气之浓者，阳中之阳，气浓则发热，辛甘温热是也。
黑附子 气热，味大辛，其性走而不守，亦能除肾中寒甚，〔以〕白术为佐，谓
之术附汤，除寒湿之〔圣〕药〔也〕。〔治湿〕药〔中宜〕少加之，通行诸经，引用药
也。及治经闭。《主治秘要》云∶辛，纯阳，治脾中大寒。又云∶性大热，味辛甘，〔气
浓味薄〕，轻重得宜，可升可降，阳也。其用有三∶去脏腑沉寒一也。补助阳气不足
二也。温〔暖〕脾胃三也。然不可多用。慢火炮制用。
干姜 气热，味大辛，治沉寒痼冷，肾中无阳，脉气欲绝，黑附子为引，用水同
煎二物，姜附汤是也。〔亦〕治中焦有寒。《主治秘要》云∶性热味辛，气味俱浓，半
沉半浮，可升可降，阳中阴也。其用有四∶通心气助阳一也。去脏腑沉寒二也。发
〔散〕诸经之寒气三也。〔治〕感寒腹疼四也。又云∶辛温纯阳，《内经》云∶寒
淫所胜，以辛散之，此之谓也。水洗，慢火炙制，锉用。
干生姜 气味温辛，主伤寒头痛，鼻塞上气，止呕吐，治咳嗽，生与干同治。
〔与〕半夏等分，治心下急痛。锉用。
川乌头 气热，味大辛，疗风痹半身不遂，引经药也。《主治秘要》云∶性热味辛
甘，气浓味薄，浮而升，阳也。其用有六∶除寒〔疾〕一也。去心下坚痞二也。温
养脏腑三也。治〔诸〕风四也。破积〔聚〕滞气五也。〔治〕感寒腹痛六也。
先以慢火炮制去皮，碎用。
良姜 气热味辛，主〔胃中逆〕冷，霍乱腹痛，翻胃吐食，转筋〔泻〕利，下
气消食。《主治秘要》云∶纯阳，健脾胃。碎用。
肉桂 气热，味大辛，补下焦〔火热〕不足，治沉寒痼冷之病，及表虚自汗，春
夏二时为禁药也。《主治秘要》云∶（若）纯阳，渗泄止渴。又云∶甘辛，阳，大
热，去营卫中之风寒。去皮，捣细用。
桂枝 气热，味辛甘，仲景治伤寒证，发汗用桂枝者，〔乃〕桂〔条〕，非身干
也，取其轻薄而能发〔散〕。今又有一种〔柳桂〕，〔乃〕桂枝嫩小枝条也，尤宜
入治上焦药用也。《主治秘要》云∶性温，味辛〔甘〕，气味俱薄，体轻而上行，浮而
升，阳也。其用有四∶〔治〕伤风头痛一也。开腠理二也。解表三也。去皮肤〔风湿〕四也。
草豆蔻 气热，味大辛，治风寒客邪在于胃口之上，善〔去〕脾胃寒，治客寒
令人心胃痛。《主治秘要》云∶〔纯〕阳，益脾胃去寒。面〔裹〕煨熟，去面皮，
捣细用。
丁香 气味辛温，温脾胃，止霍乱，消 癖、气胀，及胃肠内冷痛，壮阳，
暖腰膝，〔杀〕酒毒。《主治秘要》云∶纯阳，去胃寒。
浓朴 气温味辛，能除腹胀，若〔元气〕虚弱，虽腹胀，宜斟酌用之，寒腹胀
是也。大热药中，兼用结者散之，乃神药也。误服，脱人元气，切禁之。紫色者佳。
《主治秘要》云∶性〔温〕，味苦辛，气浓味浓，体重浊而〔微〕降，阴中阳也。其用
有三∶平胃〔气〕一也。去腹胀二也。孕妇忌之三也。又云∶阳中之阴，去腹胀，浓
肠胃。去粗皮，姜汁制用。
益智仁 气热，味大辛，治脾胃中寒邪，和中益气，治人多唾，当于补中药内兼用
之，不可多服。去皮捣用。
木香 气味辛苦，除肺中滞气，若疗中下焦气结滞，须用槟榔为使。《主治秘
要》云∶性〔热〕味〔辛〕苦，气味俱浓，沉而降，阴也。其用，调气而已。又曰∶
辛，纯阳，以和胃气。广州者佳。
白豆蔻 气热，味大辛，荡散〔肺〕中滞气，主积冷气，宽膈，止吐逆，久反胃，
消谷，下气，进饮食。《主治秘要》云∶性大温，味辛，气味俱薄，轻清而升，阳也。其
