平按∶此篇自篇首至末，见《灵枢》卷一第四《邪气脏腑病形》篇，又见《甲乙经》
卷四第二上编。
黄帝问岐伯曰∶邪气之中人也奈何？岐伯曰∶邪气之中人也高。黄帝曰∶高下有度
乎？岐伯曰∶身半以上者，邪中之也；身半以下者，湿中之也。（高者，上也。身半以
上，风雨之邪所中，故曰中于高也。风为百病之长，故偏得邪名也。身半以下，清湿之
邪，湿最沉重，故袭下偏言也。平按∶《灵枢》也高作高也。《甲乙》以下作已下。）
故曰∶邪之中人也，无有恒常，中于阴则留于腑，中于阳则留于经。（邪中于臂 之阴，
独伤阴经，流入中脏，脏实不受邪客，故转至留于六腑者也。中于头面之阳，循三阳经
下留阳经，故曰无常也。平按∶《灵枢》无恒字，留作溜。《甲乙经》经作藏。）黄帝
曰∶阴之与阳也，异名同类，上下相会，（阴阳异名，同为气类，三阳为表居上，三阴为
里在下，表里气通，故曰相会。）经络之相贯，如环无端。（三阴之经络脉别走入于三
阳，三阳之经络脉别走入于三阴，阴阳之气旋回，周而复始，故曰无端。）邪之中人也，
或中于阴，或中于阳，上下左右，无有恒常，其故何也？（经络相贯周环，自是常理，
邪之中人循行，亦可与经络同行，然中于阴阳上下左右生病异者，其故何也？）岐伯答
曰∶诸阳之会，皆在于面。人之方乘虚时，及新用力，若热饮食汗出腠理开，而中于邪。
（手足三阳之会皆在于面，人之受邪所由有三∶一为乘年虚时，二为新用力有劳，三为
热饮热食汗出腠理开。有此三虚，故邪中人。平按∶《灵枢》人之二字作中人也三字，
若下无热字。）中面则下阳明，中项则下太阳，中于颊则下少阳，其中于膺背两胁亦中
其经。（邪之总中于面，则着手足阳明之经循之而下。若中头后项者，则着手足太阳之
经循之而下。若别中于两颊，则着手足少阳之经循之而下。若中胸、背及两胁三处，亦
着三阳之经循经而下也。）黄帝曰∶其中于阴奈何？岐伯答曰∶中于阴者，常从臂 始。
夫臂与 ，其阴皮薄，其肉淖泽，故俱受于风，独
伤其阴。（以下言邪中于阴经也。四肢手臂及脚 ，当阴经上皮薄，其肉浊泽，故四处
俱受风邪，所以独伤阴经。下经言风雨伤上清湿伤下者，举多为言，其实脚 亦受风邪
也。平按∶注浊泽，根据经文应作淖泽。）黄帝曰∶此故伤其脏乎？岐伯曰∶身之中于风
也，不必动脏。故邪入于阴经，其脏气实，邪气入而不能客，故还之于腑。是故阳中则
溜于经，阴中则溜于腑。（邪之伤于阴经，传之至脏，以脏气不客外邪，故还流于六腑
之中也。故阳之邪中于面，流于三阳之经；阴之邪中臂 ，溜于六腑也。平按∶《甲乙》
客作容，溜作留，府作腑。）黄帝曰∶邪之中脏者奈何？（前言外邪不中五脏，次言邪
从内起中于五脏，故问起也。）岐伯曰∶愁忧恐惧则伤心。（愁忧恐惧，内起伤神，故
心脏伤也。）形寒饮寒则伤肺，以其两寒相感，中外皆伤，故气逆而上行。（形寒饮寒，
内外二寒伤肺，以肺恶寒也。平按∶饮寒《灵枢》作寒饮，《甲乙》作饮冷。）有所坠
堕，恶血留内，若有所大怒，气上而不下，积于胁下，则伤肝。（因坠恶血留者，外伤
也。大怒，内伤也。内外二伤，积于胁下，伤肝也。平按∶《灵枢》、《甲乙》无若字。）
有所击仆，若醉入房，汗出当风，则伤脾。（击仆当风，外损也。醉以入房汗出，内损
也。内外二损，故伤脾也。平按∶《甲乙》醉上有以字。）有所用力举重，若入房过度，
汗出浴水，则伤肾。（用力举重，汗出以浴水，外损也。入房过度，内损也。由此二损，
故伤肾也。平按∶浴水，水字袁刻误作也。）黄帝曰∶五脏之中风奈何？岐伯曰∶阴阳
俱感，邪乃得往。黄帝曰∶善。（前言五脏有伤，次言五脏中风，阴阳血气皆虚，故俱
感于风，故邪因往入也。平按∶《甲乙》俱感作俱相感。）
黄帝问岐伯曰∶首面与身形，属骨连筋，同血合气耳。天寒则地裂凌冰，其卒寒，
或手足懈惰，然其面不衣，其故何也？（首面及与身形两者，皆属于骨，俱连于筋，同
受于血，并合于气，何因遇寒手足冷而懈惰，首面无衣不寒，其故何也？平按∶袁刻气
下脱耳字。）岐伯曰∶十二经脉，三百六十五络，其血气皆上于面而走空窍。（六阳之
经并上于面，六阴之经有足厥阴经上面，余二至于舌下，不上于面，而言皆上面者，举
多为言耳。其经络血气贯通，故皆上走七窍以为用也。平按∶注六阳之经，袁刻之作六。）
其精阳气，上于目而为精；（其经络精阳之气，上走于目，成于眼精也。平按∶《甲乙》
气上有之字。《灵枢》上于目作上走于目，为精作为睛，《甲乙》同。）其别气，走于
耳而为听；（别精阳气，入耳以为能听。）其宗气，上出于鼻而为臭；（五脏聚气以为
