸于外，意志不能收敛于中，阴精流失于下，水火不交，眼睛没有不生病的。
《素问·金匮真言论》说：东方青色，通应于肝，其发病表现为惊骇，因为肝对应东方的风木，风主震动并牵连胆腑。《素问·气厥论》说：脾将热邪转移给肝，就会出现惊悸和鼻出血。《素问·阳明脉解篇》说：足阳明经脉发病，厌恶人和火光，听到木头声音就惊恐不安。这是阳明胃脉的病，胃属土，听到木音而惊恐，是因为土恶木。又说：阳气与阴气相互搏结，水火相克，所以惊恐不安。《素问·举痛论》说：惊吓使心无所依托，神无所归依，导致心神散失。这四种脏腑——胆、肝、胃、心都因惊而致病，气机随之紊乱。另外，运气学说中的惊有三种情况：一是肝木不及，金来乘克。《素问·五常政大论》说：木运不及称为委和，委和之年，其发作表现为惊骇。《素问·至真要大论》说：阳明燥金复气，严重时侵入肝脏，出现惊骇和筋脉拘挛。二是火邪助长心火。《素问·六元正纪大论》说：少阳之气到来表现为惊躁。《素问·至真要大论》说：少阳之火偏胜容易使人惊恐。三是寒邪损伤心脏。《素问·气交变大论》说：岁水太过，寒气流行，百姓患病心烦急躁心悸，胆为中正之官，五脏六腑都取决于胆。胆主清净，不受浊秽，所以胆汁上溢则口苦，胆精不足则目昏，眼中那一点神膏，是由胆中精汁渗透滋润而成的，能涵养瞳神，使其清莹澄澈。凡是受惊的人，起于突然之间，心主震动，遂伤及胆，症状表现为眼球转动不灵，瞳神散大，青膜遮掩瞳孔。治疗宜安神定志，使散乱的气得以重新聚合。张子和（张从正）说：惊者平之。“平”即平常之意。让患者听惯了、看惯了，自然就不惊恐了。况且肝胆互为表里，其色为青，所以人受惊后，面色必然发青。临症仔细审辨，施治有什么困难呢！
The *Suwen* (Basic Questions), chapter "Yin Yang Ying Xiang Da Lun" (Great Treatise on Yin and Yang Corresponding to Phenomena) states: In the Zang organs, it corresponds to the Kidney; in the Five Emotions, it corresponds to Fear (Kong). The chapter "Xuan Ming Wu Qi Pian" (Chapter on the Manifestation of the Five Qi) states: When Essence and Qi converge in the Kidney, fear arises. The chapter "Xie Qi Zang Fu Bing Xing Pian" (Chapter on Pathogenic Factors and Disease Manifestations of Zang and Fu Organs) states: Fear damages the Heart; when the Shen (Spirit) is damaged, fear occurs. The chapter "Tiao Jing Lun" (Discourse on Regulating the Vessels) states: Insufficiency of Blood leads to fear. The chapter "Ben Shen Pian" (Chapter on the Root of the Spirit) states: Liver Qi deficiency leads to fear, because the Liver is regarded as the General Officer; when Liver Qi is insufficient, one becomes timid and fearful. Dai Ren (Zhang Congzheng) stated: The Liver governs courage; fright and fear damage the Liver. When the Liver and Gallbladder are Excess, there is anger accompanied by bravery; when Deficient, there is anger accompanied by timidity. The chapter "Yu Ji Zhen Zang Lun" (Discourse on the Jade Machine and True Zang Organs) states: Fear causes the Spleen Qi to overact, due to Kidney Deficiency allowing Spleen Earth to prevail. The chapter "Xuan Ming Wu Qi Pian" states: Stomach Qi rebellion manifests as hiccups and fear, because Yangming Earth is excessive, which also damages the Kidney. Furthermore, in the theory of Six Qi transformations, chronic fear often belongs to Liver Wood deficiency. The chapter "Wu Chang Zheng Da Lun" (Great Discourse on the Five Constant Policies) states: When Wood is deficient, it is called "Wei He" (Lax Harmony); in years of Wei He, the diseases manifest as chaotic movement. The annotation notes: Fear is governed by the Heart, Kidney, Liver, Spleen, and Stomach; severely, it causes Essence to recede. Fear causes Qi to sink downward. The small black pupil in the eye is transformed from the primordial True Water of congenital origin, entirely relying on the wrapping of Essence, Qi, and Shen to perceive all things. If Essence recedes, it cannot transform into Qi, leading to cloudiness of the pupil; if Qi sinks, it cannot hold Essence, leading to dilation of the pupil. Urgent supplementation and nourishment of the Liver and Kidney are required to consolidate Essence and Qi, thereby restoring the divine light of the eyes. Generally, the Heart takes Shen as its master and Yang as its function; the Kidney takes Zhi (Will) as its master and Yin as its substance. Yang is Qi and Fire; Yin is Essence and Water. The interaction of Water and Fire constitutes "Ji Ji" (Already Completed/Intersection), which relies entirely on Yin Essence ascending to calm the Shen, and Yang Qi descending to stabilize the Zhi. Otherwise, Shen will not be secure within, Yang Qi will scatter outward, Zhi will not be contained within, and Yin Essence will flow downward. With Water and Fire failing to interact, the eyes will inevitably become diseased.