用有五∶肺金本药一也。散胸中滞气二也。〔治〕感寒腹痛三也。温暖脾胃四也。赤
眼暴发，白睛红者五也。又云∶辛，纯阳，去太阳〔经〕目内〔大 红筋〕。去皮〔捣〕用。
川椒 气温味辛，主邪气，温中，除寒痹，坚齿发，明目，利五脏。凡用须
炒去汗，又去含口者。《主治秘要》云∶辛，阳，明目之剂。手搓细用。
吴茱萸 气热味辛，治寒在咽喉，〔隘〕塞胸中。经云∶咽膈不通，食不〔可〕
下，食则呕，令人口开目瞪，寒邪所结，气不得上下，此病不已，令人〔寒〕中腹
满，膨胀下利，寒气诸药，不可代也。《主治秘要》云∶性热味辛，气味俱浓，半沉半
浮，阴中之阳也，气浮而味降。其用有四∶去胸中寒一也。止心痛二也。〔治〕感
寒腹痛三也。消宿酒，为白豆蔻之佐四也。又云∶辛，阳中之阴，温中下气。洗去苦味，晒干用。
茴香 气平味〔辛〕，破一切臭气，调中、止呕、下食。须炒黄色，捣细用。
玄胡索 气温味辛，〔破血治气，妇人月事不调，小腹痛甚，温暖腰膝，破散 瘕，捣细用。〕
〔缩砂仁 气温味辛，治脾胃气结滞不散，主虚劳冷泻，心腹痛，下气消食，捣细用。〕
红蓝花 气温味辛，主〔产〕后口噤血晕，腹内恶血不尽，绞痛，破〔留〕血神
验，（酒浸，佐当归生新血。）
神曲〔气暖味甘〕，消食，治脾胃食不化，须用于脾〔胃〕药中少加之。《主治
秘要》云∶辛，阳，益胃气。炒黄色用。
气味浓厚的药物，属于阳中之阳，气浓则能发热，如辛、甘、温、热的药物即是。
黑附子：气热，味大辛，其药性走窜而不守滞，也能祛除肾中极重的寒邪。〔以〕白术为佐使，称为术附汤，是祛除寒湿的〔圣〕药〔也〕。在〔治疗湿〕药〔中宜〕少量加入，作为通行各条经络的引经药。以及治疗闭经。《主治秘要》说∶味辛，纯阳之品，治疗脾脏中的大寒。又说∶性大热，味辛甘，〔气浓味薄〕，轻重适宜，可升可降，属阳。它的功效有三点∶一是去除脏腑深处的寒邪；二是补助阳气不足；三是温暖〔脾胃〕。然而不可多用。需用慢火炮制后使用。
干姜：气热，味大辛，治疗沉寒痼冷，肾中无阳，脉气将要断绝的情况，以黑附子为引导，用水同煎这两种药，就是姜附汤。〔也〕治疗中焦有寒。《主治秘要》说∶性热味辛，气味都浓厚，半沉半浮，可升可降，属阳中之阴。它的功效有四点∶一是通心气、助阳气；二是去除脏腑深处的寒邪；三是发散各条经络的寒气；四是〔治疗〕受寒引起的腹痛。又说∶辛温纯阳，《内经》说∶寒邪过盛，用辛味药发散它，说的就是这个道理。水洗，慢火炙制，切碎使用。
干生姜：气味温辛，主治伤寒头痛，鼻塞上气，止呕吐，治咳嗽，生用与干用同样有效。
〔与〕半夏等量，治疗心下急痛。切碎使用。
川乌头：气热，味大辛，治疗风痹半身不遂，是引经药。《主治秘要》说∶性热味辛甘，气浓味薄，浮而上升，属阳。它的功效有六点∶一是除寒〔疾〕；二是去除心下的坚硬痞块；三是温养脏腑；四是治〔诸〕风；五是破除积〔聚〕和滞气；六是〔治疗〕受寒腹痛。
先用慢火炮制去皮，捣碎使用。
良姜：气热味辛，主〔治胃中逆〕冷，霍乱腹痛，翻胃吐食，转筋〔泻〕利，下气消食。《主治秘要》说∶纯阳，健脾胃。捣碎使用。
肉桂：气热，味大辛，补下焦〔火热〕不足，治疗沉寒痼冷的病，以及表虚自汗，春夏两季是禁用药。《主治秘要》说∶（若）纯阳，渗泄止渴。又说∶甘辛，阳，大热，去除营卫中的风寒。去皮，捣细使用。