宗气，宗气入鼻，能知臭也。）其浊气，出于胃，走唇舌而为味；（耳目视听，故为清
气所生。唇舌识味，故为浊气所成。味者，知味也。平按∶《甲乙》出上有下字。）其
气之津液，皆上熏于面，面皮又浓，其肉坚，故热甚，寒不能胜也。（以其十二经脉三
百六十五络血气皆上熏面，以其阳多，其皮坚浓，故热而能寒也。平按∶面皮《灵枢》、
《甲乙》作而皮。热上《灵枢》有天字，《甲乙》有大字，胜下均有之字。）
【平按】：本篇从开头到结尾，见于《灵枢》卷一第四篇《邪气脏腑病形》，又见于《甲乙经》卷四第二上编。
黄帝问岐伯说：邪气侵袭人体是怎样的？岐伯说：邪气侵袭人体，多从上部的头面开始。黄帝说：高下有规律吗？岐伯说：身体半以上的部位，易受风雨之邪侵袭；身体半以下的部位，易受湿邪侵袭。（注：所谓“高”，指上部。身体半以上，是风雨之邪所中，所以称为中于高处。风为百病之长，因此单独获得“邪”的名称。身体半以下，清冷潮湿之邪，湿气最为沉重，所以侵袭下部，偏言湿气。平按：《灵枢》中“也高”作“高也”。《甲乙经》中“以下”作“已下”。）
所以说：邪气侵袭人体，没有固定的常规，侵入阴分则留滞于腑，侵入阳分则留滞于经。（邪气中于手臂内侧的阴分，独伤阴经，流入中脏，但脏气充实不受邪客，所以转而留滞于六腑。邪气中于头面部阳分，沿三阳经下行留滞于阳经，所以说没有固定常规。平按：《灵枢》无“恒”字，“留”作“溜”。《甲乙经》“经”作“藏”。）
黄帝说：阴与阳，名称不同但同类，上下相会合，（阴阳名称不同，同属气类，三阳在表居上，三阴在里在下，表里之气相通，所以叫相会。）经络相互贯通，如圆环一样没有端点。（三阴的经络别行进入三阳，三阳的经络别行进入三阴，阴阳之气回旋，周而复始，所以叫没有端点。）邪气侵袭人体，有时中于阴，有时中于阳，上下左右，没有固定常规，这是什么原因呢？（经络相互贯通环绕，本是常理，邪气侵袭人体循行，也可以与经络同行，然而中于阴阳上下左右导致生病各异的原因是什么呢？）
岐伯回答说：诸阳经的交会，都在面部。人如果在正气虚弱时，以及刚用力劳作后，或者吃热饮食导致汗出、腠理开泄时，就会受到邪气侵袭。（手足三阳经的交会都在面部，人受邪的原因有三：一是乘年岁虚衰之时，二是新近用力劳作，三是热饮热食导致汗出、腠理开。有此三种虚损，所以邪气中人。平按：《灵枢》“人之”二字作“中也”三字，“若”字下无“热”字。）
邪气中于面部，则向下传入阳明经；中于项部，则向下传入太阳经；中于颊部，则向下传入少阳经；邪气中于胸膺、背部及两胁，也是中于相应的经脉。（邪气总之中于面部，则着手足阳明经循行而下。如果中于头后项部，则着手足太阳经循行而下。如果另外中于两颊，则着手足少阳经循行而下。如果中于胸、背及两胁三处，也是着三阳经循经而下。）
黄帝说：邪气中于阴分是怎样的？岐伯回答说：中于阴分，通常从手臂和脚胫开始。手臂和脚胫，其阴面的皮肤薄，肌肉柔润，所以都容易受风邪侵袭，唯独损伤其阴经。（以下讲邪气中于阴经。四肢手臂及脚胫，当阴经部位皮肤薄，肌肉浊泽，所以四处都受风邪，因此独伤阴经。下文讲风雨伤上、清湿伤下，是举多数而言，其实脚胫也受风邪。平按：注文中“浊泽”，根据经文应作“淖泽”。）
黄帝说：这难道会伤及内脏吗？岐伯说：身体被风邪侵袭，不一定触动内脏。所以邪气进入阴经，如果脏气充实，邪气进入而不能客居，就会返还于腑。因此，阳经受邪则流注于经，阴经受邪则流注于腑。（邪气伤于阴经，传至脏，因脏气不客纳外邪，所以回流于六腑之中。所以阳分之邪中于面部，流注于三阳经；阴分之邪中于手臂和脚胫，流注于六腑。平按：《甲乙经》“客”作“容”，“溜”作“留”，“府”作“腑”。）
黄帝说：邪气中于五脏是怎样的？（前文讲外邪不中五脏，次讲邪从内起中于五脏，所以发问。）岐伯说：愁忧恐惧会伤心。（愁忧恐惧，由内而起损伤神志，所以心脏受伤。）形体受寒或饮用寒凉之物会伤肺，因为内外二寒相感，中外皆伤，所以气逆而上行。（形体受寒、饮用寒凉，内外二寒伤肺，因肺恶寒。平按：《灵枢》“饮寒”作“寒饮”，《甲乙经》作“饮冷”。）有坠落跌打，恶血留滞体内，或者有大怒，气上逆而不下降，积聚于胁下，则会伤肝。（因坠落导致恶血留者，是外伤。大怒，是内伤。内外二伤，积聚于胁下，伤肝。平按：《灵枢》、《甲乙经》无“若”字。）有被打倒，或者醉酒后行房事，汗出当风，则会伤脾。（击打跌倒当风，是外损。醉酒行房汗出，是内损。内外二损，所以伤脾。平按：《甲乙经》“醉”上有“以”字。）有用力举重，或者房事过度，汗出洗澡，则会伤肾。（用力举重，汗出洗澡，是外损。房事过度，是内损。由此二损，所以伤肾。平按：“浴水”，水字袁刻误作“也”。）