The *Suwen*, chapter "Jin Kui Zhen Yan Lun" (True Words on the Golden Casket) states: The color of the East is Green, entering into communication with the Liver; its disease manifests as Fright and Horror (Jing Hai), because the Liver corresponds to the Wind-Wood of the East, and Wind primarily governs vibration and connects to the Gallbladder. The chapter "Qi Jue Lun" (Discourse on Qi Reversal) states: When Spleen Heat transfers to the Liver, it results in Fright and Epistaxis. The chapter "Yang Ming Mai Jie Pian" (Explanation of the Yangming Meridian) states: When the Foot-Yangming meridian is diseased, one dislikes people and fire, and hears the sound of wood with startle and Fright. This is a disease of the Yangming Stomach meridian; the Stomach belongs to Earth, and fearing the sound of Wood indicates that Earth fears Wood. It further states: When Yang Qi and Yin Qi contend, and Water and Fire oppose each other, one experiences startle and Fright. The chapter "Ju Tong Lun" (Discourse on Pain) states: Fright causes the Heart to have no support, and the Shen to have no return, resulting in the scattering of Heart-Shen. Thus, the four Zang organs—Gallbladder, Liver, Stomach, and Heart—are diseased by Fright, causing Qi to become disordered. Furthermore, there are three types of Fright in the theory of Qi transformations: First, Liver Wood deficiency, with Metal overcoming it. The chapter "Wu Chang Zheng Da Lun" states: When Wood is deficient, it is called "Wei He"; in years of Wei He, the onset involves Fright and Horror. The chapter "Zhi Yao Yao Da Lun" (Great Discourse on the Most Essential Truths) states: When Yangming復 (Rebound/Counteraction) is severe, it enters the Liver, causing Fright, Horror, and tendon spasm. Second, Fire pathogen assisting the Heart. The chapter "Liu Yuan Zheng Ji Da Lun" (Great Discourse on the Six Origins and Policies) states: Where Shaoyang arrives, there is Fright and Restlessness. The chapter "Zhi Yao Yao Da Lun" states: When Shaoyang wins, one is prone to Fright. Third, Cold pathogen damaging the Heart. The chapter "Qi Jiao Bian Da Lun" (Great Discourse on Changes in Qi Intersection) states: When Yearly Water is excessive, Cold Qi prevails, and the people suffer from vexed heart, irritability, and palpitations. The Gallbladder is the Official of Uprightness; the five Zang and six Fu organs all depend on the Gallbladder. The Gallbladder governs purity and clarity, accepting no turbidity; thus, if Gallbladder bile overflows upward, there is bitter taste in the mouth; if Gallbladder Essence is insufficient, vision is dim. The "Shen Gao" (Divine Paste) in the eye is formed by the seepage and moistening of the essence fluid from the Gallbladder, which nourishes the pupil, keeping it clear and transparent. Fright arises suddenly; since the Heart governs vibration, it subsequently damages the Gallbladder. Symptoms include immobility of the eyeballs, dilation of the pupil, and obstruction by a blue membrane. Treatment should focus on calming the Shen and stabilizing the Zhi, allowing scattered Qi to re-aggregate. Zhang Zihe (Zhang Congzheng) said: "For Fright, use Ping (Leveling/Normalization)." Ping means ordinary or familiar. By making the patient hear and see these stimuli until they become routine, natural fearlessness ensues. Moreover, the Liver and Gallbladder are exterior-interior pairs, and their color is Green; therefore, upon receiving Fright, a person's complexion must turn green. Careful differentiation during clinical practice makes treatment straightforward.