桂枝：气热，味辛甘，张仲景治疗伤寒证，发汗用桂枝的，〔乃〕桂〔条〕，不是树干，取其轻薄而能发〔散〕。现在又有一种〔柳桂〕，〔乃〕桂枝嫩小的枝条，尤其适宜入治疗上焦的药方中。《主治秘要》说∶性温，味辛〔甘〕，气味都淡薄，体轻而上行，浮而上升，属阳。它的功效有四点∶〔治疗〕伤风头痛；一是开腠理；二是解表；三是去皮肤〔风湿〕。
草豆蔻：气热，味大辛，治疗风寒客邪在于胃口之上，善〔于〕去除脾胃寒，治疗外感寒邪导致的心胃痛。《主治秘要》说∶〔纯〕阳，益脾胃去寒。面〔裹〕煨熟，去掉面皮，捣细使用。
丁香：气味辛温，温脾胃，止霍乱，消 癖、气胀，以及胃肠内冷痛，壮阳，暖腰膝，〔杀〕酒毒。《主治秘要》说∶纯阳，去胃寒。
浓朴：气温味辛，能消除腹胀，如果〔元气〕虚弱，虽然腹胀，应斟酌使用，这是指寒性腹胀。在大热药中，兼用结者散之的方法，乃是神药。误服会耗脱人的元气，切莫禁忌。紫色者佳。《主治秘要》说∶性〔温〕，味苦辛，气浓味浓，体重浊而〔微〕降，属阴中之阳。它的功效有三点∶一是平胃〔气〕；二是去腹胀；三是孕妇忌用。又说∶阳中之阴，去腹胀，厚肠胃。去粗皮，姜汁制后使用。
益智仁：气热，味大辛，治疗脾胃中的寒邪，和中益气，治疗人多唾沫，应当在补中药内兼用，不可多服。去皮捣碎使用。
木香：气味辛苦，消除肺中的滞气，如果治疗中下焦气结滞，须用槟榔为使药。《主治秘要》说∶性〔热〕味〔辛〕苦，气味都浓厚，沉而降，属阴。它的功效，只是调气而已。又说∶辛，纯阳，以和胃气。广州产的最好。
白豆蔻：气热，味大辛，荡散〔肺〕中的滞气，主积冷气，宽膈，止吐逆，久反胃，消谷，下气，进饮食。《主治秘要》说∶性大温，味辛，气味都淡薄，轻清而升，属阳。它的功效有五点∶一是肺金本药；二是散胸中滞气；三是〔治疗〕受寒腹痛；四是温暖脾胃；五是赤眼暴发，白睛红者。又说∶辛，纯阳，去太阳〔经〕目内〔大 红筋〕。去皮〔捣〕使用。
川椒：气温味辛，主邪气，温中，除寒痹，坚齿发，明目，利五脏。凡用必须炒去汗，又去掉含在口中的种子。《主治秘要》说∶辛，阳，明目之剂。手搓细使用。
吴茱萸：气热味辛，治疗寒在咽喉，〔隘〕塞胸中。经云∶咽膈不通，食不〔可〕下，食则呕，令人口开目瞪，寒邪所结，气不得上下，此病不已，令人〔寒〕中腹满，膨胀下利，寒气诸药，不可代也。《主治秘要》说∶性热味辛，气味都浓厚，半沉半浮，属阴中之阳，气浮而味降。它的功效有四点∶一是去胸中寒；二是止心痛；三是〔治疗〕受寒腹痛；四是消宿酒，为白豆蔻的佐使。又说∶辛，阳中之阴，温中下气。洗去苦味，晒干使用。
茴香：气平味〔辛〕，破一切臭气，调中、止呕、下食。须炒黄色，捣细使用。
玄胡索：气温味辛，〔破血治气，妇人月事不调，小腹痛甚，温暖腰膝，破散 瘕，捣细使用。〕
〔缩砂仁：气温味辛，治疗脾胃气结滞不散，主虚劳冷泻，心腹痛，下气消食，捣细使用。〕
Drugs with strong qi belong to the Yang within Yang; when their qi is strong, they generate heat, such as acrid, sweet, warm, and hot drugs.