黄帝说：五脏中风的机理是怎样的？岐伯说：阴阳俱感（即内外皆虚），邪气才能进入。黄帝说：好。（前文讲五脏有伤，次讲五脏中风，阴阳血气皆虚，所以俱感于风，故邪气得以进入。平按：《甲乙经》“俱感”作“俱相感”。）
黄帝问岐伯说：首面与身形，属于骨连筋，同血合气罢了。天气寒冷则地裂结冰，突然受寒，有时手足懈怠懒惰，然而面部不穿衣，为什么不怕冷呢？（首面及身形两者，都属于骨，都连于筋，同受于血，并合于气，为何遇寒手足冷而懈怠，首面无衣却不寒，这是什么原因？平按：袁刻本“气”下脱“耳”字。）
岐伯说：十二经脉，三百六十五络，其气血都上行于面部并通达空窍。（六阳经都上于面部，六阴经中有足厥阴经上面，其余二阴至于舌下，不上于面部，说“皆上面”是举多数而言。其经络气血贯通，所以都上行走七窍以为用。平按：注文中“六阳之经”，袁刻本作“六”。）
其中的精阳气，上行于目而成为视觉；（其经络精阳之气，上行走于目，形成眼精。平按：《甲乙经》“气”上有“之”字。《灵枢》“上于目”作“上走于目”，“为精”作“为睛”，《甲乙经》同。）其中的别气，走于耳而成为听觉；（别行的精阳气，入耳以能听。）其中的宗气，上行出于鼻而成为嗅觉；（五脏聚气以为宗气，宗气入鼻，能知气味。）其中的浊气，出于胃，走于唇舌而成为味觉；（耳目视听，所以为清气所生。唇舌识味，所以为浊气所成。味，指知味。平按：《甲乙经》“出”上有“下”字。）
其中的气之津液，都上行熏蒸于面部，面部皮肤又厚，肌肉坚实，所以热气盛，寒气不能胜过它。（因为十二经脉三百六十五络气血都上行熏面，因其阳气多，其皮坚厚，所以热而能御寒。平按：《灵枢》、《甲乙经》“面皮”作“而皮”。“热”上《灵枢》有“天”字，《甲乙经》有“大”字，“胜”下均有“之”字。）
[Ping An]: This chapter, from beginning to end, is found in *Ling Shu* (Spiritual Pivot), Volume 1, Chapter 4 "Disease Forms of Pathogenic Factors and Zang-Fu Organs", and also in *Jia Yi Jing* (Classified Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Volume 4, Part 2, Upper Section.
Yellow Emperor asked Qi Bo: How do pathogenic factors invade the human body? Qi Bo replied: Pathogenic factors invade the human body from the upper part. Yellow Emperor asked: Is there a rule regarding high and low positions? Qi Bo replied: The upper half of the body is invaded by wind and rain pathogens; the lower half of the body is invaded by dampness. (Note: "High" refers to the upper part. The upper half of the body is where wind and rain pathogens strike, hence called "invading the high". Wind is the chief of all diseases, thus it alone bears the name "pathogen". The lower half of the body is affected by cold-damp pathogens; dampness is heaviest, so it attacks the lower part, hence emphasis on dampness. Ping An: *Ling Shu* reads "Gao ye" instead of "Ye gao". *Jia Yi Jing* reads "Yi xia" instead of "Yi xia".)
