肝属风木，木能生火，惟血涵养，否则火盛血伤，目病生焉。其脏主疏泄，凡人愤闷不
平，
或受六淫之邪，则气不宣流，遂生星翳障雾，如点如凿，或圆或方，形色不一，莫可枚举。
凡自上而下属太阳经，名垂帘。红色而痛属肝热，肿痛属风邪，不痛为血虚内热，白色而肿
痛，属气虚挟风，痛而不肿，为寒邪，不肿不痛，乃气虚下陷也。自下而上，属足阳明胃经
，名堆云，又名黄膜上冲。在黑珠内者，名内堆云，属肝肾不足，木挟相火上升。在黑珠外
者，名外堆云。肿痛涕泪，为风克肝胃。障色带黄，为湿热。肿痛畏寒，泪如脓水，属寒邪
。肉壅结，障色微红，属胃火。此皆气血失充，虚中挟邪症也。红白相间，名玛瑙障，属
热郁肝经，气血相混也。纯白而浓，名水晶障，属寒乘肝阴也。白星团聚，名聚星障，属肝
肾郁结，精血受伤也。一线垂下，名线障。横住瞳神，名横关。初起红痛，属风寒。邪郁肝
阴，不能发越，不红痛，属肝肾阴虚，相火上炎也。一线盘旋于风轮之上，名旋螺障。一为
阴寒上乘，一为邪郁于肝阴也。黑珠内、瞳神外，初起如雾，渐渐浓大，名内障。左关脉细
涩，属肝郁不舒。左尺脉洪数，属肾气不纳也。色白而长，形如半月，名半月障，属肝经郁
怒所致。色白而浓，名白障，稍薄名白翳，最薄名白雾，白点名星。红肿痒痛属风，红肿不
痒痛属郁邪。舌白涕泪属寒，眼眵干硬，羞明恶热，属火。干涩昏朦属燥。此皆实症。若不
肿而红痛，属血虚肝热生风。不红肿而痛，属忧思郁怒，肝气不舒。不红不痛，属阴虚火炽
。皆虚症也。目珠疼痛，肝阳上浮也。白障满布，赤脉贯睛，属肝经郁热。若无白障，但见
赤脉贯睛者，心火刑肺肝也。黑珠上一颗突出，名蟹珠，发于瞳神巅顶，属肝肾两经。发于
瞳神下面，属阳明。发于大 旁者，属太阳。发于小 旁者，属少阳。凡 肉壅肿涕泪，脉
弦细为风，舌白脉迟为寒，舌红脉数为火，脉细弱或数而无力属阴虚。此症由邪袭肝阴，气
血不能流行，或精血不足，过服寒凉升散而发。黑珠低陷，名陷障。障凝如冰，名冰障。属
邪乘肝阴，气血受伤。红肿脉浮弦为风。不红肿脉迟细为寒，乃实中挟虚症也。肿痛 肉，
黑珠泛白，名内泛，乃精血大亏，风寒邪郁也。此皆举其大略，须脉象舌色兼参，庶几无误
。
肝脏在五行中属风木，木能生火，只有血液能够涵养肝体，否则火势过盛会损伤血液，从而导致眼部疾病发生。肝脏的主要功能是主疏泄，凡是人们心中愤懑不平，或者受到六淫（风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种外感病邪）的侵袭，就会导致气机不能宣通流畅，从而产生星翳障雾等眼疾，形态像斑点或凿痕，或圆或方，颜色形状不一，无法一一列举。
凡是从上向下发展的病症，归属于太阳经，称为垂帘障。如果红肿且疼痛，属于肝热；肿痛但无特定描述痛感性质时多属风邪；不痛者属于血虚内热；白色且肿痛，属于气虚兼挟风邪；疼痛但不肿胀，属于寒邪；既不肿也不痛，则是气虚下陷所致。从下向上发展的病症，归属于足阳明胃经，称为堆云障，又名黄膜上冲。在黑珠（黑睛/角膜）内部的，称为内堆云，属于肝肾不足，木气挟带相火上炎。在黑珠外部的，称为外堆云。若伴有肿痛、流涕流泪，是风邪克制肝胃所致。翳色带黄，属于湿热。肿痛且畏寒，眼泪如脓水，属于寒邪。肉壅结聚，翳色微红，属于胃火。这些都属于气血充盈不足，虚证中夹杂邪气的病症。
红白相间，称为玛瑙障，属于热邪郁结于肝经，气血混杂所致。纯白而浓密，称为水晶障，属于寒邪乘袭肝阴。白色星点团聚，称为聚星障，属于肝肾郁结，精血受损。一线状下垂，称为线障。横阻瞳孔，称为横关。初起时红痛，属于风寒。邪气郁结于肝阴，不能发散，若不红痛，则属于肝肾阴虚，相火上炎。一线状盘旋于黑珠（风轮）之上，称为旋螺障。一种情况是阴寒上乘，另一种情况是邪气郁结于肝阴。黑珠内部、瞳孔外部，初起如雾气，逐渐浓重变大，称为内障。左关脉细涩，属于肝气郁结不舒。左尺脉洪数，属于肾气不纳。
翳色白而长，形状如半月，称为半月障，属于肝经郁怒所致。翳色白而浓密，称为白障，稍薄者称为白翳，最薄者称为白雾，白点称为星。红肿痒痛属于风邪，红肿但不痒痛属于郁邪。舌苔白、流涕流泪属于寒邪，眼屎干硬、羞明恶热属于火邪。干涩昏朦属于燥邪。这些都属于实证。如果不肿而红痛，属于血虚肝热生风。不红肿而痛，属于忧思郁怒，肝气不舒。不红不痛，属于阴虚火旺。这些都属于虚证。眼球疼痛，属于肝阳上浮。白障满布，赤脉贯穿眼睛，属于肝经郁热。如果没有白障，只见赤脉贯穿眼睛，则是心火刑克肺肝。黑珠上有一颗突出，称为蟹珠。发于瞳孔顶端，属于肝肾两经病变；发于瞳孔下方，属于阳明经；发于大眦（内眼角）旁者，属于太阳经；发于小眦（外眼角）旁者，属于少阳经。凡是胬肉壅肿、流涕流泪，脉弦细为风邪，舌白脉迟为寒邪，舌红脉数为火邪，脉细弱或数而无力属于阴虚。此症由邪气侵袭肝阴，气血不能流行，或精血不足，过服寒凉升散药物而引发。