**Hei Fuzi (Black Prepared Aconite Root):** Qi is hot, taste is extremely acrid. Its nature is mobile and unrestrictive; it can also eliminate severe cold in the Kidney. [Combined] with Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) as an assistant, it is called Shufu Tang (Atractylodes and Aconite Decoction), a [sacred] medicine [for eliminating cold-dampness]. It should be added in small amounts [to dampness-treating formulas], serving as a guiding drug to circulate through all meridians. It is also used for amenorrhea. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Acrid, purely Yang, treats severe cold in the Spleen. It further states: Nature is extremely hot, taste is acrid and sweet, [qi is strong while flavor is thin], appropriate in weight and potency, capable of ascending and descending, belonging to Yang. Its functions are threefold: first, to remove deep-seated cold from the Zang-Fu organs; second, to supplement insufficient Yang Qi; third, to warm [the Spleen and Stomach]. However, it should not be used in large doses. It must be processed using slow fire before use.
**Ganjiang (Dried Ginger):** Qi is hot, taste is extremely acrid. It treats entrenched cold and stubborn chill, absence of Yang in the Kidney, and impending collapse of pulse Qi. With Hei Fuzi as a guide, boiling these two substances together in water constitutes Jiangfu Tang (Ginger and Aconite Decoction). It [also] treats Cold in the Middle Jiao. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Nature is hot, taste is acrid, both qi and flavor are strong, half-sinking and half-floating, capable of ascending and descending, belonging to Yin within Yang. Its functions are fourfold: first, to unblock Heart Qi and assist Yang; second, to remove deep-seated cold from the Zang-Fu organs; third, to disperse Cold Qi from all meridians; fourth, to [treat] abdominal pain caused by Cold invasion. It further states: Acrid-warm and purely Yang. As stated in *Neijing*: "When Cold excess prevails, disperse it with Acrid flavors," which refers to this principle. Wash it, roast it slowly over fire, and cut into pieces for use.
**Gan Shengjiang (Dried Fresh Ginger):** Flavor is warm and acrid. It mainly treats headache due to Shanghan (Cold Damage), nasal congestion with rebellious Qi, stops vomiting, and treats coughing. Raw and dried forms have similar therapeutic effects.
[Used] in equal parts with Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma), it treats acute pain below the heart. Cut into pieces for use.
**Chuan Wutou (Sichuan Aconite Lateral Root):** Qi is hot, taste is extremely acrid. It treats wind-bi (Wind-Damp Bi Syndrome) with hemiplegia; it is a guiding drug. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Nature is hot, taste is acrid and sweet, qi is strong while flavor is thin, floating and ascending, belonging to Yang. Its functions are sixfold: first, to eliminate cold [diseases]; second, to remove hardness and痞 (masses) below the heart; third, to warmly nourish the Zang-Fu organs; fourth, to treat [various] winds; fifth, to break up accumulations and stagnant Qi; sixth, to [treat] abdominal pain caused by Cold invasion.