Therefore it is said: Pathogenic factors invading the human body have no fixed pattern; if they invade Yin, they remain in the Fu organs; if they invade Yang, they remain in the meridians. (If pathogens strike the Yin aspect of the arm, they exclusively injure the Yin meridians and flow into the Zang organs. However, since the Zang qi is solid and does not accept external pathogens, the pathogens turn and remain in the six Fu organs. If pathogens strike the Yang aspect of the head and face, they follow the Three Yang meridians downward and remain in the Yang meridians, hence saying there is no fixed pattern. Ping An: *Ling Shu* omits the character "Heng"; "Liu" is written as "Liu". *Jia Yi Jing* writes "Zang" instead of "Jing".)
Yellow Emperor said: Yin and Yang have different names but are of the same category; they meet above and below. (Yin and Yang have different names but belong to the same Qi category. The Three Yang are exterior and superior, the Three Yin are interior and inferior; the Qi of exterior and interior communicates, hence called "meeting".) The meridians interconnect like a circle without beginning or end. (The meridians of the Three Yin branch into the Three Yang, and the meridians of the Three Yang branch into the Three Yin. The Qi of Yin and Yang circulates, completing a cycle, hence called "without end".) When pathogenic factors invade the human body, sometimes they strike Yin, sometimes Yang, in the upper, lower, left, or right, with no fixed pattern. What is the reason for this? (The interconnection and circulation of meridians is the constant principle. The invasion of pathogens follows the meridians, which can be consistent with meridian pathways. However, why do invasions of Yin/Yang, upper/lower, left/right result in different illnesses? What is the cause?)