黑珠低陷，称为陷障。翳凝如冰，称为冰障。属于邪气乘袭肝阴，气血受伤。红肿且脉浮弦为风邪。不红肿且脉迟细为寒邪，这是实证中夹杂虚证的病症。肿痛伴胬肉，黑珠泛白，称为内泛，这是精血大亏，风寒邪气郁结所致。以上只是列举大概情况，必须结合脉象和舌色综合参详，才可能没有误诊。
The Liver belongs to Wind-Wood in the Five Elements; Wood generates Fire. Only when Blood nourishes the Liver body can this be prevented; otherwise, excessive Fire will damage Blood, leading to eye diseases. The Zang organ primarily governs Shuxie (free flow and discharge). Whenever people feel resentful or unjustly treated, or are invaded by the Six Excesses (Wind, Cold, Summer-heat, Dampness, Dryness, Fire), Qi fails to circulate freely, resulting in eye conditions such as Star Opacities, Nebulae, and Fog-like obstructions. These may appear like spots or punctures, round or square, with various colors and shapes, too numerous to enumerate.
Conditions developing from top to bottom belong to the Taiyang Channel, named Chuilian Zhang (Curtain-Hanging Opacity). Redness with pain indicates Liver Heat; swelling with pain indicates Wind Pathogen; absence of pain indicates Blood Deficiency with internal Heat; whiteness with swelling and pain indicates Qi Deficiency complicated by Wind; pain without swelling indicates Cold Pathogen; neither swelling nor pain indicates sinking of Qi Deficiency. Conditions developing from bottom to top belong to the Foot-Yangming Stomach Channel, named Duizyun Zhang (Piled-Cloud Opacity), also known as Huangmo Shangchong (Yellow Membrane Rushing Up). Those within the Heizhu (Black Pearl/Cornea) are called Neiduiyun Zhang (Internal Piled-Cloud Opacity), indicating insufficiency of Liver and Kidney, with Wood carrying Ministerial Fire upward. Those outside the Heizhu are called Waiduiyun Zhang (External Piled-Cloud Opacity). Swelling, pain, runny nose, and tearing indicate Wind overcoming Liver and Stomach. Yellowish opacity indicates Damp-Heat. Swelling, pain, aversion to cold, and tears like pus water indicate Cold Pathogen. Fleshy congestion with slightly red opacity indicates Stomach Fire. All these are conditions where Qi and Blood are insufficient, with deficiency complicated by pathogens.