Process it first with slow fire, peel off the skin, and crush for use.
**Liangjiang (Galangal Rhizome):** Qi is hot, taste is acrid. It mainly treats [rebellious cold in the Stomach], Huoluan (cholera-like syndrome) with abdominal pain, regurgitation and vomiting, muscle cramps [and diarrhea], directs Qi downward, and promotes digestion. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Purely Yang, strengthens the Spleen and Stomach and eliminates Cold. Crush for use.
**Rougui (Cinnamon Bark):** Qi is hot, taste is extremely acrid. It supplements deficiency of [fire-heat] in the Lower Jiao, treats diseases of entrenched cold and stubborn chill, and spontaneous sweating due to exterior deficiency. It is contraindicated during spring and summer. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: (If) purely Yang, promotes fluid metabolism and stops thirst. It further states: Sweet and acrid, Yang, extremely hot, eliminates Wind-Cold from Ying and Wei. Peel off the bark, grind into fine powder for use.
**Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig):** Qi is hot, taste is acrid and sweet. When Zhang Zhongjing treated Shanghan syndromes and used Guizhi for inducing sweating, it was [actually] Gui [twig], not the trunk, taking advantage of its lightness and ability to disperse [pathogens]. Currently, there is another type called [Liugui], [which is] the tender small branches of Cinnamomum, especially suitable for formulas treating the Upper Jiao. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Nature is warm, taste is acrid [and sweet], both qi and flavor are thin, body is light and ascends, floating and rising, belonging to Yang. Its functions are fourfold: [treating] headache due to Wind-Cold attack; first, opening the interstices (Couli); second, releasing the exterior; third, eliminating Wind-Dampness from the skin.
**Caodoukou (Cardamom Fructus Rotundus):** Qi is hot, taste is extremely acrid. It treats pathogenic Wind-Cold lodged above the stomach aperture, effectively [removes] Cold from the Spleen and Stomach, and treats epigastric and abdominal pain caused by exogenous Cold. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: [Purely] Yang, benefits the Spleen and Stomach and eliminates Cold. Roast wrapped in flour until cooked, remove the flour crust, and grind into fine powder for use.
**Dingxiang (Caryophylli Flos):** Flavor is acrid and warm. It warms the Spleen and Stomach, stops Huoluan, dissipates phlegm masses and Qi distension, and treats internal cold pain in the intestines and stomach. It strengthens Yang, warms the lower back and knees, and [neutralizes] alcohol toxicity. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Purely Yang, eliminates Stomach Cold.
**Houpo (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex):** Qi is warm, taste is acrid. It can eliminate abdominal distension. If Yuan Qi (Primary Qi) is deficient, even if there is abdominal distension, it should be used with caution; this refers to Cold-type abdominal distension. In formulas containing strongly hot drugs, combining them with agents that scatter stagnation is considered a miraculous method. Accidental ingestion will deplete the patient's Yuan Qi; strictly avoid misuse. Purple-colored ones are superior. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Nature [warm], taste bitter and acrid, qi and flavor are both strong, heavy and turbid yet slightly descending, belonging to Yang within Yin. Its functions are threefold: first, harmonizing Stomach [Qi]; second, eliminating abdominal distension; third, contraindicated in pregnancy. It further states: Yang within Yin, eliminates abdominal distension, and thickens the intestinal walls. Remove the rough bark, process with Ginger Juice for use.
**Yizhiren (Alpinia Oxyphylla Fructus):** Qi is hot, taste is extremely acrid. It treats Cold pathogens in the Spleen and Stomach, harmonizes the middle and boosts Qi, and treats excessive salivation. It should be used concurrently within tonifying formulas and should not be taken in large quantities. Peel off and crush for use.