Qi Bo answered: The convergence of all Yang meridians is at the face. When a person is deficient, or has just exerted themselves physically, or after drinking hot food/beverages causing sweating and opening of the pores (Cou Li), they are susceptible to pathogens. (The convergence of the Hand and Foot Three Yang meridians is all at the face. There are three reasons for humans being invaded by pathogens: first, during periods of annual deficiency; second, after recent physical exertion; third, after hot drinks/food causing sweating and open pores. With these three types of deficiency, pathogens invade humans. Ping An: *Ling Shu* reads "Zhong ren ye" instead of "Ren zhi"; there is no "Re" character after "Ruo".)
If pathogens strike the face, they descend into the Yangming Meridian; if they strike the neck, they descend into the Taiyang Meridian; if they strike the cheek, they descend into the Shaoyang Meridian; if they strike the chest, back, and flanks, they also strike their respective meridians. (Generally, when pathogens strike the face, they enter the Hand and Foot Yangming meridians and descend along them. If they strike the back of the head and neck, they enter the Hand and Foot Taiyang meridians and descend. If they strike the cheeks, they enter the Hand and Foot Shaoyang meridians and descend. If they strike the chest, back, and flanks, they also enter the Three Yang meridians and descend along them.)
Yellow Emperor asked: How do pathogens strike the Yin aspect? Qi Bo answered: Striking the Yin aspect usually begins at the arms and legs. The skin on the Yin aspect of the arms and legs is thin, and the flesh is soft and moist, so they are all susceptible to wind pathogens, exclusively injuring the Yin meridians. (This section discusses pathogens striking the Yin meridians. On the limbs, arms, and legs, the skin over the Yin meridians is thin, and the flesh is moist, so all four areas are susceptible to wind pathogens, thus exclusively injuring the Yin meridians. The previous text mentioned wind/rain attacking the upper and cold-damp attacking the lower, speaking generally; in fact, the legs are also susceptible to wind. Ping An: In the commentary, "Zhuo ze" should be "Nao ze" according to the main text.)
Yellow Emperor asked: Does this injure the Zang organs? Qi Bo replied: Invasion by wind pathogens does not necessarily disturb the Zang organs. Therefore, if pathogens enter the Yin meridians and the Zang qi is solid, the pathogens cannot lodge there, so they return to the Fu organs. Thus, Yang meridians struck by pathogens flow into the meridians, while Yin meridians struck by pathogens flow into the Fu organs. (When pathogens injure the Yin meridians and transmit to the Zang, because the Zang qi does not accept external pathogens, they flow back into the six Fu organs. Thus, Yang pathogens striking the face flow into the Three Yang meridians; Yin pathogens striking the arms and legs flow into the six Fu organs. Ping An: *Jia Yi Jing* writes "Rong" instead of "Ke", "Liu" instead of "Liu", "Fu" instead of "Fu".)
Yellow Emperor asked: How do pathogens strike the Five Zang organs? (Previously it was stated that external pathogens do not strike the Five Zang; next, it discusses pathogens arising internally to strike the Five Zang, hence the question.) Qi Bo replied: Sorrow, worry, and fear injure the Heart. (Sorrow, worry, and fear arise internally and damage the Shen (Spirit), thus injuring the Heart.) Cold exposure of the body and consumption of cold drinks injure the Lung, because internal and external colds interact, damaging both inside and outside, causing Qi to rebel and move upward. (Cold exposure and cold drinks constitute internal and external colds injuring the Lung, as the Lung dislikes cold. Ping An: *Ling Shu* reads "Han yin" instead of "Yin han"; *Jia Yi Jing* reads "Yin leng".) Falling or trauma causes bad blood to remain inside; or extreme anger causes Qi to rise and not descend, accumulating under the flanks, thus injuring the Liver. (Trauma from falling causes bad blood retention, an external injury. Extreme anger is an internal injury. Both internal and external injuries accumulate under the flanks, injuring the Liver. Ping An: *Ling Shu* and *Jia Yi Jing* omit "Ruo".) Being beaten or fallen, or engaging in sexual activity while drunk, with sweat exposed to wind, injures the Spleen. (Being beaten/fallen and exposed to wind is external damage. Drunken sexual activity with sweating is internal damage. Both internal and external damages thus injure the Spleen. Ping An: *Jia Yi Jing* adds "Yi" before "Zui".) Exerting force to lift heavy objects, or excessive sexual activity, with sweat bathing in water, injures the Kidney. (Exerting force and bathing in sweat/water is external damage. Excessive sexual activity is internal damage. These two damages thus injure the Kidney. Ping An: In Yuan's edition, the character "Shui" in "Yu shui" is mistakenly printed as "Ye".)