Red and white intermixed is named Manao Zhang (Agate Opacity), indicating Heat stagnating in the Liver Channel with mixed Qi and Blood. Pure white and dense is named Shuijing Zhang (Crystal Opacity), indicating Cold attacking Liver Yin. Clustered white stars are named Juxing Zhang (Clustered Star Opacity), indicating Liver-Kidney stagnation and injury to Essence and Blood. A single line hanging down is named Xian Zhang (Line Opacity). Blocking the pupil horizontally is named Hengguan (Horizontal Pass). Initial redness and pain indicate Wind-Cold. Pathogen stagnating in Liver Yin failing to vent, without redness or pain, indicates Liver-Kidney Yin Deficiency with rising Ministerial Fire. A line spiraling on the Fenglun (Wind Wheel/Cornea) is named Xuanluo Zhang (Spiral Snail Opacity). One case is due to superior Yin-Cold, the other due to pathogen stagnating in Liver Yin. Inside the Heizhu and outside the pupil, initially foggy and gradually becoming denser and larger, is named Neizhang (Internal Opacity). Left Guan pulse fine and choppy indicates Liver Qi stagnation not smoothing out. Left Chi pulse surging and rapid indicates Kidney Qi failing to receive.
Whitish and elongated, shaped like a half-moon, is named Banyue Zhang (Half-Moon Opacity), caused by Liver Channel depression and anger. Whitish and dense is named Bai Zhang (White Opacity); slightly thinner is named Baiyi (White Film); thinnest is named Baiwu (White Mist); white dots are named Xing (Stars). Redness, swelling, itching, and pain indicate Wind; redness and swelling without itching/pain indicate stagnant pathogen. White tongue coating with runny nose and tearing indicates Cold; dry and hard eye discharge, photophobia, and aversion to heat indicate Fire. Dryness, astringency, dimness, and blurriness indicate Dryness. These are all Excess patterns. If not swollen but red and painful, it indicates Blood Deficiency with Liver Heat generating Wind. If not red/swollen but painful, it indicates worry, thought, depression, and anger causing Liver Qi stagnation. If neither red nor painful, it indicates Yin Deficiency with blazing Fire. These are all Deficiency patterns. Eye globe pain indicates floating-up of Liver Yang. Full coverage of white opacity with red vessels penetrating the eyeball indicates Liver Channel stagnant Heat. Without white opacity, but seeing red vessels penetrating the eyeball, it indicates Heart Fire punishing Lung and Liver. A single protrusion on the Heizhu is named Xiezhu (Crystal Pearl). Erupting at the apex of the pupil indicates Liver and Kidney channels; erupting below the pupil indicates Yangming; erupting beside the Da Yi (Inner Canthus) indicates Taiyang; erupting beside the Xiao Yi (Outer Canthus) indicates Shaoyang. Whenever fleshy growths are swollen with tearing and runny nose, string-tight and fine pulse indicates Wind; white tongue and slow pulse indicates Cold; red tongue and rapid pulse indicates Fire; fine-weak or rapid-but-forceless pulse indicates Yin Deficiency. This condition arises from pathogen invading Liver Yin, preventing Qi and Blood circulation, or from insufficiency of Essence and Blood, exacerbated by overconsumption of cold-cooling and ascending-dispersing herbs.
Depressed Heizhu is named Xian Zhang (Sunken Opacity). Opacity congealed like ice is named Bing Zhang (Ice Opacity). It indicates pathogen attacking Liver Yin and injuring Qi and Blood. Redness, swelling, floating-stringy pulse indicates Wind. No redness/swelling, slow-fine pulse indicates Cold; this is an Excess pattern complicated by Deficiency. Swelling, pain, and fleshy growths with whitening Heizhu are named Neifan (Internal Flooding), indicating severe depletion of Essence and Blood with stagnation of Wind-Cold pathogen. These are merely general outlines; one must combine pulse diagnosis and tongue inspection to avoid error.