**Muxiang (Aucklandiae Radix):** Flavor is acrid and bitter. It eliminates stagnant Qi in the Lungs. If treating Qi stagnation and blockage in the Middle and Lower Jiao, Binglang (Arecae Semen) must be used as an envoy. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Nature [hot], taste [acrid] and bitter, both qi and flavor are strong, sinking and descending, belonging to Yin. Its function is merely to regulate Qi. It also says: Acrid, purely Yang, harmonizes Stomach Qi. Those from Guangzhou are best.
**Baidoukou (Amomi Fructus Rotundus):** Qi is hot, taste is extremely acrid. It disperses stagnant Qi in the [Lungs], treats accumulated Cold Qi, widens the diaphragm, stops vomiting and reverse flow, long-standing regurgitation, promotes grain digestion, directs Qi downward, and stimulates appetite. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Nature extremely warm, taste acrid, both qi and flavor are thin, light and clear yet ascending, belonging to Yang. Its functions are fivefold: first, it is the primary herb for Lung Metal; second, it dissipates stagnant Qi in the chest; third, [treats] abdominal pain caused by Cold invasion; fourth, warms the Spleen and Stomach; fifth, for sudden onset of red eyes with redness in the sclera. It further states: Acrid, purely Yang, eliminates [large red veins] inside the eyes of the Taiyang [meridian]. Peel off and [crush] for use.
**Chuanjiao (Zanthoxyli Pericarpium):** Qi is warm, taste is acrid. It treats pathogenic factors, warms the middle, eliminates cold-bi, strengthens teeth and hair, brightens the eyes, and benefits the Five Zang organs. Whenever used, it must be stir-fried to remove moisture ("sweat"), and seeds contained within the mouth should be removed. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Acrid, Yang, a remedy for brightening the eyes. Rub finely by hand for use.
**Wuzhuyu (Evodiae Fructus):** Qi is hot, taste is acrid. It treats Cold in the throat, [obstructing] the chest. The Classics state: When the pharynx and diaphragm are blocked, food cannot go down; upon eating, vomiting occurs, causing the mouth to open and eyes to stare. This is due to Cold pathogen binding, preventing Qi from moving up and down. If this disease persists, it causes [Cold] in the middle, abdominal fullness, bloating, and diarrhea. None of the other Cold-dispelling medicines can replace it. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Nature hot, taste acrid, both qi and flavor are strong, half-sinking and half-floating, belonging to Yang within Yin, with Qi floating and Flavor descending. Its functions are fourfold: first, eliminates Cold in the chest; second, stops heart pain; third, [treats] abdominal pain caused by Cold invasion; fourth, resolves lingering alcohol intoxication, serving as an assistant to Baidoukou. It further states: Acrid, Yang within Yin, warms the middle and directs Qi downward. Wash to remove bitterness, dry in the sun for use.
**Huixiang (Foeniculi Fructus):** Qi is neutral, taste [acrid]. It breaks down all foul odors, regulates the middle, stops vomiting, and aids digestion. It must be stir-fried until yellow and crushed finely for use.
**Yanhusuo (Corydalis Rhizoma):** Qi is warm, taste is acrid. [Breaks Blood and treats Qi, irregular menstruation in women, severe lower abdominal pain, warms the lower back and knees, breaks up and dissipates abdominal masses, crush finely for use.]
[Saren (Amomi Fructus): Qi is warm, taste is acrid. Treats stagnant Qi in the Spleen and Stomach that does not disperse, mainly treats deficiency-cold diarrhea, epigastric and abdominal pain, directs Qi downward, and promotes digestion, crush finely for use.]
**Honglanhua (Carthami Flos):** Qi is warm, taste is acrid. Mainly treats trismus and blood fainting after childbirth, incomplete expulsion of evil blood in the abdomen, colicky pain. It is miraculously effective in breaking up [retained] Blood. (Soak in wine, assist Danggui to generate new Blood.)
**Shenqu (Massa Medicata Fermentata) [Qi is warm, taste is sweet]:** Promotes digestion, treats indigestion due to Spleen and Stomach dysfunction. It should be added in small amounts to Spleen [and Stomach] formulas. *Zhuzhi Mi Yao* states: Acrid, Yang, benefits Stomach Qi. Stir-fry until yellow for use.