Yellow Emperor asked: How do the Five Zang organs contract wind? Qi Bo replied: When both Yin and Yang are affected (i.e., both interior and exterior are deficient), then pathogens can enter. Yellow Emperor said: Good. (Previously it discussed injuries to the Five Zang; next it discusses wind contracting the Five Zang. When Yin-Yang and Blood-Qi are both deficient, they are all susceptible to wind, thus allowing pathogens to enter. Ping An: *Jia Yi Jing* reads "Ju xiang gan" instead of "Ju gan".)
Yellow Emperor asked Qi Bo: The head and face, and the body shape, belong to bone connected to tendon, sharing blood and combining Qi. When heaven is cold, the earth cracks and ice forms. Sudden cold may cause the hands and feet to become slack and weak, yet the face is uncovered. Why is this? (Both the head/face and the body belong to bone, connect to tendons, share blood, and combine Qi. Why do hands and feet become cold and slack in cold weather, while the uncovered face does not feel cold? What is the reason? Ping An: Yuan's edition omits the character "Er" after "Qi".)
Qi Bo replied: The Twelve Primary Meridians and the Three Hundred Sixty-five Collateral vessels, their Blood and Qi all ascend to the face and travel through the orifices. (The Six Yang meridians all ascend to the face. Among the Six Yin meridians, only the Foot Jueyin ascends to the face; the other two reach only under the tongue and do not ascend to the face. Saying "all ascend to the face" speaks generally. Their meridian networks and Blood-Qi are interconnected, thus all ascending to the seven orifices for function. Ping An: In the commentary, Yuan's edition prints "Zhi" instead of "Zhi" in "Liu yang zhi jing".)
Its refined Yang Qi ascends to the eyes to form vision. (The refined Yang Qi of the meridians ascends to the eyes, forming eye clarity. Ping An: *Jia Yi Jing* adds "Zhi" before "Qi". *Ling Shu* reads "Shang zou yu mu" instead of "Shang yu mu", and "Wei jing" instead of "Wei jing"; *Jia Yi Jing* is the same.) Its separate Qi travels to the ears to form hearing. (The separate refined Yang Qi enters the ears to enable hearing.) Its ancestral Qi (Zong Qi) ascends out of the nose to form smell. (The Five Zang gather Qi to form Zong Qi; Zong Qi enters the nose, enabling the perception of odors.) Its turbid Qi emerges from the Stomach, travels to the lips and tongue to form taste. (Eyes and ears for seeing/hearing are generated by clear Qi. Lips and tongue for tasting are formed by turbid Qi. Taste refers to the perception of flavor. Ping An: *Jia Yi Jing* adds "Xia" before "Chu".)
The fluids of Qi all ascend and steam upon the face. The facial skin is thick, and the flesh is firm, so heat is abundant, and cold cannot overcome it. (Because the Blood and Qi of the Twelve Primary Meridians and Three Hundred Sixty-five Collaterals all ascend and steam upon the face, due to abundant Yang Qi, the skin is thick and firm, thus generating heat to resist cold. Ping An: *Ling Shu* and *Jia Yi Jing* read "Er pi" instead of "Mian pi". *Ling Shu* adds "Tian" before "Re"; *Jia Yi Jing* adds "Da". All add "Zhi" after "Sheng".)